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Devops-essentials_linux_bootprocess.md at Main · Devopsviews_devops-essentials

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The Linux boot process consists of several stages, which are described below:

Power-On Self-Test (POST):

When the computer is turned on, the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) performs a
Power-On Self-Test to check the hardware components such as memory, keyboard, and
disk drives.

Bootloader:

After the POST is complete, the bootloader is loaded. The bootloader is a small
program that resides in the first sector of the hard disk and is responsible for loading
the kernel into memory. The most common bootloader used in Linux is GRUB (Grand
Unified Bootloader).

Kernel Initialization:

Once the bootloader is loaded, it loads the Linux kernel into memory. The kernel is the
core of the operating system and is responsible for managing system resources such
as memory, CPU, and devices.

Initramfs

The kernel may also load an initial RAM filesystem (initramfs) that contains a minimal
set of tools and drivers needed to mount the root filesystem. This is necessary because
the root filesystem may not be available yet.

Root Filesystem
The kernel then mounts the root filesystem, which contains all the system files and
directories. The root filesystem can be located on a hard disk, network, or other storage
devices.

Init Process

After the root filesystem is mounted, the kernel starts the init process, which is
responsible for starting all the system services and processes. The init process reads
the /etc/inittab file to determine the default runlevel and which services should be
started.

Runlevels

Linux uses runlevels to define the state of the system. A runlevel is a predefined set of
services that are started or stopped when the system is booted or shut down. There are
seven runlevels in Linux, from 0 to 6. The default runlevel is usually 3, which starts all
essential system services but does not start the graphical user interface (GUI).

Services

Once the init process determines the runlevel, it starts the services required for that
runlevel. These services can include networking, system logging, and device drivers.

Login

Finally, once all the system services are running, the login prompt is displayed on the
console, and the user can log in and start using the system.

This is a basic overview of the Linux boot process. Depending on the distribution and
configuration, the process may vary slightly.

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