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‫اوپن‬
‫یونیورسٹی‬

NAME:
ID NO:
PROGRAM:
COURSE CODE: (6401)
SEMESTER: Spring 2024
 ASSIGNMENT NO:2

Q.1 Write down characteristics of circles and its properties, explain concepts
with examples.
Here are the characteristics and properties of circles, along with examples:

Characteristics:

1. Closed Curve: A circle is a closed curve, meaning it is not open-ended.

Example: Draw a circle and notice that it is a continuous, unbroken curve that does not
have an opening or an end.

2. Symmetrical: A circle is symmetrical about its center. This means that if you
draw a line through the center of the circle, the two parts of the circle on either
side of the line are mirror images of each other.

Example: Draw a circle and draw a line through its center. The two halves of the circle
on either side of the line will be identical.

3. Continuous Curvature: A circle has continuous curvature, meaning that it has no

corners or sharp edges.

Example: Draw a circle and notice that it is smooth and curved all the way around.

Properties:
 1. Center: Every circle has a central point called the center. This is the point around
which the circle is symmetrical.

Example: Draw a circle and label its center.

2. Radius: The distance from the center of a circle to its edge is called the radius.
All radii of a circle are equal in length.

Example: Draw a circle and measure the distance from its center to its edge. This is the
radius.

3. Diameter: The diameter of a circle is twice the length of its radius. It is also the
distance across the circle, passing through its center.

Example: Draw a circle and measure its diameter by drawing a line from one edge to
the other, passing through its center.

4. Circumference: The circumference of a circle is the distance around its edge. It

can be calculated using the formula C = 2πr, where C is the circumference and r
is the radius.

Example: Calculate the circumference of a circle with a radius of 4 cm using the

formula C = 2π(4) = 8π cm.

5. Pi (π): Pi is a mathematical constant that represents the ratio of a circle’s

circumference to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.14.
Example: Use pi to calculate the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 10 cm: C
= πd = 3.14 × 10 = 31.4 cm.

6. Tangents: A tangent to a circle is a line that touches the circle at only one point.

Example: Draw a line that touches a circle at only one point. This line is tangent to the
circle.

7. Secants: A secant to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at two points.

Example: Draw two lines that intersect a circle at two different points each. These lines
are secants to the circle.

These are some of the main characteristics and properties of circles!

Q.2 Prove the following identities: (10+10)

The two identities displayed in the image are not equivalent. Let’s break them down one
at at time:
Identity (i):
Sin^4(6) – cos^4(6) + cos^2(6) = sin^2(6)
This identity is a variant of the difference of squares factorization, which can be proven
using the following steps:
Start with the difference of squares pattern: a^2 – b^2 = (a + b)(a – b)
Substitute a = sin^2(6) and b = cos^2(6)
Expand the expression: (sin^2(6) + cos^2(6)) (sin^2(6) – cos^2(6))
Using the Pythagorean identity (sin^2(theta) + cos^2(theta) = 1), we can simplify the
first term to 1. The second term becomes sin^2(6) – cos^2(6), which can be further
manipulated using the double angle identity for cosine (cos(2theta) = 1 – 2sin^2(theta))
to arrive at the desired form.
Identity (ii):
Cos^2(theta) – sin^2(theta) = (1 + tan^2(theta)) / (1 + tan^2(theta))
This identity is true. It can be derived using the tangent identity (tan(theta) = sin(theta) /
cos(theta)) and the Pythagorean identity.
Here’s a breakdown of the proof:
Start with the quotient identity (tan(theta) = sin(theta) / cos(theta))
Square both sides: tan^2(theta) = sin^2(theta) / cos^2(theta)
Rearrange the equation: cos^2(theta) = 1 / (1 + tan^2(theta))
Substitute this expression for cos^2(theta) in the original identity: cos^2(theta) –
sin^2(theta) = 1 / (1 + tan^2(theta)) – sin^2(theta)
Using the Pythagorean identity again (sin^2(theta) + cos^2(theta) = 1), we can
substitute sin^2(theta) with 1 – cos^2(theta). This results in (1 – cos^2(theta)) –
cos^2(theta) = 1 / (1 + tan^2(theta)), which simplifies to the given identity.
Q.3 What is the area? How to find areas of different geometrical shapes?
Explain with examples and Diagrams. (20)
What is Area?

Area is the measure of the amount of space inside a two-dimensional shape. It is

measured in square units, such as square centimeters (cm²), square meters (m²), or
square inches (in²).

Finding Areas of Different Geometrical Shapes

Here are the formulas and steps to find the area of common geometrical shapes:

1. Rectangle:

Area = Length × Width

A = lw

Example: Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 5 cm and a width of 3 cm.
A = 5 × 3 = 15 cm²

Diagram:

```
_______

| 5 cm |
 _____/

| 3 cm |

```

2. Triangle:

Area = (Base × Height) / 2

A = (b × h) / 2

Example: Find the area of a triangle with a base of 4 cm and a height of 6 cm.
A = (4 × 6) / 2 = 12 cm²

Diagram:

```
_______
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \

| 4 cm | 6 cm
_______/
```

3. Circle:

Area = π × Radius^2
A = πr^2

Example: Find the area of a circle with a radius of 3 cm.

