Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof.

Reda S Tantawi

CONTENTS
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Definition 1
Basic rules of differentiation 2
Trigonometric Functions 7
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 11
Logarithmic Functions 14
Exponential Functions 17
Hyperbolic Functions 22
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 23
Implicit Functions 24
Applications of Derivatives 27
L'Hopital's Rule 27
Maclaurin Expansion 30
Features of Function Graphs 34

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Calculus helps us to understand how systems change with time and how to build systems from
knowing just a little about their parts. The calculus is the study of the derivatives and the
integrals. In fact, the integral is so closely related to the derivative that the study of the integral
is an essential part of studying derivatives.
Differential calculus is the study of the definition, properties, and applications of
the derivative of a function. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the
rate of change of the function near that input value. The process of finding a derivative is
called differentiation. Geometrically, the derivative at a point is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at that point, provided that the derivative exists and is defined at that
point.
The power of calculus goes beyond its many applications. The derivative is so important in all
parts of pure and applied mathematics that we must devote a great deal of effort to finding
formulas for the derivatives of various kinds of functions. Most of our technological advances
would not be possible without calculus. Cell phones, computers, TVs, microwave ovens,
robots, printers, cars, airplanes, satellites, and most things that make our lives easier exist
because we’ve learned calculus.
Definition:
The derivative (first derivative) of a continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) on an interval, with respect to,
𝑑 𝑑𝑓
𝑥, is written symbolically as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑠ℎ) and can be
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Defined by the limit:
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = lim (∗)
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
If the limit in the above definition exists, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be differentiable for all
values of 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), and the process of finding 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is called differentiation
of 𝑓(𝑥).
The derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) gives the rate of change (instantaneous change) of the
function relative to the variable 𝑥, that is; the change of the function when 𝑥 changes to 𝑥 + ℎ
where ℎ → 0.

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

𝑑2𝑓
The second derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is denoted by 2
or 𝑓 ″ ,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑓 𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑3𝑓 𝑑 𝑑2𝑓
where = ( ) , the third derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is = ( ),
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2 𝑥
and so on.
Remarks:
1. The function will not be changing if the rate of change is zero, that is the function 𝑓(𝑥) will
not be changing if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
2. The rules of differentiation we employ on finding the derivative of functions can be
established by using the definition of derivative (*).

Basic rules of differentiation:

If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥 , then we have the following general rules of
differentiation:
1. The derivative of the sum of two (or more) functions is the sum of their derivatives
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
∴ [𝑓 ± 𝑔] = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. The derivative of the product of two variables is the sum of the products of each variable by
the derivative of the other.
𝑑 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑓
∴ [𝑓 × 𝑔] = 𝑓 + 𝑔
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. The derivative of a fraction is the derivative of the numerator (top of the fraction) multiplied
by the denominator (bottom of the fraction) minus the derivative of the denominator multiplied
by the numerator, this difference being divided by the square of 'the denominator.
𝑑 𝑓 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓′ − 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔′
∴ [ ]= , 𝑔≠0
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑔2
(4) Chain Rule
If a variable 𝑦 depends on the variable 𝑥, which itself depends on the variable 𝑡 (that is, 𝑦 and
𝑥 are dependent variables), then 𝑦 depends on 𝑡 as well, via the intermediate variable 𝑥. In this
case, if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), then by Chain Rule we can write:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑔(𝑡)
= ∙ = ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Replacing 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡) in the result gives the rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑡 as a function
of 𝑡.
5. (a( Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶, where 𝐶 is a constant.
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = 0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑑
∴ 𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑥
That is; the derivative of a constant is zero.
Thus, the derivative of the product of a constant and a function is the product of the constant
and the function:
𝑑 𝑑
∴ [𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
)b( Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑥 + ℎ ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) ℎ
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = 1
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑑
⇒ 𝑥=1
𝑑𝑥
That is, the derivative of a variable with respect to itself is unity.
)c( Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑛 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛

′
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛
⟹ 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
Taking 𝑡 = 𝑥 + ℎ ⇒ 𝑡 → 𝑥 as ℎ → 0
𝑡𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛
′
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑡→𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥

𝑑 𝑛
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
6. Using the chain rule gives:
𝑑 𝑛
If 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑢(𝑥)]𝑛 ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑢 = 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
That is: The derivative of a power function is the product of the power with the power function

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

with exponent diminished by 1, and the derivative of the function.

1 𝑑 𝑢′ (𝑥)
(6.1) If 𝑛 = ⇒ √𝑢(𝑥) = , 𝑢(𝑥) > 0
2 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑢(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑛
(6.2) If 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Example 1:
I. Suppose that the functions 𝑢(𝑥) and 𝜐(𝑥) are differentiable at 𝑥 = 0. If 𝑢(0) = 3, 𝑢′ (0) =
−2, υ(0) = 1, and υ′ (0) = 5, find the values of the following derivatives at 𝑥 = 0:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 3
𝑎) (𝑢υ) 𝑏) ( ) 𝑐) (𝑢 + 3υ) 𝑑) (𝑢 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 υ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑
𝑎) (𝑢υ) = 𝑢υ′ + 𝑢′ υ
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ at 𝑥 = 0 : (𝑢υ) = 𝑢(0) υ′ (0) + 𝑢′ (0) υ(0) = 3 × 5 − 2 × 1 = 13
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 υ 𝑢′ − 𝑢υ′
𝑏) ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 υ υ2
𝑑 𝑢 υ(0) 𝑢′ (0) − 𝑢(0)υ′ (0) 1 × (−2) − 3 × 5
∴ at 𝑥 = 0 : ( ) = = = − 17
𝑑𝑥 υ υ2 (0) 1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑υ
𝑐) (𝑢 + 3υ) = + 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ at 𝑥 = 0 : (u + 3υ) = u′ (0) + 3υ′ (0) = − 2 + 3 × 5 = 13
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑) (𝑢3 ) = 3𝑢2 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3
∴ at 𝑥 = 0: (𝑢 ) = 3𝑢2 (0)𝑢′ (0) = 3 × 32 × (−2) = −54
𝑑𝑥
II. Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 + 8 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 5𝑥 4 − 2, 𝑦 ′′ = 20 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 ′′′ = 60 𝑥 2
1 1 −1/2
2) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 ∴ 𝑦 ′′ = 6 +𝑥 −3/2
2 √𝑥 2
3 12 2
3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 2√𝑥 + √𝑥 − + + 5
√𝑥 𝑥7
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 2√𝑥 + 𝑥 1⁄3 − 12 𝑥 −1/2 + 2 𝑥 −7 + 5
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

