Sound
Sound
Chapter 12
Sound
Objects that need to be cleansed are put in a cleaning solution, and ultrasonic sound waves
are passed through the solution. The high frequency of ultrasound waves helps in detaching
the dirt from the objects. In this way, ultrasound is used for cleaning purposes.
19. Explain the working and application of a sonar.
Ans:
SONAR is an abbreviation for Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is an acoustic device used
in measuring the direction, speed, and depth of underwater objects, such as shipwrecks and
submarines, using ultrasound.
Also, it is used to determine the depth of oceans and seas.
A beam of ultrasonic sound is produced and travels through the seawater, which is
transmitted by the transducer. When it reflects, an echo is produced, which is detected and
recorded by the detector. It is then converted into electrical signals. The distance represented
by ‘d’ of the under-water object is calculated from the time (represented as ‘t’) taken by the
echo to return with speed (represented as ‘v’) is expressed as,
2d = v × t
This method of measuring distance is also referred to as echo-ranging.
20. A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5 s later.
Calculate the speed of sound in water if the distance of the object from the submarine is
3625 m.
Ans:
Time (t) taken to hear the echo = 5 s
Distance (d) of an object from submarine = 3625 m
Total distance travelled by SONAR during reception and transmission in water = 2d
Velocity (v) of sound in water = 2d/t = (2 × 3625) / 5
= 1450 ms-1
21. Explain how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound.
Ans:
Defective metal blocks will not allow ultrasound to pass through them and reflect it back.
This technique is used in detecting defects in metal blocks. Make a set-up as shown in the
figure, with ultrasound being passed through one end and detectors placed on the other end of
a metal block. Since the defective part of the metal block does not allow ultrasound to pass
through it, it will not be detected by the detector. In this way, defects in metal blocks can be
detected with the help of ultrasound.
22. Explain how the human ear works.
Ans:
Various sounds produced by particles in our surroundings are collected by pinna that
transfers these sounds to the eardrum through the ear canal. The eardrum begins to vibrate
back and forth briskly as soon as the sound waves fall on it. The vibrating eardrum initiates
the small bone hammer to vibrate. These vibrations are passed from the hammer to the third
bone stirrup via the second bone anvil. The stirrup strikes the membrane of the oval window
to pass its vibration to the cochlea. The liquid in the cochlea produces electrical impulses in
the nerve cells. These electrical impulses are carried to the brain by the auditory nerve. They
are interpreted by the brain as sound, and hence, we get a sensation of hearing.
[DIAGRAM FROM BOOK]