UNIT-II

METEOROLOGY
PART-A
1. Define the atmospheric stability and inversion ? APR/MAY 2022.

Atmospheric condition where a layer of cold air nearer to the ground gets trapped under a
layer of warm air. The air pollutants remain locally confined due to inversion.

2. Define the plume and plume rise. APR/MAY 2022.

The path and extent in the atmosphere of the gaseous effluent released from the source,
usually a stack.

3. Define plume rise.NOV / DEC 2020.

plume will rise due to momentum and buoyancy forces before reaching an
equilibrium height. Plume rise increases with higher buoyancy or momentum
of the plume and decreases with increasing wind speed or vertical temperature
gradient in the atmosphere.
.

4.How to calculate the effective stack height. NOV / DEC 2020

The upward lifting of the plume will continue till it reaches a height where
density and temperature of surrounding air are equal to it. ... Under conditions
of strong super adiabatic lapse rate just above the stackand negative lapse rate
(inversion) just below the opening of stack, lofting plume is obtained.
5. What is lofting and looping?
Lofting
Lofting is a drafting technique whereby curved lines are generated, to be used in plans for
streamlined objects such as aircraft and boats. The lines may be drawn on wood and the wood then
cut for advanced woodworking.
looping
Under extreme inversion condition (due to negative lapse rate), fanning plume is obtained. ... In an
unstable atmosphere, rapid air movements take place vertically, both upward and downward and
the plume becomes a looping plume. • As a result of this, high concentrations of pollutants may
occur near the ground
6.Define wind rose.

The wind rose is the time honored methods of graphically presenting the wind conditions,
direction and speed, over a period of time at a specific location.

7.Write the plume rise computing formula suggested by Indian Standard.

hs = hs+2ds [vs /us -1.5] for vs<1.5us

 OR

hs = hs for vs ≥ 1.5us

where T =Ta – Ts is stack gas temperature (k), and Ta is ambient air temperature (K). for
determining plume rise due to the momentum of plume.

8.Define lapse rate.

The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally temperature in Earth's
atmosphere, changes with altitude. Although this concept is most often applied to the earth
troposphere, it can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas.

9. What is Wind Rose? List its application.

A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind
speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. The direction of the
longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency.

10.State adiabatic lapse rate.

The adiabatic process for air has a characteristics temperature pressure curve, so the process
determines the lapse rate. When the air contains little water this lapse rate is know as the dry
adiabatic lapse rate.

11.Recall the layers of the atmosphere.

T- Troposphere

S- Stratosphere

M- Mesosphere

T- Thermosphere

E- Exosphere.

12.What is a wind rose diagram?

A wind rose diagram is a tool which graphically displays wind speed and wind direction at a
particular location over a period of time.

13.What is Mixing Height?

The mixing height is the height of vertical mixing of air and suspended particles above the
ground. This height is determined by the observation of the atmospheric temperature profile.

14.Define Ambient air quality

 A physical and chemical measure of the concentration of contaminants in the ambient
atmosphere. The quality is usually monitored over a specific period.

15.What is the word MINAS stands for?

Minimum National Air Quality Standards.

16.What is Mixing Height

Height above the earth’s surface to which related pollutants will extend, primarily
through the action of atmospheric turbulence.

17.Define Fumigation

The phenomenon in which pollutants that are aloft in the air are brought rapidly to
ground level when the air destabilizes

18.Define Dispersion.

The mixing of gases contain the high concentration of pollutant

19.Write short note on Air monitoring.

The process of detention and measurement of pollutants in air.

20.Define Mass concentration

Concentration expressed in terms of mass of a substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.

21.What do you meant by Pressure drop

The air shed because the assumption of homogeneous pollutant distribution is much too
simple.

22.Briefly explain Gaussian model

The Gaussian model is perhaps the oldest (circa 1936) and perhaps the most commonly
used model type. It assumes that the air pollutant dispersion has a Gaussian distribution,
meaning that the pollutant distribution has a normal probability distribution. Gaussian models
are most often used for predicting the dispersion of continuous, buoyant air pollution plumes
originating from ground-level or elevated sources. Gaussian models may also be used for
predicting the dispersion of non-continuous air pollution plumes (called puff models). The
primary algorithm used in Gaussian modeling is the Generalized Dispersion Equation for a
Continuous Point-Source Plume.