1 1 −2/3
∴ y′ = 5 𝑥 4 − 2 + 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3/2 − 14 𝑥 −8
2 √𝑥 3
4) 𝑦 = ( 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 + 8 )4 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 4( 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 + 8 )3 (5𝑥 4 − 2 )
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 5 √𝑥 + 3
5) 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3⁄2 − 𝑥 1⁄2 − 5 + 3𝑥 −1/2
√𝑥
3 1⁄2 1 3 −3/2 3 1 1 3 1
∴ 𝑦′ = 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1/2 − 𝑥 = √𝑥 − −
2 2 2 2 2 √𝑥 2 𝑥 √𝑥
6 5 1
6) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − √𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 6 (𝑥 3 − √𝑥) (3𝑥 2 − )
2 √𝑥
5 4 1 5
7) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + √𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 [5 (𝑥 + √𝑥) (1 + )] + (𝑥 + √𝑥) ⋅ 2𝑥
2 √𝑥
1
8) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) √𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) + √𝑥 − 1(3𝑥 2 − 1)
2 √𝑥 − 1
d𝑦
9) If 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )5 and 𝑥 = √𝑡 − 1, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
dt
Solution: Using the chain rule gives:
d𝑦 dy d𝑥 1
= ∙ = 10𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )4 ∙
dt d𝑥 dt 2 √𝑡 − 1
Replacing 𝑥 = √𝑡 − 1 yields:
d𝑦 1
= 10√𝑡 − 1(1 + 𝑡 − 1)4 ∙ = 5 𝑡4
dt 2 √𝑡 − 1
d𝑦
10) If 𝑦 = 4𝑥 6 − 𝑥 5 − 3 and 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 +4𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
dt
Solution: Using the chain rule gives:
d𝑦 𝑑y 𝑑𝑥
= ∙ = (24 𝑥 5 − 5 𝑥 4 )(3𝑡 2 +4)
dt 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Replacing 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 +4𝑡 yields:
d𝑦 5 4
= (24(𝑡 3 +4𝑡) − 5(𝑡 3 +4𝑡) )(3𝑡 2 +4)
dt
III. (1) Find 𝑓 ′ (0) for the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)6
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (x) = 6(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)5 (3𝑥 2 − 1) ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
2) Find 𝑓 ′ (4) for the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + √𝑥
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Solution:
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 + ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (4) = 32 + = 32.25
2 √𝑥 4
𝑥+c
3) If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑓 ′ (2) = −2, find the value(s)of c.
𝑥−c
Solution: We have
(𝑥 − c) − (𝑥 + c) − 2c
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
(𝑥 − c)2 (𝑥 − c)2
−2c c
∵ 𝑓 ′ (2) = −2 ∴ = −2 ⇒ =1 ⇒ (2 − c)2 = c
(2 − c)2 (2 − c)2
∴ c2 − 5 c + 4 = 0 ⇒ (c − 4) (c − 1) = 0 ⇒ c = 1, 4

1 3 3 2
3) Determine the points where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 is not changing.
3 2
Solution: The points where the function is not changing are given by solving the equation:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0. We have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4,
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 4
1 3
4) Determine t where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 3 is changing.
3
Solution: The points where the function is not changing are given by solving the equation:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0. We have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥,
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 2
Then, the function is changing where 𝑥 ∈R − {0, 2}, where R is the set of all real numbers.

Exercise 1:
I. (a) Suppose that the functions 𝑢(𝑥) and υ(𝑥) are differentiable at x = 1. If 𝑢(1) = 1,
𝑢′ (1) = 4, υ(1) = 4, and υ′ (1) = −3, find the values of the following derivatives at 𝑥 = 1:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 3
1) (𝑥𝑢 − υ) 2) ( ) 3) (𝑢 + 𝑥 2 υ) 4) (𝑥 − 𝑥υ + 𝑢3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 υ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(b) Suppose that the functions 𝑢(𝑥) and υ(𝑥) are differentiable at x = 2 . If 𝑢(2) = 1,
𝑢′ (2) = −2, υ(2) = 5, υ′ (2) = 0 find the values of the following derivatives at 𝑥 = 2:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 − 3υ2 𝑑
1) (𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥 4 √υ) 2) ( ) 3) (𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑥 2 υ + 5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 υ 𝑑𝑥

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

𝑑 3
4) (𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑥υ + 𝑢3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
II. Find for the functions:
𝑑𝑥
12 4 3 12
1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 − 7 2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + − 3 3) 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 + √𝑥 −
𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥
4𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2
4) 𝑦 = 5) 𝑦 = √𝑥(4𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 10)4 6) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)2 (3𝑥 4 − 𝑥)4
𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
2 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
7) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − √𝑥 3 − 1
4
8) 𝑦 =
√𝑥
d𝑦
9) If 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑡 2 )3 find
d𝑡
10) Find 𝑓 ′ (1)for the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)6
11) Find 𝑓 ′ (0) for the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = (3 − 𝑥)2 − √𝑥
12) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − c 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (1) = 5, find the value of c
13) Determine the points where the following functions are not changing.
1 3 1 4 1 3
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥2 − 33𝑥 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 7
3 4 3
14) Determine where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 5𝑥 is changing.

Trigonometric Functions
In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are a set of functions which relate angles to the
sides of a right triangle. Their names and abbreviations are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent
(tan), cotangent (cot), secant (sec), and cosecant (csc). The functions “sin” and “cos” are the
basic trigonometric functions and 𝑥 is an angle.
Hence, there are six trigonometric functions:
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1 1 1
sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , tan 𝑥 = , cot 𝑥 = = , sec 𝑥 = , csc 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Important relations:
(1) sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 (2) sin( 𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
(3) cos( 𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 (4) sin 2 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
(5) cos 2 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 (6) sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2 𝑥)
2
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

1
(7) cos 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2 𝑥) (8)1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
2

(9)1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
(10) sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
(11) sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 2 cos sin
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
(12) cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos cos
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
(13) cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, using the definition of the derivative gives:
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑥 + ℎ) − sin 𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
Using the relation: sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 = 2 cos sin
2 2
2𝑥+ℎ ℎ
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) 2 cos ⋅ sin
2 2
∴ = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥 + ℎ sin( ℎ/2) 1
= 2 lim cos lim = 2 cos 𝑥 ⋅ ( )
ℎ→0 2 ℎ→0 ℎ 2
𝑑
∴ sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Similarly, if we have 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 :
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) cos( 𝑥 + ℎ) − cos 𝑥
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
Using the relation: cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 = −2 sin sin
2 2
2𝑥+ℎ ℎ
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) −2 sin ⋅ sin
2 2
∴ = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥 + ℎ sin( ℎ/2) 1
= −2 lim sin lim = −2 sin 𝑥 ⋅
ℎ→0 2 ℎ→0 ℎ 2
𝑑
∴ cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

The derivative of the other trigonometric function can be obtained by applying the rules of
derivatives. For example:
𝑑 𝑑 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 1
(tan 𝑥) = ( )= 2
= 2
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Generally, if 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, then using the chain rule gives:
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑢
If 𝑓 = sin 𝑢 ∴ 𝑓′ = = cos 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Thus, we can write:
𝑑 𝑑
sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′ cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
tan 𝑢 = sec 2 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′ cot 𝑢 = −csc2 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
sec 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 ⋅ tan 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′ csc 𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 ⋅ cot 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Examples 2:
I. Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 3 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = cos(𝑥 3 − 2) (3𝑥 2 ),
𝑦 ′′ = cos(𝑥 3 − 2) (6 𝑥) + (3𝑥 2 )[− sin(𝑥 3 − 2) (3𝑥 2 )]
= cos(𝑥 3 − 2) (6 𝑥) − 9𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 3 − 2)
2) 𝑦 = tan( 5𝑥 2 + 6) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = sec 2 ( 5𝑥 2 + 6)(10𝑥) = 10𝑥 sec 2 ( 5𝑥 2 + 6)
1 cos √𝑥
3) 𝑦 = sin √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = cos √𝑥 ⋅ =
2 √𝑥 2 √𝑥
4) 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 [note that sec 2 𝑥 = (sec 𝑥)2 ]
∴ 𝑦 ′ = 2 sec 𝑥 ∙ sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥
5
5) 𝑦 = sin5 √𝑥 [note that sin5 √𝑥 = (sin √𝑥) ]
1
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 5 sin4 √𝑥 cos √𝑥 ⋅
2 √𝑥
6) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 2 − 2 cot 𝑥 −3
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 [− sin 𝑥 2 ⋅ 2𝑥] + 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 2 + 2csc2 𝑥 −3 ⋅ [−3𝑥 −4 ]
7) 𝑦 = tan3 ( sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 3 tan2 ( sin 𝑥) ∙ sec 2 ( sin 𝑥)[cos 𝑥]
8) 𝑦 = tan3 (cos 𝑥 3 )
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 3 tan2 (cos 𝑥 3 ) sec 2 (cos 𝑥 3 ) [− sin 𝑥 3 ∙ 3𝑥 2 )]

