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    DA Unit-5

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    KaataRanjithkumar

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    DA Unit-5

    Uploaded by

    KaataRanjithkumar
    13 views6 pages

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    Copyright:

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    13 views6 pages

    DA Unit-5

    Uploaded by

    KaataRanjithkumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Data Visualization

    Data Visualization

     Data visualization is the art and practice of gathering, analyzing, and graphically
    representing empirical information.
     They are sometimes called information graphics, or even just charts and graphs.
     The goal of visualizing data is to tell the story in the data.
     Telling the story is predicated on understanding the data at a very deep level, and
    gathering insight from comparisons of data points in the numbers

    Why data visualization?

     Gain insight into an information space by mapping data onto graphical primitives
    Provide qualitative overview of large data sets
     Search for patterns, trends, structure, irregularities, and relationships among data.
     Help find interesting regions and suitable parameters for further quantitative analysis.
     Provide a visual proof of computer representations derived.

    Categorization of visualization methods


     Pixel-oriented visualization techniques
     Geometric projection visualization techniques
     Icon-based visualization techniques
     Hierarchical visualization techniques
     Visualizing complex data and relations
    Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques

     For a data set of m dimensions, create m windows on the screen, one for each dimension.
     The m dimension values of a record are mapped to m pixels at the corresponding
    positions in the windows.
     The colors of the pixels reflect the corresponding values.

    Laying Out Pixels in Circle Segments

     To save space and show the connections among multiple dimensions, space filling is
    often done in a circle segment.
    Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques

    Visualization of geometric transformations and projections of the data.

    Methods

     Direct visualization
     Scatterplot and scatterplot matrices
     Landscapes Projection pursuit technique: Help users find meaningful projections of
    multidimensional data
     Prosection views
     Hyperslice
     Parallel coordinates

    Scatter Plots

     A scatter plot displays 2-D data points using Cartesian coordinates.


     A third dimension can be added using different colors or shapes to represent different
    data points
     Through this visualization, in the adjacent figure, we can see that points of types “+” and
    “×” tend to be colocated

    Scatterplot Matrices

     The scatter-plot matrix is an extension to the scatter plot.


     For k-dimensional data a minimum of (k2-k)/2 scatterplots of 2D will be required.
     There can be maximum of k2 plots of 2D
     In the adjoining figure , there are k2 plots.
     Out of these, k are X-X plots, and all X-Y plots (where X, Y are distinct dimensions) are
    given in 2 orientations (X vs Y and Y vs, X)

    Parallel Coordinates

     The scatter-plot matrix becomes less effective as the dimensionality increases.


     Another technique, called parallel coordinates, can handle higher dimensionality
     n equidistant axes which are parallel to one of the screen axes and correspond to the
    attributes (i.e. n dimensions)
     The axes are scaled to the [minimum, maximum]: range of the corresponding attribute
     Every data item corresponds to a polygonal line which intersects each of the axes at the
    point which corresponds to the value for the attribute
    Icon-Based Visualization Techniques

     Visualization of the data values as features of icons


     Typical visualization methods
    o Chernoff Faces
    o Stick Figures
     General techniques
    o Shape coding: Use shape to represent certain information encoding
    o Color icons: Use color icons to encode more information
    o Tile bars: Use small icons to represent the relevant feature vectors in document
    retrieval

    Chernoff Faces

     A way to display variables on a two-dimensional surface, e.g., let x be eyebrow slant, y


    be eye size, z be nose length, etc.
     The figure shows faces produced using 10 characteristics–head eccentricity, eye size, eye
    spacing, eye eccentricity, pupil size, eyebrow slant, nose size, mouth shape, mouth size,
    and mouth opening): Each assigned one of 10 possible values.

    Chernoff Faces Stick Figure

    Stick Figure

     A census data figure showing age, income, gender, education


     A 5-piece stick figure (1 body and 4 limbs w. different angle/length)
     Age, income are indicated by position of the figure.
     Gender, education are indicated by angle/length.
     Visualization can show a texture pattern
    Hierarchical Visualization

     For a large data set of high dimensionality, it would be difficult to visualize all
    dimensions at the same time.
     Hierarchical visualization techniques partition all dimensions into subsets (i.e.,
    subspaces).
     The subspaces are visualized in a hierarchical manner
     “Worlds-within-Worlds,” also known as n-Vision, is a representative hierarchical
    visualization method.
     To visualize a 6-D data set, where the dimensions are F,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5.
     We want to observe how F changes w.r.t. other dimensions. We can fix X3,X4,X5
    dimensions to selected values and visualize changes to F w.r.t. X1, X2
    Visualizing Complex Data and Relations

     Most visualization techniques were mainly for numeric data.


     Recently, more and more non-numeric data, such as text and social networks, have
    become available.
     Many people on the Web tag various objects such as pictures, blog entries, and product
    reviews.
     A tag cloud is a visualization of statistics of user-generated tags.
     Often, in a tag cloud, tags are listed alphabetically or in a user-preferred order.
     The importance of a tag is indicated by font size or color.

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