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DA Unit-5

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30 views6 pages

DA Unit-5

Uploaded by

KaataRanjithkumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Visualization

Data Visualization

 Data visualization is the art and practice of gathering, analyzing, and graphically
representing empirical information.
 They are sometimes called information graphics, or even just charts and graphs.
 The goal of visualizing data is to tell the story in the data.
 Telling the story is predicated on understanding the data at a very deep level, and
gathering insight from comparisons of data points in the numbers

Why data visualization?

 Gain insight into an information space by mapping data onto graphical primitives
Provide qualitative overview of large data sets
 Search for patterns, trends, structure, irregularities, and relationships among data.
 Help find interesting regions and suitable parameters for further quantitative analysis.
 Provide a visual proof of computer representations derived.

Categorization of visualization methods


 Pixel-oriented visualization techniques
 Geometric projection visualization techniques
 Icon-based visualization techniques
 Hierarchical visualization techniques
 Visualizing complex data and relations
Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques

 For a data set of m dimensions, create m windows on the screen, one for each dimension.
 The m dimension values of a record are mapped to m pixels at the corresponding
positions in the windows.
 The colors of the pixels reflect the corresponding values.

Laying Out Pixels in Circle Segments

 To save space and show the connections among multiple dimensions, space filling is
often done in a circle segment.
Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques

Visualization of geometric transformations and projections of the data.

Methods

 Direct visualization
 Scatterplot and scatterplot matrices
 Landscapes Projection pursuit technique: Help users find meaningful projections of
multidimensional data
 Prosection views
 Hyperslice
 Parallel coordinates

Scatter Plots

 A scatter plot displays 2-D data points using Cartesian coordinates.


 A third dimension can be added using different colors or shapes to represent different
data points
 Through this visualization, in the adjacent figure, we can see that points of types “+” and
“×” tend to be colocated

Scatterplot Matrices

 The scatter-plot matrix is an extension to the scatter plot.


 For k-dimensional data a minimum of (k2-k)/2 scatterplots of 2D will be required.
 There can be maximum of k2 plots of 2D
 In the adjoining figure , there are k2 plots.
 Out of these, k are X-X plots, and all X-Y plots (where X, Y are distinct dimensions) are
given in 2 orientations (X vs Y and Y vs, X)

Parallel Coordinates

 The scatter-plot matrix becomes less effective as the dimensionality increases.


 Another technique, called parallel coordinates, can handle higher dimensionality
 n equidistant axes which are parallel to one of the screen axes and correspond to the
attributes (i.e. n dimensions)
 The axes are scaled to the [minimum, maximum]: range of the corresponding attribute
 Every data item corresponds to a polygonal line which intersects each of the axes at the
point which corresponds to the value for the attribute
Icon-Based Visualization Techniques

 Visualization of the data values as features of icons


 Typical visualization methods
o Chernoff Faces
o Stick Figures
 General techniques
o Shape coding: Use shape to represent certain information encoding
o Color icons: Use color icons to encode more information
o Tile bars: Use small icons to represent the relevant feature vectors in document
retrieval

Chernoff Faces

 A way to display variables on a two-dimensional surface, e.g., let x be eyebrow slant, y


be eye size, z be nose length, etc.
 The figure shows faces produced using 10 characteristics–head eccentricity, eye size, eye
spacing, eye eccentricity, pupil size, eyebrow slant, nose size, mouth shape, mouth size,
and mouth opening): Each assigned one of 10 possible values.

Chernoff Faces Stick Figure

Stick Figure

 A census data figure showing age, income, gender, education


 A 5-piece stick figure (1 body and 4 limbs w. different angle/length)
 Age, income are indicated by position of the figure.
 Gender, education are indicated by angle/length.
 Visualization can show a texture pattern
Hierarchical Visualization

 For a large data set of high dimensionality, it would be difficult to visualize all
dimensions at the same time.
 Hierarchical visualization techniques partition all dimensions into subsets (i.e.,
subspaces).
 The subspaces are visualized in a hierarchical manner
 “Worlds-within-Worlds,” also known as n-Vision, is a representative hierarchical
visualization method.
 To visualize a 6-D data set, where the dimensions are F,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5.
 We want to observe how F changes w.r.t. other dimensions. We can fix X3,X4,X5
dimensions to selected values and visualize changes to F w.r.t. X1, X2
Visualizing Complex Data and Relations

 Most visualization techniques were mainly for numeric data.


 Recently, more and more non-numeric data, such as text and social networks, have
become available.
 Many people on the Web tag various objects such as pictures, blog entries, and product
reviews.
 A tag cloud is a visualization of statistics of user-generated tags.
 Often, in a tag cloud, tags are listed alphabetically or in a user-preferred order.
 The importance of a tag is indicated by font size or color.

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