= −9𝑥 2 tan2 (cos 𝑥 3 ) sec 2 (cos 𝑥 3 ) sin 𝑥 3

′
sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
8) 𝑦 = √tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2√tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥

′
− sin 𝑥 − 4 csc2 𝑥
9) 𝑦 = √cos 𝑥 + 4 cot 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 =
2√cos 𝑥 + 4 cot 𝑥
1
10) 𝑦 = √𝑥 cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥 [− sin 𝑥] + cos 𝑥 ⋅
2 √𝑥
11) 𝑦 = sin(sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = cos(sin 𝑥) ∙ cos 𝑥
12) 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = − sin(𝑥 sin 𝑥) (𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
13) If 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 and 𝑥 = tan 𝑡, find
𝑑𝑡
Solution: Using the chain rule gives:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ∙ = sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Replacing 𝑥 = tan 𝑡, yields:
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (tan 𝑡) sec 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
II. 1) If 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, show that: 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑦
Solution: We have
𝑦 ′ = − sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ″ = − cos 𝑥 ∴ 𝑦″ = 𝑦
1
2) If 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + tan3 𝑥 , show that 𝑦 ′ = sec 4 𝑥
3
Solution: We have
𝑦 ′ = sec 2 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 ⋅ sec 2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥) = sec 4 𝑥
3) If 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 , show that 𝑦 ′ = 2 − 4𝑦
Solution: We have
𝑦 ′ = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ″ = 2(− sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥) = 2(− sin2 𝑥 + (1 − sin2 𝑥))
∴ 𝑦 ″ = 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝑥) = 2 − 4𝑦
3) If 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, show that 𝑦 ″ = 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ).
Solution: We have
𝑦 ′ = sec 2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ″ = 2 sec 𝑥 ∙ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥 ⋅ sec 2 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥)
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

∴ 𝑦 ″ = 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )

Exercise 2:
I-Find 𝑦 ′′ for the functions:

1) 𝑦 = cos(7𝑥 + 2) − √𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2) 𝑦 = 7𝑥 3 sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 3) 𝑦 = sin(6𝑥) sin2 𝑥

4) 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 tan 𝑥 5) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 6) 𝑦 = √sin 𝑥
II-Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 sin 𝑥) 2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 sec 𝑥 3) 𝑦 = √𝑥 − sin 𝑥
4) 𝑦 = tan5 ( sin 𝑥) 5) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 sec 2 𝑥 6) 𝑦 = √𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥 2 − cot 𝑥 cos(6𝑥)
7) 𝑦 = 8) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 csc 2 𝑥 9) 𝑦 =
cos 2 𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑥 sin( 𝑥 − 2)
10) 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan(tan 𝑥) 11) 𝑦 = 12) 𝑦 = sin[sin( sin 𝑥)]
sin 𝑥
1
13) If 𝑦 = √1 + sin 𝑥 , show that: 𝑦 ′ = √1 − sin 𝑥
2
14) If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, show that: 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
15) If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑥 = cos 𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
16) If 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 and 𝑥 = √1 + 𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions.
Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant
functions, and are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric functions.
Inverse trigonometric functions are widely used in engineering, physics, and geometry.
The notations
sin−1 𝑥 , cos −1 𝑥 , tan−1 𝑥 , cot −1 𝑥 , sec −1 𝑥 , csc −1 𝑥
are often used for the inverse of the trigonometric functions, and this convention complies with
the notation of an inverse function. Note that (-1) is not a numeric power, but it refers to the
inverse of the trigonometric function.

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

For examples:
1 1
If sin 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑥 = sin−1 = 19.470
3 3
1
If tan 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 = 26. 5650
2
Therefore, if 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 then 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑦, if 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 then 𝑥 = sin 𝑦.
It is worth to mention that:
1 1
sin−1 𝑥 ≠ , (sin 𝑥)−1 = = sec𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
From the properties of the inverse functions, we have:
sin(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥, sin−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥

Examples 3. a:
1
1) Find the exact value of cos (sin−1 )
3
Solution:
1 1
Consider 𝜃 = sin−1 ⇒ sin 𝜃 =
3 3
√8
∴ cos 𝜃 =
3
2) Find the exact value of cos( tan−1 4)
Solution:
Consider 𝜃 = tan−1 4 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 4
1
∴ cos 𝜃 =
√17
1 1
3) Find the exact value of cos (sin−1 + cos −1 )
2 3
Solution:
1 1 1 1
Consider 𝜃 = sin−1 , 𝜙 = cos −1 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜙 =
2 3 2 3

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

√3 1 1 √8
∴ cos( 𝜃 + 𝜙) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = −
2 3 2 3

Exercise 3. a: Find the exact value of:

2
1) sin( tan−1 2) 2) tan (cos −1 )
3
1 4 1 2
3) sin (tan−1 − cos −1 ) 4) cos (sin−1 + cos −1 )
2 5 4 3

Differentiation of the inverse trigonometric functions:

If 𝑢 is a function of x , then the derivatives of the inverse of the most common trigonometric
functions can be given as:
Consider 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑢 then 𝑢 = sin 𝑦. Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 yields

′ ′ ′
𝑢′ 𝑢′ 𝑢′
𝑢 = cos 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = = =
cos 𝑦 √1 − sin2 𝑦 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 −1
𝑢′
∴ sin 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
Similarly, if 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑢 then 𝑢 = cos 𝑦. Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 yields

′ ′
−𝑢′
′
−𝑢′ −𝑢′
𝑢 = − sin 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = = =
sin 𝑦 √1 − cos 2 𝑦 √1 − 𝑢2
𝑑 −1
−𝑢′
∴ cos 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
Finally, if 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑢 then 𝑢 = tan 𝑦. Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 yields

′ 2 ′ ′
𝑢′ −𝑢′ −𝑢′
𝑢 = sec 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = = =
sec 2 𝑦 1 + tan2 𝑦 1 + 𝑢2
𝑑 −1
𝑢′
∴ tan 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2

Examples 3.b: Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:

1/2√𝑥 1
1) 𝑦 = sin−1 √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ = =
√1 − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 √ 1 − 𝑥
cos 𝑥
2) 𝑦 = sin−2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −2 sin−3 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 = −2
sin3 𝑥

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

−2 ′ −3 2
sec 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
3) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2 tan 𝑥 ∙ sec 𝑥 = −2 = −2
tan3 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
2𝑥 + 1
4) 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
√1 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2
1
5) 𝑦 = tan−1 (2 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
1 + (2 + 𝑥)2
𝑥
6) 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ = + tan−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
− sin 𝑥 1
7) 𝑦 = tan−1 ( cos 𝑥) + 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = + 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥
1 + cos 2 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

−1
1 − sin−1 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ⋅ − (1 − sin−1 𝑥) ⋅ sec 2 𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
8) 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦′ =
tan 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
9) 𝑦 = (1 − cos −1 𝑥 2 ) sec 𝑥
2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = (1 − cos −1 𝑥 2 ) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 ⋅
√1 − 𝑥 4
−1 2 ′
2𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
10) 𝑦 = tan ( sin 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑦 =
1 + sin2 𝑥 2
11) 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 1 sin−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥
1 2𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥 2 − 1 + sin−1 𝑥 +𝑥 − cos −1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥2 2√𝑥 2 −1 √1 − 𝑥2
Exercise 3.b:
Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = sin−1 ( 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 ) 2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 7 tan−1 ( 2𝑥 − 1) 3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin−3 𝑥
4) 𝑦 = sin( tan−1 𝑥) 5) 𝑦 = tan−1 ( sec 𝑥) 6) 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 ) cos −1 √𝑥
7) 𝑦 = tan−2 𝑥 − tan−1 ( sec 𝑥) 8) 𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )5 sin−1 √𝑥

Logarithmic Functions
The logarithmic function, general logarithm, is defined as:
𝑓 = log ℎ(𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥) , 𝑢(𝑥) > 0, ℎ(𝑥) > 0, ≠ 1 for all 𝑥
If the base of the logarithm 𝑎 = 𝑒, it is called the natural logarithm and is denoted by ln 𝑥.
If 𝑎 = 10, it is called the common logarithm and is denoted by log 𝑥.

