INDEX

Topic
Introduction
Principle
Components of A.C generator
Construction of A.C generator
Theory
Working of A.C generator
Expression for Instaneous E.M.F produced
Result
Applications of A.C generator
Bibliography
Thank you
• HairRocks shampoo will be packed in an
attractive ways with bottle made of plastics.
AC GENERATOR
INTRODUCTION
A.C. Generator means Alternating
current generator. It is a device
which is used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
ABOUT THE AC GENERATOR
A.C. generator forces electric current to flow
through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of
mechanical energy.
 PRINCIPLE
A.C. generators or alternators (as they are
usually called) operate on the same fundamental
principles of electromagnetic induction as D.C.
generators.
Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating
a coil in the magnetic field or by rotating a
magnetic field within a stationary coil. The value
of the voltage generated depends on-
the number of turns in the coil.
strength of the field
the speed at which the coil of magnetic field rotates.
 COMPONENTS OF AC
GENERATOR
Field
Armature
Prime mover
Rotor
Stator
Slip ring
 FIELD
The field in an AC generator consists of coils of
conductors within the generator that receive a
voltage from a source. (called excitation) and
produce a magnetic flux.
The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature
to produce a voltage.
This voltage is ultimately the output voltage of
the AC generator.
ARMATURE SLIP RINGS
BRUSHES
ARMATURE:
The armature is the part of an Al generator in 1
which voltage is produced. This component
consists of many coils of wire that are large enough
to carry the full-load current of the generator.
PRIME MOVER:
It is the component that is used to drive the AC
generator. The prime mover maybe any type of
rotating machine, such as a diesel engine, a steam
turbine, or a motor.
ROTOR:
The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component
of the generator, The rotor is driven by the generator's
prime mover, which may be a steam turbine, gas
turbine, or diesel engine.
STATOR:
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is
stationary (refer to Figure 1). Like the rotor, this
component may be the armature or the field, depending
on the type of generator. The stator will be the armature
if the voltage output is generated there; the stator will
be the field if the field excitation is applied there.
 SLIP RINGS:
Slip rings are electrical
connections that are used to transfer
power to and from the rotor of an AC
generator.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A.C
GENERATOR:
THE A.C. GENERATOR IS CONSIST OF FOUR MAIN PARTS :
(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE) :
A rectangular coil ABCD consist of a large number of turns of copper bound over a soft
iron core is called armature. The soft iron core is used to increase the magnetic flux.
(2) MAGNETIC FIELD :
It is usually a permanent sponge magnet having concave poles. The armature is rotated
of a magnet so that axis of the armature is perpendicular to magnetic field lines.
(3) SLIP RINGS :
Slip rings are the magnetic rings which are connected in the terminal of the armature.
These rings are rotated with the coil and these are use to draw the current from the
generator.
(4) BRUSHES :
The brushes B, & B, are just touch the slip rings. They are not rotating with the coil and
these brushes leads to the output of load resistance.
 THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the
field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip
rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide
the continuous connection between the field coil and external circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is
connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete
cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is
dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the
generated voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.
 WORKING OF AN A.C.
GENERATOR
The coil is rotated in anti-clock wise direction. In the first
half rotation the arm AB is moving outward and CD is
moving inward. So the e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB
from A to B. And in the arm CD from C to D. After half
rotation (in the second half). The arm CD is moving
outward and AB is moving inward. In this time current is
induced in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to
A. In the second half rotation the current direction is
changing so in this generator AC is produced.
The ac generator uses Faraday's laws of induction, it consists
of a coil of wire rotating a magnetic field. As the coil rotates it
cuts the magnetic flux generating an EMF, the EMF produced
is given by Faraday's law. The angle is changing at the angular
frequency w.
The ac generator uses Faraday's laws of induction, it consists
of a coil of wire rotating a magnetic field. As the coil rotates it
cuts the magnetic flux generating an EMF, the EMF produced
is given by Faraday's law. The angle is changing at the angular
frequency w. Therefore at a given moment in time the angle
between the normal to the area and the magnetic field lines will
be wt. Therefore the flux linkage, QN will be BAN cos(wt).
Differentiating cos(wt) function with respect to time gives -w
sin(wt).
 EXPRESSION FOR INSTANEOUS E.M.F.
PRODUCED

Let position of the coil at any time t. It's make angle

0 with vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the
coil.
Then 0 =wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number
of turns in the coil and A area of the coil then
magnetic flux with the coil in this position is given by
:
Ф= nBA Cos@ = nBA Cos wt.
DIFFERENTIATE W.R.T. TIME :-
RESULT :-
Hence, maximum value of
instantaneous e.m.f. in a AC Generator
is given by
E = E° sin(wt)
 APPLICATIONS OF A.C.
GENERATOR
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high speed gas
turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter
generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce ac voltages for
transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac current.Ex: Refrigerator,
washing machines, oven, lights, fan etc.
5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power distribution.It is more
efficient to use high voltage to distribute power, but it is not safe to
have high voltage at home. It is easy to step up (and step down) AC
voltage using a transformer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CBSE Lab manual
Help of Physics Teacher
NCERT Textbook
Websites:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com