CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT 1
What Is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These
resources include tools andapplications like data storage, servers, databases,
networking, and software.

Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or localstorage device,

cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long
as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the
software programs to run it.

Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for anumber of
reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency,
performance,and security.
Examples of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the use of hardware or software off-site that is accessed over
networks for computing needs. Examples of cloud computing depend on the type
of cloud computing services being provided.
The main types of cloud computing include software as a service, platform as a
service, and infrastructure as a service. Serverless computing, also known as
function as a service (FaaS), is also a popular method of cloud computing for
businesses.

Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing System

The terms parallel computing and distributed computing are used
interchangeably.
> It implies a tightly coupled system.
> It ischaracterised by homogeneity of components (Uniform Structure).
>Multiple Processors share the same physical memory.
Parallel Processing
º Processing multiple tasks simultaneously inmultiple processors is called
parallel processing.
 >Parallel program consists of multiple processes (tasks) simultaneously
solving a given problem.
º Divide-and-Conquer technique is used.

History of Cloud Computing

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which
is basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data
and all the controls are resided on the server side.

If asingle user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she

need to
connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do
his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are
networked together and share their resources when needed.
On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing
concepts that later implemented.
At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing
can be sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but
like allbrilliant ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite
interest in the model, the technology simply was not ready for it.
But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after few
years we mentioned that:

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple

website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this
way the dream of computing sold as utility were true.
In 2002,Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage,
computation and even human intelligence. However,only starting with the launch
of the Elastic Compute Cloudin 2006 a truly commercialservice open to
everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise

applications.

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large
organizations to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at
anytime using the internet connection.
 Coud computng ahtetures a (Onbinttion of eVieoiented arthitetufe
and event diven architecture

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts

} Front End
º Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud

computing
Architecture of Cloud Computing
Client Infrastructure Front End

internet

Managerment Application
Service Security

Runtime Cloud
Back End

Storage
infrastructure

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side

interfaces and
applications that are required toaccess the cloud computing platforms. The front
end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet
explorer, etc.), thin
& fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It

manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of
data
storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic
control mechanisrns, etc.
 Types of Cloud Computing

Publio Cloud
Typicaly have massve Uyrece beh
amournts of avalable space
which transates into easy
scalability Recommended for
software developent and
collaboative projects.

Types of Cloud
Mybrid Cloud Community Cloud
Onpublc clouts with
Deployment Acollaborative, multi-tenant
prouds to allow the ivo platform used by several
AutDteact sea distinct organizations ta share
the same applications. Users
hatyoe th are typically operating within
ate 9rvaGregulatioh the same Industry or field.

Major Players in CloudComputing

Amazon Web Services (AWS) pioneered the laaS market when the service
went public in 2006. The AWS offering is an integrated laaS and platform as a
service (PaaS) solution, with Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) delivering multitenant
and single-tenant VMs and bare-metal servers. AWS continues to lead the pack,
performing strongly in many of Gartner's critical use cases for CIPS and having a
large resource base to pull from. As Gartner notes, AWS provides more than half
of Amazon's operating income.
Microsoft Azure offers an integrated laaS and PaaS solution. The vendor
provides metered-by-the-second Hyper-V-virtualized multitenant compute (Azure
Virtual Machines), as wellas specialized large instances (such as for SAP HANA).
Gartner noted its commitment to better serving software developers; in
particular, Microsoft has made efforts to support the open-source software
community. It also has ahigh market share in the application developer PaaS
segment thanks to itssuite of DevOps and application development tools.

Google Cloud delivers laaS, application platform as a service (aPaaS), and PaaS
services. Some of the vendor's capabilities include object storage, a Docker
container service (Google Kubernetes Engine), and event-driven serverless
computing (Google Cloud Functions). Google has put astrong emphasis on hybrid
 capabilities, particularly with the launch of Anthos last year, and its continued
focus on supporting open-source software. Gartner's clients particularly praised
Google's data science and significant data capabilities.
Issue of Cloud Computing
1, Privacy:
The user data can be accessed by the host company with or
without permission.
The service provider may access the data that is on the cloudat any point in
time.
They could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete
information.
2. Compliance:
There are manyregulations in places related data and hosting. To comply with
regulations (Federal Information Security Management Act, Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act, etc.) the user may have to adopt
modes that are expensive.
deployment

3. Security:
Cloud-based services involve third-party for storage and security. Can one assume
that a c3loud-based company will protect and secure one's
data if one is using
their services at a very low or for free? They may share user's
information with
others. Security presents a real threat to the cloud.
4.Sustainability:
This issue refers to minimizing the effect of cloud
computing on the environment.
Citing the server's effects on the environmental effects of
cloud computing, in
areas where climate favours natural cooling and renewable
electricity is readily
available, the countries with favourable conditions, such as Finland,
Sweden, and
Switzerland are trying to attract cloud computing data centres. But other than
nature's favours, would these countries have enough technical
sustain the high-end clouds?
infrastructure to
5. Abuse:

While providing cloud services, it should be

ascertained that the client is not
purchasing the services of cloud computing fora nefarious
purpose. In 2009, a
banking Trojan illegally used the popular Amazon service as a
control channel that issued software updates and command and
that were infected by the malware So the malicious instruction to PCs
hosting companies and the servers
should have proper measures to address these
issues.
6, Higher Cost: If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then you need
to have a powerful network with higher bandwidth then ordinary internet
networks and also if your organization is broad and large so ordinary cloud service
subscription won't suit your organization. Otherwise, you might face hassle in
utilizing an ordinary cloud service while working on complex projects and
applications. This is a major problem before small organisations, that restricts
them from diving into cloud technology for their business.

7. Recovery of lost data in contingency: Before subscribing any cloud service

provider goes through allnorms and documentations and check whether their
services match your requirements and sufficient well-maintained resource
infrastructure with proper upkeeping. Once you subscribed the service you almost
handover your data into the hands of the third party. If you are able to choose
proper cloud service then in future you don't need to worry about the recovery of
lost data in any contingency.

8. Upkeeping(management) of CIloud: Maintaining a cloud is a herculin task

because a cloud architecture contains a large resources infrastructure andother
challenges and risks as well, user satisfaction etc. As usersusually pay for how
much they have consumed the resources. So, some times it becomes hard to
decide how much should be charged in case if the user wants scalability and
extend the services.

9.Lack of resources/skilled expertise: One of the major issue that

companies and enterprises are going through today is the lack of resources and
skilled employees. Every second organization is seeming interested or has already
been moved to cloud services. That's why the workload in the cloud is increasing
so the cloud service hosting companies need continuous rapidly advancement.
Due to these factors, organizations are having atough time keeping up to date
with the tools. As new tools and technologies are emerging every day so more
skilled/trained employ

Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is an open source software platform for implementing Infrastructure
as a Service (laaS) in a private or hybrid cloud computing environment.

The Eucalyptus cloud platform pools together existing virtualized infrastructure to

create cloud resources for infrastructure as a service, network as a service and
storage as a service. The name Eucalyptus is an acronym for Elastic Utility
Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems.
 Eucalyptus was foundedout of aresearch project in theComputer Science
Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and became a for-profit
business called Eucalyptus Systems in 2009. Eucalyptus Systems announced
formal agreement with Amazon Web Services (AWS) in March 2012, allowing
administrators to move instances between a Eucalyptus private cloudand the
Amazon ElasticCompute Cloud (EC2) to create a hybrid cloud. The partnership
also allows Eucalyptus to work with Amazon's product teams to
develop unique
AWS-compatible features.
Eucalyptus features include:
Supports both Linux and Windows virtual machines (VMs).
> Application program interface- (API) compatible with Amazon EC2 platform.
> Compatible with Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Simple Storage
Service
(S3).
> Works with multiple hypervisors including VMware, Xen and KVM.
> Can be installed and deployed from source code or DEB and RPM
packages.
> Internal processes communications are secured through SOAP and WS
Security.
Multiple clusters can be virtualized as a single cloud.

Nimbus
Nimbus isan open-source toolkit to convert a computer cluster into an
Infrastructure-as-a-Service cloud to provide compute cycles for scientific
communities. It allows a client to lease remote resources by deploying virtual
machines (VMs) on those resources and configuring them to represent an
environment desired by the user.
Nimbus is comprised of two products:
> Nimbus Infrastructure is an open source EC2/S3-compatible Infrastructure
as-a-Service implementation specifically targeting features of interest to
the scientificcommunity such as support for proxy credentials, batch
schedulers, best-effort allocations and others.
> Nimbus Platform is an integrated set of tools,operating in a multi-cloud
environment, that deliver the power and versatility of infrastructure clouds
to scientific users. Nimbus Platform allows you to reliably deploy, scale, and
manage cloud resources.
 compute nodes,
The Nimbus cloud client allows the user to provision customized
model based
called a workspace, and maintain full control over it using a leasing
on the Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service.

OpenNebula
OpenNebula is a free and open source software solution for building clouds and
for data centre virtualisation. It is based on open technologies and is distributed
under the Apache License 2. OpenNebula has features for scalability, integration,
security and accounting. It offers cloud users and administrators a choice of
interfaces.