A = π(3)^2 = approximately 28.26 cm²

Diagram:

```
O
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \

| o |o

```

4. Trapezoid:
Area = (1/2) × (Sum of parallel sides) × Height
A = (1/2)(a + b) × h

Example: Find the area of a trapezoid with parallel sides of 5 cm and 8 cm, and a height
of 6 cm.
A = (1/2)(5 + 8) × 6 = approximately 33.33 cm²

Diagram:

```
_______
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \

| o |o

| 5 cm |

```

5. Pentagon:
Area = (1/4) × apothem × perimeter
A = (1/4)(a × P)

Example: Find the area of a pentagon with an apothem of 4 cm and a perimeter of 20

cm.
A = (1/4)(4 × 20) = approximately 40 cm²

Diagram:

```
_____
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \

| o |

```

These are just a few examples of how to find the area of different geometrical shapes.
Remember to use the correct formula and units for each shape!
Q. 4 Describe method for Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive by giving
examples. (20)
Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

The Cumulative Frequency Polygon, also known as the Ogive, is a graphical

representation of the cumulative frequency distribution of a dataset. It is a graphical
method used to visualize the distribution of a dataset by plotting the cumulative
frequency against the upper class boundary.

Method:

1. Prepare the data: Arrange the data in ascending order.

2. Calculate the cumulative frequency: Add up the frequencies of each class to get the
cumulative frequency for each class.
3. Plot the ogive: Plot the cumulative frequency on the y-axis and the upper class
boundary on the x-axis.
4. Join the points: Join the points with a smooth curve to form a polygon.

Example:

Suppose we have a dataset of exam scores with the following frequency distribution:

| Score | Frequency |

| 40-49 | 5 |
| 50-59 | 8 |
| 60-69 | 12 |
| 70-79 | 15 |
| 80-89 | 20 |

To create an ogive for this dataset:

1. Arrange the data in ascending order: 40, 41, …, 89

2. Calculate the cumulative frequency:
Cumulative frequency for 40-49: 5
Cumulative frequency for 50-59: 5 + 8 = 13
Cumulative frequency for 60-69: 13 + 12 = 25
Cumulative frequency for 70-79: 25 + 15 = 40
Cumulative frequency for 80-89: 40 + 20 = 60
3. Plot the ogive:
Y-axis: Cumulative frequency (0 to 60)
X-axis: Upper class boundary (40 to 90)
Plot points: (40, 5), (50, 13), (60, 25), (70, 40), (80, 60)
4. Join the points with a smooth curve to form a polygon:

Interpretation:

The ogive shows that:

The majority of scores fall in the range of 60-79.

The score range of 40-59 has a relatively low cumulative frequency.
The score range of 80-89 has a high cumulative frequency.
The ogive provides a visual representation of the distribution of scores, allowing us to
identify patterns and trends in the data.

Q. 5 Write procedure to find mean, mode and median of both grouped and
ungrouped data.
Here are the procedures to find the mean, mode, and median of both grouped and
ungrouped data:

Ungrouped Data

Mean (Arithmetic Mean)

1. Add up all the values in the dataset.

2. Divide the sum by the number of values in the dataset.

Formula: Mean = (Sum of values) / (Number of values)

Example:

Suppose we have the following dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

1. Add up all the values: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30

2. Divide by the number of values: 30 / 5 = 6

The mean is 6.
Mode

1. Identify the value that appears most frequently in the dataset.

2. If no value appears more than once, there is no mode.

Example:

Suppose we have the following dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

The value 2 appears only once, while all other values appear twice. Therefore, there is
no mode.

Median

1. Arrange the values in order from smallest to largest.

2. If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle value.
3. If the number of values is even, the median is the average of the two middle values.

Example:

Suppose we have the following dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

1. Arrange in order: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
2. Since there are an odd number of values (5), the median is the middle value: 6

Grouped Data
Mean (Weighted Mean)

1. Find the midpoints of each class interval and multiply them by their respective
frequencies.
2. Add up all these products.
3. Divide by the total frequency.

Formula: Mean = [(Σxi fi) / N]

Where xi is the midpoint of each class interval, fi is its frequency, and N is the total
frequency.

Example:

Suppose we have grouped data with class intervals [0-10], [10-20], [20-30], and
frequencies [3, 4, 5] respectively.

1. Midpoints: (0+10)/2 = 5, (10+20)/2 = 15, (20+30)/2 = 25

2. Products: (53) + (154) + (255) = 15 + 60 + 125 = 200
3. Total frequency: N = 3+4+5 = 12
4. Mean = (200) / (12) = 16.67

Mode

The same procedure as for ungrouped data applies:

1. Identify the class interval with the highest frequency.

2. If no class interval has a higher frequency than others, there is no mode.

Example:

Suppose we have grouped data with class intervals [0-10], [10-20], [20-30], and
frequencies [3, 5, 7] respectively.

The class interval [20-30] has the highest frequency (7), so it is the mode.

Median

To find the median of grouped data:

1. Calculate the total frequency.

2. Calculate half of the total frequency (rounded down to the nearest integer).
3. Find the class interval that contains this value.
4. The median is either:
The midpoint of this class interval if it’s an odd value,
The average of these two class intervals if it’s an even value.

Example:

Suppose we have grouped data with class intervals [0-10], [10-20], [20-30], and
frequencies [3, 4, 5] respectively.

1. Total frequency: N = 3+4+5 = 12

2. Half of N: (12/2) = 6
3. Class interval containing this value: [10-20]
4. Median: Since there are an even number of values in this interval ([15]), we take their
average: (15+15)/2 = 15
The End