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Lecture 4 5 Memory and Storage

introduction to computer

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9 views3 pages

Lecture 4 5 Memory and Storage

introduction to computer

Uploaded by

marwanesmaael67
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 4-5: Memory and Storage

Lecturer: Dr. Maysa Khalil Noby

Course: CSW 110: Introduction to Computer & Internet Technology

Chapters: 2 & 3 – Memory, Storage, Cards, and Ports

1. Memory Overview
Memory in a computer system can be divided into two main categories:

1. Primary Memory (Main Memory): Refers to short-term data storage used by the CPU for
immediate access. Examples are RAM (Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only
Memory).

2. Storage: This refers to long-term data storage, typically located on the hard disk or SSD,
where information is kept even when the computer is turned off.

2. Memory Types

2.1 Volatile Memory (‫)الذاكرة المتطايرة‬


Loses its content when the computer is powered off. Examples include RAM (Random-
Access Memory).

2.2 Non-Volatile Memory (‫)الذاكرة غير المتطايرة‬


Retains information even when the computer is turned off. Examples include ROM (Read-
Only Memory) and flash memory.

3. Read-Only Memory (ROM)


ROM stores critical system instructions, such as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). ROM
comes in various types:

- ROM: Information is written during manufacturing and cannot be changed.

- PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once after manufacturing.

- EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased using UV light and reprogrammed.

- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed


electrically without removing it from the computer, commonly called flash ROM.
4. Random-Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is the primary volatile memory in a computer where data and programs are
temporarily stored while being accessed by the CPU.

- Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Commonly used, slower.

- Static RAM (SRAM): Faster, used in cache memory.

- Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and DDR SDRAM: Improved versions of DRAM that
synchronize with the CPU clock speed.

5. Memory Modules
Memory modules house RAM chips and are inserted into the motherboard. They can be:

- DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): Contains RAM chips on a small circuit board.

Modules can be single or double-sided, referring to the number of sides containing memory
chips.

6. Cache Memory
Cache memory stores frequently used data for quicker access by the processor. It is faster
than regular RAM and exists in three levels:

- Level 1 (L1): Built directly into the processor, smallest capacity but fastest.

- Level 2 (L2): External to the processor, larger but slower.

- Level 3 (L3): Only on newer computers, largest and slowest.

7. Virtual Memory and Paging


Virtual Memory is a section of a hard disk used as an extension of RAM. When RAM is full,
the system uses virtual memory. The process of moving data between RAM and virtual
memory is called paging.

8. Storage Devices
Storage refers to long-term data retention. Common storage media include:

- Hard Disk Drives (HDD): Magnetic storage devices with spinning platters.

- Solid-State Drives (SSD): Chip-based storage with no moving parts, faster than HDDs.

- Optical Discs: CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs read using laser beams.
- Flash Memory: Found in USB drives and memory cards (e.g., SD cards).

9. Hard Disk Structure


A hard disk consists of several platters stacked on top of each other, spinning at high speeds
(3600-7200 RPM or higher). Data is stored on tracks and sectors on the platters, and an arm
with read/write heads accesses the data.

10. Optical Discs


Optical discs use lasers to read and write data. Types include:

- CD (Compact Disc): Stores around 700 MB.

- DVD: Stores 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-layer).

- Blu-ray Disc (BD): Can store up to 50 GB (dual-layer).

11. Flash Memory


Used in USB drives, memory cards, and SSD drives. Flash memory is a type of non-volatile
memory that retains data without power.

12. Smart Cards


Smart cards are credit card-sized devices containing small amounts of memory and
processing power. They are used for secure transactions and to store personal information.

13. Storage Systems for Large Businesses


For businesses with massive data storage needs, RAID (Redundant Array of Independent
Disks) is commonly used. RAID systems store data on multiple hard drives to ensure
redundancy and fault tolerance.

14. Ports and Expansion Slots


Ports are external connections on a computer for peripheral devices (e.g., USB, HDMI,
Ethernet). Expansion Slots are internal slots where expansion cards (e.g., video cards, sound
cards, network interface cards) can be inserted to add new functionality to the system.

15. Backup and Recovery


Backing up data is critical to prevent data loss. Recovery options are available for retrieving
data from damaged or malfunctioning storage devices.

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