OpenNebula is an open source platform.for constructing virtualised private, public

and hybrid clouds. It is asimple yet feature-rich, flexible solution to build and
manage datacentre virtualisation and enterprise clouds. So, with OpenNebula,
virtual systems can be administered and monitored centrally on different Hyper-V
and storage systems. When acomponent fails, OpenNebula takes care of the
virtual instances ona different host system. The integration and automation of an
existing heterogeneous landscape is highly flexible without further hardware
investments.

Cloud Computing is one of the hottest topics in town. It has completely

transformed how modern-day applications are developed and maintained with
high scalability and low latency.
CloudSim
CloudSim isan open-source framework, which is used to simulate cloud
computing infrastructure and services. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab
organization and is written entirely in Java. It is used for modelling and simulating
acloud computing environment as a means for evaluating a hypothesis prior to
software development in order to reproduce tests and results.
Forexample, if you were to deploy an application or awebsite on the cloud and
wanted to test the services and load that your product can handle and also tune
its performance toovercome bottlenecks before risking deployment, then such
evaluations could be performed by simply coding asimulation of that
environment with the help of various flexible and scalable classes provided bythe
CloudSim package, free of cost.
 Security lssues in Cloud Computing:
There is no doubt that Cloud Computing provides various Advantages but there are als0 some
security issues in cloudconputing. Below are some following Security Issues in Cloud
Computing as follows.
1. Data Loss -
Data Loss is one of the issues faced in CloudComputing. This is also known as [Data
Leakage. As we know that our sensitive data is in the hands of Somebody else, and we
don't have full control over our database. So if the security of cloud service is to break by
hackers then it may be possible that hackers will get access to our sensitive data or personal
files.
2. Interference of Hackers and Insecure API's
As we know if we are talking about the cloud and its services it means we are
the Internet. Also, we know that the easiest way to talking about
communicate with Cloud is using API.
So it is important to protect the Interface's and APT's which are used by an
But also in cloud computing. few services are available in the public domain.external user.
An is the
vulnerable part of Cloud Computing because it may be possible that these services are
accessed by some third parties. So it may be possible that with the help of these
hackers can easily hack or harm our data. services

3. User Account Hijacking

Account Hijacking is the most serious security issue in Cloud
Account of User or an Organization is hijacked by Hacker. Computing. If somehow the
authority toperform Unauthorized Activities. Then the hacker has full

4. Changing Service Provider -

Vendor lock In is also an important Security issue in Cloud
organizations will face different problems while shifting fromComputing. Many
one vendor to another. For
example, An Organization wants to shift from AWS Cloud to Google Cloud Services then
they ace various problem's like shifting of all
data, also both cloud services have
techniques and functions, so they also face problems different
possible that the charges of AWS are different regarding that. AlIso, it may be
from Google Cloud, etc.
5. Lack of Skill
While working, shifting to another service
feature, etc. are the main problems caused inprovider, need an extra feature, how to use a
IT Company who doesn't have
Employee. So it requires a skilled person to work with cloud skilled
6.
Computing.
Denial of Service (DoS) attack -
This type of attack occurs when the
occur in large organizations such as system
the
receives too much traffic. Mostly DoS attacks
DoS attack occurs data is lost. So banking sector, government sector, ete. When a
in order to recover data, it requires a great
money as well as time to handle it. amount of
 Microsoft's public cloud
Microsoft Azure, formerly known as Windows Azure, is
including compute,
computing platforn. It provides a range of cloud services,
from these services
analytics, storage and networking. Users can pick and choose
applications in the public
to develop and scale new applications, or run existing
cloud.

challengesand meet their

The Azure platform aims to help businesses manage
organizational goals. It offers tools that support all industries including e
and is compatible
commerce, finance and a variety of Fortune 500 companies
flexibility to use their
with open source technologies. This provides users with the
different forms of
preferred tools and technologies. In addition, Azure offers 4
(PaaS),
cloud computing: infrastructure as a service (laaS), platform as a service
software as a service (SaaS) and serverless.

receive
Microsoft charges for Azure on a pay-as-you-go basis, meaning subscribers
a bill each month that only charges them for the specific resources they
have used.

How does Microsoft Azure work?

services included in
Once customers subscribe to Azure, they have access to all the
to create cloud-based
the Azure portal. Subscribers can use these services
resources, such as virtual machines (VM) and databases.

Inaddition to the services that Microsoft offers through the Azure portal, a
number
Azure. The
of third-party vendors also make software directly available through
cost billed for third-party applications varies widely but may involve paying a
to
subscription fee for the application, plus a usage fee for the infrastructure used
host the application.
Microsoft provides five different customer support options for Azure:

Basic

Developer
Standard

Professional Direct

Premier

What is Microsoft Azure used for?

