You may load a dataset like as follows:

from sklearn.datasets import load_svmlight_file

X_train, y_train = load_svmlight_file("/path/to/train_dataset.txt")

You may also load two (or more) datasets at once:

X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = load_svmlight_files(

("/path/to/train_dataset.txt", "/path/to/test_dataset.txt"))

In this case, X_train and X_test are guaranteed to have the same number of
features. Another way to achieve the same result is to fix the number of features:

X_test, y_test = load_svmlight_file(

"/path/to/test_dataset.txt", n_features=X_train.shape[1])

import numpy as np
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
imp = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='mean')
imp.fit([[1, 2], [np.nan, 3], [7, 6]])
SimpleImputer()
X = [[np.nan, 2], [6, np.nan], [7, 6]]
print(imp.transform(X))
[[4. 2. ]
[6. 3.666...]
[7. 6. ]]
The SimpleImputer class also supports sparse matrices:

import scipy.sparse as sp
X = sp.csc_matrix([[1, 2], [0, -1], [8, 4]])
imp = SimpleImputer(missing_values=-1, strategy='mean')
imp.fit(X)
SimpleImputer(missing_values=-1)
X_test = sp.csc_matrix([[-1, 2], [6, -1], [7, 6]])
print(imp.transform(X_test).toarray())
[[3. 2.]
[6. 3.]
[7. 6.]]
Note that this format is not meant to be used to implicitly store missing values in
the matrix because it would densify it at transform time. Missing values encoded by
0 must be used with dense input.

The SimpleImputer class also supports categorical data represented as string values
or pandas categoricals when using the 'most_frequent' or 'constant' strategy:

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame([["a", "x"],
[np.nan, "y"],
["a", np.nan],
["b", "y"]], dtype="category")

imp = SimpleImputer(strategy="most_frequent")
print(imp.fit_transform(df))
[['a' 'x']
['a' 'y']
 ['a' 'y']
['b' 'y']]
For another example on usage, see Imputing missing values before building an
estimator.

Data Pre-Processing with Sklearn using Standard and Minmax scaler

Last Updated : 03 Feb, 2022
Data Scaling is a data preprocessing step for numerical features. Many machine
learning algorithms like Gradient descent methods, KNN algorithm, linear and
logistic regression, etc. require data scaling to produce good results. Various
scalers are defined for this purpose. This article concentrates on Standard Scaler
and Min-Max scaler. The task here is to discuss what they mean and how they are
implemented using in-built functions that come with this package.

Apart from supporting library functions other functions that will be used to
achieve the functionality are:

The fit(data) method is used to compute the mean and std dev for a given feature so
that it can be used further for scaling.
The transform(data) method is used to perform scaling using mean and std dev
calculated using the .fit() method.
The fit_transform() method does both fit and transform.
Standard Scaler
Standard Scaler helps to get standardized distribution, with a zero mean and
standard deviation of one (unit variance). It standardizes features by subtracting
the mean value from the feature and then dividing the result by feature standard
deviation.

The standard scaling is calculated as:

z = (x - u) / s
Where,

z is scaled data.
x is to be scaled data.
u is the mean of the training samples
s is the standard deviation of the training samples.
Sklearn preprocessing supports StandardScaler() method to achieve this directly in
merely 2-3 steps.

Syntax: class sklearn.preprocessing.StandardScaler(*, copy=True, with_mean=True,

with_std=True)

Parameters:

copy: If False, inplace scaling is done. If True , copy is created instead of

inplace scaling.
with_mean: If True, data is centered before scaling.
with_std: If True, data is scaled to unit variance.

Approach:

Import module
Create data
Compute required values
Print processed data
Example:

# import module
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# create data
data = [[11, 2], [3, 7], [0, 10], [11, 8]]

# compute required values

scaler = StandardScaler()
model = scaler.fit(data)
scaled_data = model.transform(data)

# print scaled data

print(scaled_data)
Output:

[[ 0.97596444 -1.61155897]

[-0.66776515 0.08481889]

[-1.28416374 1.10264561]

[ 0.97596444 0.42409446]]

MinMax Scaler
There is another way of data scaling, where the minimum of feature is made equal to
zero and the maximum of feature equal to one. MinMax Scaler shrinks the data within
the given range, usually of 0 to 1. It transforms data by scaling features to a
given range. It scales the values to a specific value range without changing the
shape of the original distribution.

The MinMax scaling is done using:

x_std = (x – x.min(axis=0)) / (x.max(axis=0) – x.min(axis=0))

x_scaled = x_std * (max – min) + min

Where,

min, max = feature_range

x.min(axis=0) : Minimum feature value
x.max(axis=0):Maximum feature value
Sklearn preprocessing defines MinMaxScaler() method to achieve this.
Syntax: class sklearn.preprocessing.MinMaxScaler(feature_range=0, 1, *, copy=True,
clip=False)

Parameters:

feature_range: Desired range of scaled data. The default range for the feature
returned by MinMaxScaler is 0 to 1. The range is provided in tuple form as
(min,max).
copy: If False, inplace scaling is done. If True , copy is created instead of
inplace scaling.
clip: If True, scaled data is clipped to provided feature range.

Approach:

Import module
Create data
Scale data
print scaled data
Example:

# import module
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler

# create data
data = [[11, 2], [3, 7], [0, 10], [11, 8]]

# scale features
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
model=scaler.fit(data)
scaled_data=model.transform(data)

# print scaled features

print(scaled_data)

Output:

[[1. 0. ]

[0.27272727 0.625 ]

[0. 1. ]

[1. 0.75 ]]
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