Electrical Machine 2

EEE 209

Abid Hasan
Lecturer
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
University of Global Village, Barisal
 Synchronous motors-Principle
of Operation
The field current IF of the motor produces a stationary rotor poles and a 3-
phase voltages applied to the stator produces a rotating magnetic field at
stator.
 Starting synchronous motors

Three basic approaches can be used to safely start a synchronous motor:

1. Reduce the speed of the stator magnetic field to a low enough value
that the rotor can accelerate and two magnetic fields lock in during one
half-cycle of field rotation. This can be achieved by reducing the
frequency of the applied electric power (which used to be difficult but
can be done now).
2. Use an external prime mover to accelerate the synchronous motor up
to synchronous speed, go through the paralleling procedure, and bring
the machine on the line as a generator. Next, turning off the prime
mover will make the synchronous machine a motor.
3. Use damper windings or amortisseur windings – the most popular.
 Motor starting by amortisseur
or damper windings
Amortisseur (damper) windings are special
bars laid into notches carved in the rotor face
and then shorted out on each end by a large
shorting ring.
 Synchronous motor equivalent
circuit
A synchronous motor has the same
equivalent circuit as synchronous
generator, except that the direction of
power flow (and the direction of IA) is
reversed. Per-phase circuit is shown:

A change in direction of IA changes the Kirchhoff’s voltage law equation:

V = EA + jX S I A + R A I A
Therefore, the internal generated voltage is

EA = V − jX S I A − R A I A
We observe that this is exactly the same equation as the equation for the generator,
except that the sign on the current terms is reversed.
Synchronous motor-Phasor diagram
Phasor diagram of a syn. motor for RA<<Xs operating at lagging pf:
Synchronous motor:
Power flow diagram
 Steady-state operation of
motor: Torque-speed curve
3VEA
The induced torque is  ind = sin 
m X S
Usually, synchronous motors are connected to large power systems (infinite bus);
therefore, their terminal voltage and system frequency are constant regardless
the motor load. Since the motor speed is locked to the electrical frequency, the
speed should be constant regardless the load.
The steady-state speed of the motor is
constant from no-load to the maximum torque
that motor can supply (pullout torque).
Therefore, the speed regulation of
synchronous motor is 0%.
 Steady-state operation of
motor: Torque-speed curve
The maximum pullout torque occurs when  = 900:

3V E A
 max =
m X s
Normal full-load torques are much less than that (usually, about 3 times
smaller).

When the torque on the shaft of a synchronous motor exceeds the pullout
torque, the rotor can no longer remain locked to the stator and net
magnetic fields. It starts to slip behind them. As the motor slows down, the
stator magnetic field “laps” it repeatedly, and the direction of the induced
torque in the rotor reverses with each pass. As a result, huge torque
surges of alternating direction cause the motor vibrate severely. The loss of
synchronization after the pullout torque is exceeded is known as slipping
poles.
Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of change in shaft load
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of change in shaft load
Assuming that a synchronous motor operates initially with a lagging PF
represented by the thick phasors.
The effect of increasing the shaft load to twice its initial value are
represented by the light lines. These are drawn in accordance to PIacosi
and PEfsin. When the shaft load is doubled, both Iacosi and Efsin are
doubled. If the excitation is not changed, increasing the shaft load causes
the locus of Ef phasor to follow a circular path, thereby increasing its torque
angle  with increasing shaft load. As the new IaXs must be perpendicular
to the new Ia phasor, an increase in shaft load causes a decrease in I,
resulting in an increase in PF.
If load is further increased, the torque angle  will increased more and
finally the rotor fails to lock with stator field, i.e., motor will stop rotating.
Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of field current changes
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of field current changes
The change in field current will change the induced voltage Ef. However, for the
constant load, we have
and

The 1st equation requires the locus of the tip of Ef phasor is a straight line parallel to
the supply voltage VT. The 2nd equation requires the locus of the tip of Ia phasor is a
line perpendicular to the VT phasor.
Notice that as Ef increases with the increase in field current, the magnitude of the
armature current Ia first decreases and then increases again. At low Ef, the
armature current is lagging and the motor is an inductive load that consumes
reactive power Q. As the field current increases , Ia eventually lines up with VT, and
the motor is purely resistive. As the field current further increases, Ia becomes
leading and the motor is a capacitive load that supplies reactive power Q to the
system (consumes –Q).
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of torque/shaft load changes
Assuming that a synchronous motor
operates initially with a leading PF.
If the load on the motor increases, the rotor
initially slows down increasing the torque
angle . As a result, the induced torque
increases speeding up the rotor up to the
synchronous speed with a larger torque
angle .