23.Explain Lagrangian dispersion model

A Lagrangian dispersion model mathematically follows pollution plume parcels (also called
particles) as the parcels move in the atmosphere and they model the motion of the parcels as a
random walk process. The Lagrangian model then calculates the air pollution dispersion by
computing the statistics of the trajectories of a large number of the pollution plume parcels. A
Lagrangian model uses a moving frame of reference] as the parcels move from their initial location.
It is said that an observer of a Lagrangian model follows along with the plume.

24.Briefly explain Eulerian dispersion model

Eulerian dispersions model is similar to a Lagrangian model in that it also tracks

the movement of a large number of pollution plume parcels as they move from their initial
location. The most important difference between the two models is that the Eulerian model uses
a fixed three- dimensional Cartesian grid as a frame of reference rather than a moving frame of
reference

25.What is Chimney

A structure with an opening or outlet from or through which any air pollutant may be
emitted.

26.Define Coning

A type of plume which is like a cone. This take place in a near neutral atmosphere when the
wind velocity is greater than 32km/h.

27.What Is Plume

The path and extent in the atmosphere of the gaseous effluent released from the source,
usually a stack.

28.Briefly explain Chimney effect.

The vertical penetration of smog through the inversion layer on the south slope of the San

Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains caused by the strong solar heating in the afternoon.
29.Define Fall out
A radioactive pollutant in the air caused after the explosion of a nuclear device, its degree of
contamination depending on several factors, such as distance, wind, and power of the device.
30.What is the world MINAS stands for?
MINAS stands to raise awareness among regulators, industry and consumers as to the
importance of standardization to the global economy.
31.What is mixing height?
The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has
homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence
is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes or process such as evaporation or sea ice
formation which result in an increase in salinity.
32.Define fumigation.
 Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides
or fumigants to suffocate or poison the pests within.
33.Define dispersion.
In statistics dispersion also called variability, scatter, or spread is the extent to which a
distribution is stretched or squeezed.

34.Write short notes on air monitoring.

Monitoring is an exercise to measure ambient levels of air pollution in an area. The result of
which indicate the status of quality of air we breath.
35.Define mass concentration.
Mass concentration in chemistry, the mass concentration ρi (or γi) is defined as the mass of
a constituent mi divided by the volume of the mixture V.
36.What do you meant by pressure drop?
Pressure drop is defined as the difference in pressure between two points of a fluid carrying
network. Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act
on a fluid as it flows through the tube.
37.What is relative humidity?
Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium
vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature
and the pressure of the system of interest.
38.What is inversion?
Atmospheric condition where a layer of cold air nearer to the ground gets trapped under a
layer of warm air. The air pollutants remain locally confined due to inversion.
39.Write six classes of stability.
The six stability classes are denoted by the letters A through F, with A being very unstable,
D being neutral, and F being very stable.
40.Write the causes of turbulence.
The most common cause is turbulent air in the atmosphere. Jet streams trigger sudden
changes in wind speed that can rock the plane. ... It's created by hot rising air, usually from
cumulus clouds or thunderstorms. Mechanical turbulence is caused by the landscape.
41List the classification of atmospheric stability.
Stability is classified as: stable neutral unstable, or conditionally unstable (This latter
classification depending on whether the air is saturated with moisture or not) To determine
stability classification we must examine the tendency of the atmosphere to resist or enhance
an initial displacement.
42.Define coning in stack plume.
Plume refers to the path and extent in the atmosphere of the gaseous effluents releasedfrom a
source usually a stack (chimney)The behavior of a plume emitted from any stack depends on
localized air stability.
43.Define looping in stack plume.
Looping plume is of wavy character and occurs in super adiabatic
environment (ELR>ALR), which produces highly unstable atmosphere
 because of rapid mixing.
44.Define fanning in stack plume.
They are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the plume and
unstable below. This happens most often after the daylight sun has warmed the
atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation for about a
half an hour.
45.Define fumigation in stack plume.
Plume trapped by inversion above stack height.
46.Define lofting in stack plume.
The upward lifting of the plume will continue till it reaches a height where
density and temperature of surrounding air are equal to it. ... Under conditions
of strong super adiabatic lapse rate just above the stackand negative lapse rate
(inversion) just below the opening of stack, lofting plume is obtained.
47.What is gravity waves?
Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, generated
by accelerated masses, that propagate as waves outward from their source at
the speed of light
48.Define fallout.
The sedimentation of dust or fine particles from the atmosphere.
49.Explain chimney effect.
Stack effect or chimney effect is the movement of air into and out of
buildings, chimneys, flue-gas stacks, or other containers, resulting from air
buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air
density resulting from temperature and moisture differences.
50.What is wind shear?
Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a
difference in wind speed or direction over a relatively short distance in the
atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or
horizontal wind shear.