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Some properties of Logarithms:

𝑥
(i) log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 (ii) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
ln 𝑥
(iii) log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑖v) log 𝑦 𝑥 =
ln 𝑦

(v) log 𝑎 0 = −∞, log 𝑎 1 = 0, log 𝑎 ∞ = ∞, log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 ⇒ ln 𝑒 = 1

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: ln2 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)2 ≠ 2 ln 𝑥 , ln 𝑥 2 = 2 ln 𝑥

Derivative of the Logarithmic Function:

𝑑 𝑢′ (𝑥)
ln 𝑢 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑢 (𝑥)
[log ℎ(𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥)] = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑢 (𝑥) 1 𝑢′ (𝑥)
[log 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥)] = ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎 ln 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥)
Sometimes using the properties of the logarithm simplifies the operation of differentiation.
Examples 4:
Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1 0−1 −1
1) 𝑦 = ln( 𝑥 + 5) ⇒ 𝑦′ = , 𝑦 ′′ = =
𝑥+5 (𝑥 + 5)2 (𝑥 + 5)2
ln sin 𝑥 1 1 cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2) 𝑦 = log 5 sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦= = ln sin 𝑥 ∴ 𝑦′ = =
ln 5 ln 5 ln 5 sin 𝑥 ln 5
− sin 𝑥 − 1/𝑥
3) 𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥 − ln 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
cos 𝑥 − ln 𝑥
2
ln(𝑥 2 + 3)
4) 𝑦 = log cos 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑦=
ln cos 𝑥

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

2𝑥 − sin 𝑥
ln cos 𝑥 ∙ − ln(𝑥 2 + 3) ∙
𝑥 2 +3 cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑦′ =
ln2 cos 𝑥
1
√1−𝑥 2
5) 𝑦 = ln sin−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ =
sin−1 𝑥
cos 𝑥
6) 𝑦 = ln sin−6 𝑥 = −6 ln sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −6 = −6 cot 𝑥
sin 𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)4 sin2 𝑥
7) 𝑦 = ln [ ] Using the properties of the logarithm gives:
𝑥+1
𝑦 = ln[(𝑥 − 1)4 sin2 𝑥] − ln(𝑥 + 1) = ln(𝑥 − 1)4 + ln(sin2 𝑥) − ln(𝑥 + 1)
⇒ 𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 2 ln sin 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1)
4 2 cos 𝑥 1 3𝑥 + 5
∴ 𝑦′ = + − = 2 + 2 cot 𝑥
𝑥−1 sin 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 −1
′′
3(𝑥 2 − 1) − 2𝑥(3𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 2
− 2 csc 2 𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)
8) 𝑦 = ln[(𝑥 + 1)6 cos 2 𝑥] Using the properties of the logarithm gives:
𝑦 = ln[(𝑥 + 1)6 cos 2 𝑥] = ln(𝑥 + 1)6 + ln cos 2 𝑥 = 6 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 2 ln cos 𝑥
6 − sin 𝑥 6
∴ 𝑦′ = +2 = − 2 tan 𝑥
𝑥+1 cos 𝑥 𝑥+1
9) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 Using the properties of the logarithm gives:
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑥

1 + tan 𝑥
10) If 𝑦 = ln √ show that 𝑦 ′ = sec 2𝑥
1 − tan 𝑥
1 1 + tan 𝑥 1
𝑦 = ln = [ln( 1 + tan 𝑥) − ln( 1 − tan 𝑥)]
2 1 − tan 𝑥 2
1 sec 2 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥 1 (1 − tan 𝑥) + (1 + tan 𝑥)
∴ 𝑦′ = [ − ]= [ ] sec 2 𝑥
2 1 + tan 𝑥 1 − tan 𝑥 2 (1 + tan 𝑥)(1 − tan 𝑥)
1 2
1 1 1 1
= sec 𝑥 = × = = = sec 2 𝑥
1 − tan2 𝑥 1 − tan2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

We can use the logarithm to find the derivative of a function involving complicated products,
quotients, or power, by taking logarithm for both sides and employing the properties of the

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

logarithm to simplify the function. Then we differentiate both sides relative to 𝑥. This way
simplifies the problem and gives simple form for the result.

′
(𝑥 2 + 3)4 √𝑥 + 5
11. Use the logarithmic derivative to find 𝑦 for the function: 𝑦 = 3
(𝑥 + 3𝑥)2 (𝑥 − 1)
Solution: Taking ln for both sides, gives:
(𝑥 2 + 3)4 √𝑥 + 5
ln 𝑦 = ln 3 2
= ln[ (𝑥 2 + 3)4 √𝑥 + 5] − ln[ (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)2 (𝑥 − 1)]
(𝑥 + 3𝑥) (𝑥 − 1)
1
⇒ ln 𝑦 = 4 ln( 𝑥 2 + 3) + ln( 𝑥 + 5) − 2 ln( 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥) − ln( 𝑥 − 1)
2
Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:
𝑦′ 2𝑥 1 1 3𝑥 2 + 3 1
=4 2 + −2 3 −
𝑦 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 − 1

′
(𝑥 2 + 3)4 √𝑥 + 5 8𝑥 1 1 𝑥2 + 1 1
⇒𝑦 = 3 [ + − 6 − ]
(𝑥 + 3𝑥)2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 + 3 2 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑥 − 1

𝑥 2 tan5 𝑥
12. Use the logarithmic derivative to find 𝑦 ′ for the function: 𝑦 = √
𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Solution: Taking ln for both sides, gives:

𝑥 2 tan5 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 tan5 𝑥 1
ln 𝑦 = ln √ = ln = [ln(𝑥 2 tan5 𝑥) − ln(𝑥 + sin 𝑥)]
𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2
1
⇒ ln 𝑦 = [2 ln 𝑥 + 5 lntan 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + sin 𝑥)]
2
Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:

𝑦′ 1 1 sec 2 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 tan5 𝑥 2 sec 2 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥

= [2 + 5 − ] ⇒ 𝑦 = √
′
[ +5 − ]
𝑦 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Exercise 4:
I. Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = ln(sec 𝑥 + 𝑥) 2) 𝑦 = log10 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1) 3) 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)
4) 𝑦 = ln(3 − 4 cos 𝑥) 5) 𝑦 = log 𝑥 tan 𝑥 6) 𝑦 = ln[(𝑥 − 1)4 sin2 𝑥]
7) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln √3 − 4 cos 𝑥 8) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 lnsin 𝑥 9) 𝑦 = ln[ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)4 √𝑥]

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

10) 𝑦 = ln cos −1 𝑥 11) 𝑦 = ln cos −4 𝑥 12) 𝑦 = log sin 𝑥 𝑥

13) 𝑦 = log sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥
II. Use the logarithmic derivative to find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
5
𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 ⋅ √𝑥 2 + 5 sin4 √𝑥 √𝑥
1) 𝑦 = 2) 𝑦 = 3) 𝑦 = 𝑥
tan 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 tan8 (𝑥 − 1)

Exponential Functions
In general, the exponential function takes the form 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) where the base ℎ(𝑥)
can be constant but the exponent 𝑔(𝑥) must be not constant, it is called general exponential
function. If the base of the function ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑒, the function is called natural exponential
function where:
1 𝑛
𝑒 = lim (1 + ) = 2.7182818. . ..
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

is Euler number. Sometimes we use the notation 𝑒𝑥𝑝 instead of 𝑒.