Since the terminal voltage and

frequency supplied to the motor are
constant, the magnitude of internal
generated voltage must be constant
at the load changes (EA = K and
field current is constant).
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of torque/shaft load changes
Assuming that the armature resistance is negligible, the power converted from
electrical to mechanical form in the motor will be the same as its input power:

3VEA
P = 3V I A cos = sin 
XS
Since the phase voltage is constant, the quantities IAcos and EAsin are directly
proportional to the power supplied by (and to) the motor. When the power
supplied by the motor increases, the distance proportional to power increases.
Since the internal generated voltage is
constant, its phasor “swings down” as
load increases. The quantity jXSIA has to
increase; therefore, the armature current
IA increases too .
Also, the PF angle changes too moving
from leading to lagging.
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of field current changes
Assuming that a synchronous motor operates
initially with a lagging PF.
If, for the constant load, the field current on the
motor increases, the magnitude of the internal
generated voltage EA increases.
Since changes in IA do not affect the shaft
speed and the motor load is constant, the
real power supplied by the motor is
unchanged. Therefore, the distances
proportional to power on the phasor
diagram (EAsin and IAcos) must be
constant.
Notice that as EA increases, the magnitude of the armature current IA first
decreases and then increases again. At low EA, the armature current is lagging and
the motor is an inductive load that consumes reactive power Q. As the field current
increases , IA eventually lines up with V, and the motor is purely resistive. As the
field current further increases, IA becomes leading and the motor is a capacitive
load that supplies reactive power Q to the system (consumes –Q).
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of field current changes
A plot of armature current vs. field current is
called a synchronous motor V curve. V
curves for different levels of real power
have their minimum at unity PF, when only
real power is supplied to the motor. For field
currents less than the one giving the
minimum IA, the armature current is lagging
and the motor consumes reactive power.
For field currents greater than the one
giving the minimum IA, the armature current
is leading and the motor supplies reactive
power to the system.

Therefore, by controlling the field current of a synchronous

motor, the reactive power consumed or supplied to the power
system can be controlled.
 Steady-state operation of motor:
Effect of field current changes
When the projection of the phasor EA onto
V (EAcos) is shorter than V, a
synchronous motor has a lagging current
and consumes Q. Since the field current is
small in this situation, the motor is said to
be under-excited.

When the projection of the phasor EA

onto V (EAcos) is longer than V, a
synchronous motor has a leading
current and supplies Q to the system.
Since the field current is large in this
situation, the motor is sais to be over-
excited.
 Steady-state operation of
motor: power factor correction
Assuming that a load contains a
synchronous motor (whose PF
can be adjusted) in addition to
motors of other types. What
does the ability to set the PF of
one of the loads do for the
power system?

Let us consider a large power system operating at 480 V. Load 1 is an induction

motor consuming 100 kW at 0.78 PF lagging, and load 2 is an induction motor
consuming 200 kW at 0.8 PF lagging. Load 3 is a synchronous motor whose real
power consumption is 150 kW.
a. If the synchronous motor is adjusted to 0.85 PF lagging, what is the line current?
b. If the synchronous motor is adjusted to 0.85 PF leading, what is the line current?
c. Assuming that the line losses are PLL = 3IL2RL, how du these losses compare in
the two cases?
 Steady-state operation of motor:
power factor correction
a. The real power of load 1 is 100 kW, and the reactive power of load 1 is
Q1 = P1 tan = 100 tan (cos −1 0.78 )= 80.2 kVAR
The real power of load 2 is 200 kW, and the reactive power of load 2 is
Q2 = P2 tan = 200 tan (cos −1 0.8 )= 150 kVAR
The real power of load 3 is 150 kW, and the reactive power of load 3 is
Q3 = P3 tan = 150 tan (cos −1 0.85 )= 93 kVAR
The total real load is Ptot = P1+ P2+ P3= 100 + 200 +150 = 450 kW
The total reactive load is Qtot = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 80.2 +150 + 93 =  kVAR
The equivalent system PF is
 Q  323.2 
PF = cos = cos  tan−1  = cos  tan−1  = 0.812 lagging
 P  450 
The line current is
I L = tot =
P 450 000
= 667 A
3VL cos 3  4800.812
 Steady-state operation of
motor: power factor correction
b. The real and reactive powers of loads 1 and 2 are the same. The reactive power
of load 3 is

Q3 = P3 tan = 150 tan (−cos −1 0.85 )= − 93 kVAR

The total real load is Ptot = P1+ P2 + P3= 100 + 200 +150 = 450 kW
The total reactive load is Qtot = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 80.2 +150 − 93 = kVAR
The equivalent system PF is
 tan−1 Q  = cos tan−1 137.2 
PF = cos = cos     = 0.957 lagging
 P  450 
The line current is
I L = tot =
P 450 000
= 566 A
3VL cos 3  4800.957
 Steady-state operation of
motor: power factor correction
c. The transmission line losses in the first case are
P = 3I 2 R = 1344 700 R
LL L L L

The transmission line losses in the second case are

P = 3I 2 R = 96170 R
LL L L L

We notice that the transmission power losses are 28% less in the second
case, while the real power supplied to the loads is the same.
 Steady-state operation of
motor: power factor correction
The ability to adjust the power factor of one or more loads in a power system can
significantly affect the efficiency of the power system: the lower the PF, the greater
the losses in the power lines. Since most loads in a typical power system are
induction motors, having one or more over-excided synchronous motors (leading
loads) in the system is useful for the following reasons:
1. A leading load supplies some reactive power to lagging loads in the system.
Since this reactive power does not travel along the transmission line,
transmission line current is reduced reducing power losses.
2. Since the transmission line carries less current, the line can be smaller for a
given power flow reducing system cost.
3. The over-excited mode of synchronous motor increases the motor’s maximum
torque.
Usage of synchronous motors or other equipment increasing the overall system’s
PF is called power-factor correction. Since a synchronous motor can provide PF
correction, many loads that can accept constant speed are driven by over-excited
synchronous motors.