Because Microsoft Azure consists of numerous service offerings, its use cases are
extremely diverse. Running virtual machines or containers in the cloud is one of
the most popular uses for Microsoft Azure. These compute resources can host
infrastructure components, such as domain name system (DNS) servers; Windows
Server services -- such as Internet Information Services (IS); or third-party
applications. Microsoft also supports the use of third-party operating systems, such
as Linux.

Azure is als0 commonly used as a platform for hosting databases in the cloud.
Microsoft offers serverless relational databases such as Azure SQL and non
relational databases such as NoSQL.

In addition, the platform is frequently used for backup and disaster recovery. Many
organizations use Azure storage as archive in order to meet their long-term Data
retention requirements.

Azure products and services

Microsoft sorts Azure cloud services into nearly two dozen categories, including:
Compute. These services enable a user to deploy and manage VMs, containers
and batch jobs, as well as support remote application access. Compute resources
addresses or
created within the Azure cloud can be configured with either public IP
be accessible to
private IP addresses, depending on whether the resource needs to
the outside world.
applications for mobile
Mobile. These products help developers build cloudback-end tasks, tools for
devices, providing notification services, support for the ability to
building application program interfaces (APls) and
couple geospatial context with data.
development and deployment of web
Web. These services support the search, content delivery, API
applications. They also offer features for
management, notification and reporting. structured
This category of services provides scalable cloud storage for
Storage. data projects, persistent storage and
and unstructured data. It als0 supports big
archival storage.
analytics and storage, as well as
Analytics. These services provide distributed
data lakes, machine learning
features for real-time analytics, big data analytics,
things (IoT) data streams and data
(ML), business intelligence (BI), internet of
warehousing. networks, dedicated connections
Networking. This group includes virtual
gateways, as well as services for traffic management and diagnostics, load
and against distributed denial-of
balancing, DNS hosting and network'protection
service (DDoS) attacks.
These CDN services include on
Media and content delivery network (CDN). playback and
demand streaming, digital rights protection, encoding and media
indexing. recovery and connecting
Integration. These are services for server backup, site
private and public clouds. can access Azure services
Identity. These offerings ensure only authorized users
sensitive information in the cloud.
and help protect encryption keys and other multifactor authentication
Services include support for Azure Active Directory and
(MFA).
and analyze IoT
Internet of things. These services help users capture, monitor
notifications, analytics,
data from sensors and other devices. Services include
monitoring and support for coding and execution. tools, such as Azure
DevOps. This group provides project and collaboration that
Studio Team Services
DevOps -- formerly Visual
 .alitate DevOps sottware
develotoolpment processes. It also offers 1or
nDlication diagnostics, DevOps
experimentation.
Development. integrations and test 1abs for buildfeatures
tests
applications andThese
and
trackservices help
potential appl
issues. ication developers share code, test
programming
this category also
Azure
languages, including JavaScript, Python,supports.NETa andrange of application
(SDKs) and blockchain.include support for Azure Node js. Tools in
DevOps., software development kits
Security. These products provide
security threats, as well as
manage capabilities keys
to identify and respond to cloud
Artificial intelligence (AI) and encryption
machine
and other sensitive assets.
services that a developer learning.
can use to infuse
This is a wide range of
andcognitive computing capabilities into artificial intelligence, machine learning
applications
Containers. These services help an enterprise create,andregister,
data sets. orchestrate and
manage huge volumes of containers in the Azure cloud, using
such as Docker and common plattorms
Kubernetes.
Databases. This category includes Database as a Service (DBaaS) offerings for
SQL and NoSQL, aswell other database instances -- such as Azure Cosmos DD
as
and Azure Database for PostgreSOL. It also includes Azure SQL Data
Warehouse support, caching and hybrid database integration and migration
Teatures. Azure SQL is the platform's flagship database service. It is a relational
database that provides SQL functionality without the need for deploying a SQL
server.

Migration. This suite of tools helps an organization estimate workload Migration

costs and perform the actual migration of workloads from local data centers to the
Azure cloud.
Management and governance. These services provide a range of backup,
recovery, compliance, automation, scheduling and monitoring tools that can help a
cloud administrator manage an Azure deployment.
Mixed reality. These services are designed to help developers create content for
the Windows Mixed Reality environment.
Blockchain. The Azure Blockchain Sèrvice allows you to join a blockchain
consortium or to create your own.
Intune. Microsoft Intune can be used to enroll user devices, thereby making it
possible to push security policies and mobile apps to those devices. Mobile apps
can be deployed either to groups of users or to a collection of devices. Intune also
provides tools for tracking which apps are being used. A remote wipe feature
allows the organization's data to be securely removed from devices without
removing a user's mobile apps in the process.