Some properties of the exponential function:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑒𝑥
1) 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 2) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦
𝑒
3) 𝑒 0 = 1, lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 ∞ = ∞
𝑥→∞
1
4) lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −∞ = =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑒∞
(5) If 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
∴ If 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦
(6) ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Derivative of the natural exponential function

As we showed before, we can use the properties of the natural logarithm and its derivative rule
to obtain the derivative of exponential functions. In this section we present the rule of
derivative on the natural exponential function. Consider 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑥) , then taking ln for both
sides to obtain:
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥)
Now differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:
𝑦′
= 𝑢′ (𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑢′ (𝑥)
𝑦
𝑑 𝑢(𝑥)
∴ 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑢′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Examples 5: Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
3 −2𝑥 2 +5 3 −2𝑥 2 +5
1) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥),
3 −2𝑥 2 +5 3 −2𝑥 2 +5
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (6 𝑥 − 4) + (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)
3 −2𝑥 2 +5
= 𝑒𝑥 {(6 𝑥 − 4) + (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)2 }
2) 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
3) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥−sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑥(3 − cos 𝑥) + 𝑒 3𝑥−sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 3𝑥−sin 𝑥 {𝑥(3 − cos 𝑥) + 1}
1
4) 𝑦 = sec 4 (𝑒 √𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 4 sec 3 (𝑒 √𝑥 ) ⋅ sec(𝑒 √𝑥 ) tan(𝑒 √𝑥 ) 𝑒 √𝑥
2 √𝑥
2
∴ 𝑦′ = sec 4 (𝑒 √𝑥 ) ⋅ tan(𝑒 √𝑥 ) 𝑒 √𝑥
√𝑥
2 +5𝑥 2 +5𝑥 2 +5𝑥
5) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 4 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = tan 𝑥 4 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 5) + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ sec 2 𝑥 4 ⋅ 4𝑥 3
6) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − cos 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥
cos 𝑥
7) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−5 ln sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥−5 + ln sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥−5 = 𝑒 𝑥−5 (cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥)
sin 𝑥

Derivative of the general exponential functions

The general exponential functions take the forms:
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢(𝑥) (ii)𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
The derivative of these functions can be obtained by the steps:

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

1. Taking ln for both sides, gives:

(i) ln 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥) ln 𝑎 (ii) ln 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) ln ℎ(𝑥)
2. Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:
𝑦′
(i) = 𝑢′ (𝑥) ln 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑢′ (𝑥) ln 𝑎
𝑦
𝑑 𝑢(𝑥)
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢(𝑥) ln 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑢′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ 1 ′ ℎ′ (𝑥)
(ii) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) ln ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ (𝑥) ⇒ ′ ′
𝑦 = 𝑦 (𝑔 (𝑥) ln ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
𝑦 ℎ(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ′
ℎ′ (𝑥)
∴ (ℎ(𝑥) ) = ℎ(𝑥) {𝑔 (𝑥) ln ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) }
𝑑𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)

Examples 5:
𝑎) If 𝑦 = 33𝑥+2 Taking ln ⬚ for both sides gives: ln 𝑦 = ln 33𝑥+2 = (3𝑥 + 2) ln 3

Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:

𝑦′
∴ = 3 ln 3 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ∙ 3 ln 3 = 33𝑥+3 ln 3
𝑦

𝑏) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)2𝑥−3 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)2𝑥−3 = (2𝑥 − 3) ln(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)

𝑦′ 3𝑥 2 + 2
∴ = (2𝑥 − 3) 3 + 2 ln(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑥

3𝑥 2 + 2
⇒ 𝑦 = ′ (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥) 2𝑥−3
((2𝑥 − 3) 3 + 2 ln(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥))
𝑥 + 2𝑥

𝑐) 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥+3 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥)𝑥+3 = (𝑥 + 3) ln sin 𝑥

Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:
𝑦′ cos 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 3) + ln sin 𝑥
𝑦 sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦[(𝑥 + 3) cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥 ] = (sin 𝑥)𝑥+3 [(𝑥 + 3) cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥 ]
𝑑) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Differentiating both sides relative to 𝑥 gives:
𝑦′ 1
= 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 = 1 + ln 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦[1 + ln 𝑥] = 𝑥 𝑥 [1 + ln 𝑥]
𝑦 𝑥
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

𝑒) If 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ⋅ (tan 𝑥)𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 sin 𝑥 ⋅ (tan 𝑥)𝑥 )

∴ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + ln( tan 𝑥)𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln tan 𝑥

𝑦 ′ sin 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ = + cos 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 + ln tan 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 tan 𝑥

′ sin 𝑥 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 =𝑥 ⋅ (tan 𝑥) { + cos 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + + ln tan 𝑥}
𝑥 tan 𝑥

Exercise 5:
Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 2) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 √𝑥 3) 𝑦 = (𝑥 4 − sin 𝑥)5 𝑒 3𝑥
2 −𝑥+2 2
4) 𝑦 = cos 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 𝑥 5) 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 6) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥
2
7) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑒 cos 𝑥 8) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 9) 𝑦 = 5𝑥
10) 𝑦 = (𝑥 cos 𝑥)sin 𝑥 11) 𝑦 = (5 + 𝑥)1−𝑥 12) 𝑦 = 4sin 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥 + 7)𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are like the trigonometric functions in that they have very similar
properties. They are defined in terms of the natural exponential function.
The basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine " sinh ⬚ " and the hyperbolic
cosine "cosh ⬚" are defined as:
1 1
sinh 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ), cosh 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
Anyhow, there are six hyperbolic functions:
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 1 1
sinh 𝑥 , cosh 𝑥 , tanh 𝑥 = , coth 𝑥 = , sech 𝑥 = , csch 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

Important relations:
1 1
1) sinh( − 𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) = − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − sinh 𝑥 (That is, sinh x is odd function)
2 2
1
2) cosh( − 𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = cosh 𝑥 (That is, sinh x is even function)
2
1 1
3) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2 − [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2 = 1
4 4

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

4)1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥

5) coth2 𝑥 − 1 = csch2 𝑥
6) sinh 2 𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
7) cosh 2 𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥 = 2 sinh2 𝑥 + 1 = 2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1
8) cosh 0 = 1, sinh 0 = 0 ⇒ tanh 0 = 0
9) cosh ∞ = ∞, sinh ∞ = ∞

Derivatives of the hyperbolic functions

If 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, then we have:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ′
sinh 𝑢 = = 𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 ′
cosh 𝑢 = = 𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 sinh 𝑢 cosh2 𝑢 − sinh2 𝑢 ′ 𝑢′
tanh 𝑢 = = 2
𝑢 = 2
= sech2 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑢 cosh 𝑢 cosh 𝑢

Examples 6: Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:

1) 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 cosh 𝑥 3 − 3 cosh 𝑥 − 3𝑥 sinh 𝑥
2) 𝑦 = tanh( sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = sech2 ( sin 𝑥) ⋅ cos 𝑥
3) 𝑦 = cos( sinh 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = − sin( sinh 𝑥) ⋅ cosh 𝑥
4) 𝑦 = tanh( 𝑥 ln 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = sech2 (𝑥 ln 𝑥)[1 + ln 𝑥]
5) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − sin4 𝑥) tanh( √sec 𝑥)
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − sin4 𝑥) sech2 ( √sec 𝑥) + (1 − 4 sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥) tanh( √sec 𝑥)
2√sec 𝑥
6) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 cosh2 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 4 [2cosh𝑥 3 sinh𝑥 3 ⋅ 3𝑥 2 ] + 4𝑥 3 cosh2 𝑥 3
−1 sinh 𝑥
7) 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 − ln( cosh 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ = −
√1 − 𝑥 2 cosh 𝑥
Exercise 6: Find y for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = cosh( cos 𝑥) 2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh( 𝑥 2 ) 3) 𝑦 = tanh2 ( 𝑥 3 )
4) 𝑦 = cos √𝑥 ln( cosh 𝑥) 5) 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 tanh(𝑥 2 ) 6) 𝑦 = tan5 ( tanh √𝑥)
4
7) 𝑦 = √𝑥 ln( cosh2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 3 ) 8) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 tanh(𝑥 2 ) 9) 𝑦 = sinh( tanh4 √𝑥)
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are the inverse functions of the hyperbolic
functions. The inverses of the most common hyperbolic functions are denoted by:
sinh−1 𝑥 , cosh−1 𝑥 , tanh−1 𝑥
Derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions
If 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, then we have:
𝑑 −1
𝑢′ 𝑑 −1 (𝑥)
𝑢′ 𝑑 −1
𝑢′
sinh 𝑢 = , cosh 𝑢 = , tanh 𝑢 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 √𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2

Examples 7: Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:

−2
1) 𝑦 = cosh−1 (3 − 2𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
√(3 − 2𝑥)2 − 1
cosh 𝑥
2) 𝑦 = sinh−2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −2(sinh 𝑥)−1 cosh 𝑥 = −2 = −2 coth 𝑥
sinh 𝑥
cos 𝑥
3) 𝑦 = tanh−1 ( sin 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
1 − sin2 𝑥
−1 2𝑥 ′
2𝑒 2𝑥
4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 cosh ( 𝑒 ) ⇒ 𝑦 =𝑥 + cosh−1 ( 𝑒 2𝑥 )
√𝑒 4𝑥 −1
2𝑥
2√𝑥 2 −1 1
5) 𝑦 = sinh−1 √𝑥 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝑦′ = =
√1 + (𝑥 2 − 1) √𝑥 2 − 1
1
6) 𝑦 = cos(sinh−1 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = − sin(sinh−1 𝑥)
√1 + 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2𝑥
7) 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦′ = +
√1 + 𝑥 4 √1 − 𝑥 4
Exercise 7: Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
1) 𝑦 = cosh−1 ( cos 𝑥) 2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh−1 ( 𝑥 2 ) 3) 𝑦 = tanh−3 ( 𝑥 3 )
4) 𝑦 = cos √𝑥 ln cosh−1 𝑥 5) 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 sinh−2 (𝑥) 6) 𝑦 = tan−1 ( tanh √𝑥)
7) 𝑦 = √𝑥 ln( cosh−1 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 3 ) 8) 𝑦 = sinh( tanh−1 √𝑥)

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Implicit Functions
Most of the functions we have dealt with so far have been described by an equation of the form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that expresses 𝑦 explicitly in terms of the variable 𝑥. We have learned rules for
differentiating functions defined in this way.
When we cannot put an equation 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 in the form of single-valued function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
we call it an implicit function. For examples:
(i) 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 (ii) 𝑦 3 − sin( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 (iii) 𝑥𝑦 − ln( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 = 0

Implicit differentiation: is a way of finding the derivative of 𝑦 ( 𝑦 ′ ) without solving for 𝑦 as

a function of 𝑥. The method depends on differentiating all terms of the equation 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
with respect to 𝑥 and then solving the resulting equation for 𝑦 ′ .
It is worth to mention that the derivative of 𝑦 is 𝑦 ′ , and the derivative of 𝑦 𝑛 is 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 ′ .
Examples 8:
Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
(𝑎) 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 (𝑏) 𝑦 3 − sin( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑐) 𝑥𝑦 − ln( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 (𝑑) 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + √𝑥 + 𝑦 + tan 𝑥 = 0
(𝑒) 𝑦 4 + sinh( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 = 3 (𝑓) ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦
Solution:
Differentiating both sides of each equation with respect to 𝑥 gives:
𝑥
(𝑎) 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝑦′ = −
𝑦
(𝑏) 𝑦 3 − sin( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − cos( 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) + 1 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑥 cos( 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 cos( 𝑥𝑦) + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 ′ [3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 cos( 𝑥𝑦)] = 𝑦 cos( 𝑥𝑦) − 1
𝑦 cos( 𝑥𝑦) − 1
∴ 𝑦′ =
3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 cos( 𝑥𝑦)
(𝑐) 𝑦 − ln( 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 = 0

′
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 − + 𝑒𝑥 = 0 ⇒ ′
𝑥𝑦 − − + 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

1 1 1/𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 [𝑥 − ] = − 𝑒 𝑥
′
∴ 𝑦 = ′
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 − 1/𝑦
(𝑑) 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + √𝑥 + 𝑦 + tan 𝑥 = 0

′ 2 ′ 3
1 + 𝑦′
∴ 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑦 + + sec 2 𝑥 = 0
2 √𝑥 + 𝑦

′ 2 ′ 3
1 𝑦′
⇒ 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑦 + + + sec 2 𝑥 = 0
2 √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 + 𝑦
1 1
⇒ 𝑦 ′ (1 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + ) = −𝑦 3 − − sec 2 𝑥
2 √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 + 𝑦

′
𝑦 3 + 1/2√𝑥 + 𝑦 + sec 2 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 =−
1 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1/2√𝑥 + 𝑦
(𝑒) 𝑦 4 + sinh(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 = 3
∴ 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ + cosh(𝑥𝑦) [𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦] + 𝑦 sinh 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ cosh 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 cosh(𝑥𝑦) 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cosh(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 sinh 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ cosh 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 ′ [4𝑦 3 + 𝑥 cosh(𝑥𝑦) + cosh 𝑥] = −𝑦 cosh(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦 sinh 𝑥
𝑦 cosh(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 sinh 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦′ = −
4𝑦 3 + 𝑥 cosh(𝑥𝑦) + cosh 𝑥
(𝑓) ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦
𝑦′
= 𝑥𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 ′ ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 ′ )
𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ′ − 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 sin 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ [1 − 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 ] = 𝑦 sin 𝑦
𝑦 sin 𝑦
∴ 𝑦′ =
1 − 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑦

Exercise 8:
Find 𝑦 ′ for the functions:
(1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + √𝑥𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = 0 (2) √𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + √𝑦 + 2 = 0
(3) 𝑦 2 + sec( 𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 sin−1 𝑥 = 4 (4) 𝑦 2 + sec( 𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin 𝑦 ⋅ sin 𝑥 = 0
(5) ln( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (6) 𝑥√𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Applications of Derivatives
I. L'Hopital's Rule and indeterminate forms
L'Hopital's rule provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or
repeated applications) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that
can be easily evaluated by substitution.
L'Hôpital's rule states that for functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) which are differentiable on an open
𝑓(𝑥)
interval except possibly at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 contained in that interval, if the limit lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

0 ∞
gives or , which are indeterminate forms, then
0 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
lim = lim ′
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 (𝑥)

Then we should find the new limit, which maybe need to apply L'Hopital's rule again.

sin 𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 1: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

Solution:
sin 𝑥 sin 0 0
lim = = , using L′ Hopital′ s rule gives:
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 0
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
lim = lim == lim cos 𝑥 = cos 0 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0

Then the limit exists and equals (1).

𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 2: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Solution:
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 13 + 12 − 1 − 1 0
lim = 2 = , using L′Hopital′s rule gives:
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 1 + 2(1) − 3 0
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 3 + 2 − 1 4
lim = lim = = =1
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥→1 2𝑥 + 2 2+2 4
Then the limit exists and equals 1.

1 − cosh 𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 3: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Solution:
1 − cosh 𝑥 1 − cosh 0 0
lim = = , using L′Hopital′s rule gives:
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0 0
1 − cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 0
lim = lim = .
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 2𝑥 0
Using L'Hopital's rule gives:
− sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 − cosh 0 −1
lim = lim = =
𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 2 2 2
Then the limit exists and equals 1.
cos 𝑥 − 1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 4: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Solution:
cos 𝑥 − 1 cos 0 − 1 1 − 1 0
lim = = = , 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿′𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙′𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 →0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 0 × sin 0 0 0
cos 𝑥 − 1 − sin 𝑥 0
lim = lim =
𝑥 →0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥 →0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 0
Using L'Hopital's rule gives
− sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 1
lim = lim =−
𝑥 →0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥 →0 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2
Then the limit exists and equals (-1/2).
1 − 𝑥2
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 5: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→1 sin 𝜋 𝑥

Solution:
1 − 𝑥2 0
lim = , using L′ Hopital′ s rule gives:
𝑥→1 sin 𝜋 𝑥 0
1 − 𝑥2 −2𝑥 −2 2
lim = lim = =
𝑥→1 sin 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥→1 𝜋 cos 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝜋 𝜋
Then the limit exists and equals (2/π).
sin 3 𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 6: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→0 1 − cos 4 𝑥

Solution:
sin 3 𝑥 sin 0 0
lim = = , using L′Hopital′s rule gives:
𝑥→0 1 − cos 4 𝑥 1 − cos 0 0

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

sin 3 𝑥 3 cos 3 𝑥 3 cos 0 3

lim = lim = = =∞
𝑥→0 1 − cos 4 𝑥 𝑥→0 4 sin 4 𝑥 4 sin 0 0
Thus, the limit does not exist.
√𝑥 + 3 − √3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 7: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
Solution:
√ 𝑥 + 3 − √3 0
lim = , using L′ Hopital′ s rule gives:
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
√ 𝑥 + 3 − √3 1/2√𝑥 + 3 1
lim = lim = .
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 2 √3
Then the limit exists and equals 1/2√3.
𝑒𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 8: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→∞ ln 𝑥

Solution:
𝑒𝑥 𝑒∞ ∞
lim = = , using L′Hopital′s rule gives:
𝑥→∞ ln 𝑥 ln ∞ ∞
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
lim = lim 1 = lim 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞ ln 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
𝑥

Then the limit does not exist.

4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 9: Find the limit: lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 − 9
Solution:
4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 ∞
lim = , Employing L′Hopital′s rule gives:
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 − 9 ∞
4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 8𝑥 − 3 ∞
lim = lim = Employing L′ Hopital′ s rule again gives:
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 − 9 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 ∞
8𝑥 − 3 8
lim = lim = 4
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Exercise 9:
Find the following limits:
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
1) lim 2) lim 3) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 3 𝑥→0 𝑥2
tan 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 sin( 𝑥 3 − 1)
4) lim 5) lim 2 6) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 4𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln( 1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥
7) lim 8) lim 9) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥3 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1) ln 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 ln( 1 + 𝑥)

sin(1/𝑥) 𝑥 tan 𝑥
10) lim 11) lim 12) lim
𝑥→+∞ ln(1 + 1/𝑥) 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 sin 𝑥

√𝑥 + 5 − √5 √𝑥 + 3 − √3 − 𝑥 √𝑥 − 1
13) lim 14) lim 14) lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1

II. Maclaurin Expansion

Let a function 𝑓(𝑥) have derivatives of all orders at 𝑥 = 0, then we can represent the function
in the expansion (power series):
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓′(0) + 𝑓′′(0) + 𝑓′′′(0) + ⋯ 𝑓 (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 𝑛!
(𝑟)
𝑑𝑟
Where: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑟 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 10:
I. Find the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of the following functions:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥) 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥
Solution:
1) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = ln( 1 + 𝑥), then

𝑓(𝑥) = ln( 1 + 𝑥) 𝑓(0) = ln( 1) = 0

′
1 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = = (1 + 𝑥)−1
(1 + 𝑥)
𝑓 ″ (𝑥) = −(1 + 𝑥)−2 𝑓 ″ (0) = −1
𝑓 ‴ (𝑥) = 2(1 + 𝑥)−3 𝑓 ‴ (0) = 2
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = −6(1 + 𝑥)−4 𝑓 (4) (0) = −6

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Substituting into Maclaurin expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑥 ′ 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + 𝑓 (4) (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 4!
the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = ln( 1 + 𝑥) are:
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
ln(1 + 𝑥) = − + 2 − 6 + ⋯ = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 2 3 4
2) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑓 ′ (0) = 2
𝑓 ″ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ″ (0) = 1
𝑓 ‴ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ‴ (0) = 1
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 (4) (0) = 1

Substituting into Maclaurin expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑥 ′ 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + 𝑓 (4) (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 4!
the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 are:

𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒 = 1 + 2 + + + ⋯ = 1 + 2𝑥 + + + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 2 6
3) We have 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑓(0) = 0

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1
𝑓 ″ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 𝑓 ″ (0) = 0
𝑓 ‴ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 𝑓 ‴ (0) = −1
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑓 (4) (0) = 0
𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑓 (5) (0) = 1
𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 𝑓 (6) (0) = 0
𝑓 (7) (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 𝑓 (7) (0) = −1

Substituting into Maclaurin expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥),

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′ 𝑥 4 (4) 𝑥 7 (7)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ 𝑓 (0)
1! 2! 3! 4! 7!
the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 are:
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯
3! 5! 7!
4. We have 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥, then
1
𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)2 ⟹ 𝑓(0) = 1

1 −1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥) 2 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (0) =
2 2
1 −3 1
𝑓 ″ (𝑥) = − (1 + 𝑥) 2 ⟹ 𝑓 ″ (0) = −
4 4
3 −5 3
𝑓 ‴ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥) 2 ⟹ 𝑓 ‴ (0) =
8 8

Substituting into Maclaurin expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 are:
1 𝑥 1 𝑥2 3 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
√1 + 𝑥 = 1 + − + +⋯=1+ − + +⋯
2 1! 4 2! 8 3! 2 8 16

II. Using Maclaurin expansion, show that:

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
cosh 𝑥 = 1 + + + + +⋅⋅⋅
2! 4! 6! 8!
Solution: It is clear that we need to obtain the first five terms of Maclaurin expansion of
𝑓(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥, then we have

𝑓(𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑓(0) = cosh 0 = 1

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (0) = sinh 0 = 0
𝑓 ″ (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑓 ″ (0) = cosh 0 = 1
𝑓 ‴ (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 ‴ (0) = sinh 0 = 0
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑓 (4) (0) = cosh 0 = 1

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 (5) (0) = sinh 0 = 0

𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑓 (6) (0) = cosh 0 = 1
𝑓 (7) (𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 𝑓 (7) (0) = sinh 0 = 0
𝑓 (8) (𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑓 (8) (0) = cosh 0 = 1

Substituting into Maclaurin expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′ 𝑥 4 (4) 𝑥 8 (8)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ 𝑓 (0)
1! 2! 3! 4! 8!
gives:
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
cosh 𝑥 = 1 + + + + +⋅⋅⋅
2! 4! 6! 8!

Exercise 10:
I. Find the first four terms of Maclaurin expansion of the following functions:
1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 3) 𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 + 𝑥
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln( 1 + sin 𝑥) 6) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
1
7) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 8) 𝑓(𝑥) =
1+𝑥

II. Using Maclaurin expansion, show that: -

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
8) sinh 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + +⋅⋅⋅
3! 5! 7!
−1
𝑥 3 3𝑥 5
9) sin 𝑥=𝑥+ + +⋯
6 40
−1
𝑥3 𝑥5
10) tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + −⋅⋅⋅
3 5

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

III. Features of Function Graphs

The most common practical use of differential calculus is when plotting graphs of functions.
The first derivative maybe used to predict how a graph may look like, increasing or decreasing
on a specific interval, then we can find the extreme values of the function.
Tangent and Normal Lines
The slope of a function 𝑓(𝑥) at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at this point and is given by 𝑚 = 𝑓′(𝑎).
For examples:
- The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4 at the point 𝑥 = 2 is
given by 𝑓′(2). Since 𝑓′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 , then the slope of the tangent line is 𝑚 = 4.
- The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 5 at the point (1, 1) is given
by 𝑦′ at this point. We have 2𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 + 2y𝑦 ′ = 0.
2𝑥 + 3𝑦
∴ y′ = − ⟹ The slpe is: 𝑚 = y ′ (1, 1) = −1
3𝑥 + 2y
1. Increasing and decreasing of a function
When looking for sections of a graph that are increasing or decreasing, be sure to look at (or
"read") the graph from left to right.
Increasing: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing if it increases as x increases (from left to right).
Decreasing: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing if it decreases as x increases (from left to right).
We can use the first derivative to test for increasing/decreasing of a function. Let 𝑓(𝑥) be
differentiable on the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) then
i) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for all x in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on (𝑎, 𝑏).
ii) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all x in (𝑎, 𝑏), then 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on (𝑎, 𝑏).

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Critical points:
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) can only change signs at values of 𝑥 where
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) doesn’t exist. The points where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) doesn’t exist are
called “critical points” of the function.

2. Extrema and the First Derivative Test

A maximum value of a function is a value greater than those immediately preceding or
immediately following. A minimum value of a function is a value less than those immediately
preceding or immediately following.

Let the function 𝑓(𝑥) be defined at a critical point 𝑥 = 𝑐, then

i) We say that 𝑓(𝑥) has a local minimum value (or relative minimum) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
changes its sign from negative (before 𝑥 = 𝑐) to positive (after 𝑥 = 𝑐).
ii) We say that 𝑓(𝑥) has a local maximum value (or relative maximum) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
changes its sign from positive (before 𝑥 = 𝑐) to negative (after 𝑥 = 𝑐).

Example 11:
(a) Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing,
and the local maximum and minimum values of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 9)2 .
Solution:
We have 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 9)2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 9)
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 9) = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0
Then the function has the critical points: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3, −3
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, −3), (−3,0), (0,3), and (3, ∞) as:
𝑓 ′ (−4) = −16(16 − 9) < 0, 𝑓 ′ (−1) = −4(1 − 9) > 0, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 4(1 − 9) < 0,
and 𝑓 ′ (4) = 16(16 − 9) > 0. Thus,
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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Then, the function has a local maximum value 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓(0) = 92 = 81 , and two local
minimum values: 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(3) = 0

(b) Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing,
and the local maximum and minimum values of the function:𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 .
Solution:
We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 0 or 4−𝑥 = 0
Then the function has the critical points: 𝑥 = 0, 4.
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, 0), (0,4), and (4, ∞) as follows:
𝑓 ′ (−1) = −15 < 0, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 9 > 0, and 𝑓 ′ (10) = 120 − 300 < 0

Then, the function has a local maximum value 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓(4) = 6 × 16 − 43 = 32, and a local
minimum value: 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓(0) = 0

(c) Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing,
and the local maximum and minimum values of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 1.
Solution:
We have: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥+1=0
Then the function has the critical point: 𝑥 = −1
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, −1), and (−1, ∞) as:
𝑓 ′ (−3) = −2𝑒 −3 < 0 , and 𝑓 ′ (0) => 1

Then, the function has a local minimum value: 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓(−1) = −𝑒 −1 + 1 = 0.632

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

(d) Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing,
and the local maximum and minimum values of the function:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12
Solution:
We have: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒ 12𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
Then the function has the critical points: 𝑥 = −1, 0, 2
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, −1), (−1,0), (0,2), and (2, ∞) as
follows:
𝑓 ′ (−2) = 12(−2)3 − 12(−2)2 − 24(−2) = −96 < 0,
𝑓 ′ (−0.5) = 12(−0.5)3 − 12(−0.5)2 − 24(−0.5) = 7.5 > 0,
𝑓 ′ (1) = 12 − 12 − 24 = −24 < 0, and 𝑓 ′ (10) = 12000 − 1200 − 240 = 10660 > 0

Then, the function has two local minimum values: 𝑓(−1) = 7, 𝑓(2) = −20 and a local
maximum value: 𝑓(0) = 12.

(e) Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing,
𝑥
and the local maximum and minimum values of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
Solution:
𝑥 −1
We have: 𝑓(𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)2
We see that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≠ 0 for all values of 𝑥, because the numerator is −1 ≠ 0 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is not
defined at 𝑥 = 1. Then the function has the critical point at 𝑥 = 1 only, which is out of the
range of the given function. So that there is no local maximum or minimum values for the
given function. Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all values of 𝑥 , then the function is decreasing on
(−∞, ∞)

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

(f) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 5 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −3, 1, 5.

Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing and decreasing.
Solution:
We have: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 5 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −3, 1, 5
Then the function has the critical points: 𝑥 = −3, 1, 5
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, −3), (−3,1), (1,5), and (5, ∞) as
follows:
𝑓 ′ (−4) = −55 < 0, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 5 > 0, 𝑓 ′ (2) = −25 < 0, and 𝑓 ′ (6) = 35 > 0

Then, the function has two local minimum values at 𝑥 = −3, 5 and a local maximum value
at 𝑥 = 1

(g) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −3, −1, 0, 1.

Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing and decreasing.
Solution:
We have: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −3, −1, 0, 1
Then the function has the critical points: 𝑥 = −3, −1, 0, 1
Now, we test the sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in the intervals (−∞, −3), (−3, −1), (−1,0), (0, 1), and (1, ∞)
as follows:
𝑓 ′ (−4) = 20 > 0, 𝑓 ′ (−2) = −6 < 0, 𝑓 ′ (−0.5) = 15/16 > 0, 𝑓 ′ (0.5) = −33/16 < 0,
and 𝑓 ′ (2) = −18 < 0

Then, the function has two local minimum values at 𝑥 = −1, 1 and two maximum values at
𝑥 = −3, 0

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Sinai University - Faculty of IT & CS == Calculus (MA 111) == Prof. Reda S Tantawi

Exercise 11:
1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of:
𝑎) 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 at the point 𝑥 = 1
𝑏) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 at the point 𝑥 = 2
𝑐) 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + y + +𝑥 = 1 at the point (0, 1)
𝑑) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 = −2 at the point (0, 2)
2. Find the critical points, the intervals in which the function is increasing and decreasing, and
the local maximum and minimum values of the functions:
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = − − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 12
3 2
𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6 𝑑) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 9
𝑒) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 7) 𝑓) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥
ℎ) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 − 1
𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1 𝑥+3
3. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing and decreasing for each of the
following functions:
a)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1, 2, 4
𝑏)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1, 1, 2
𝑐) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2, 0, 1, 3

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