1

ECE219,EE-305
Signals, Systems
Signals andand Controls
Systems
Academic Year 2015-16
Problem Sheet #1

Answers and Hints

Let’s stop pretending that our problems can’t be solved. The first requisite of success is the ability to
apply your physical and mental energies to one problem without growing weary. Success seems to be
largely a matter of hanging on after others have let go. - William Feather

1) Determine the values of P∞ and E∞ of the following signals:

a) x1 (t) = B exp (−at), where a > 0.
b) A rectangular pulse of width τ and unit height, denoted by rect( τt ), is defined as
|t| ≤ τ2
  
t 1,
rect =
τ 0, elsewhere.
c) A triangular pulse of width τ and unit height, denoted by ∆( τt ), is defined as
1 − τ2 |t|, |t| ≤ τ2
  
t
∆ =
τ 0, elsewhere.
d) x2 (t) = 2 cos(t) + 3 sin(2t).
e) x3 [n] = ( 12 )n u[n], where u[·] denotes the discrete-time unit step function (unit step sequence) .
f) x4 [n] = cos( π4 n)

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Solution:
Power Signal: 0 < P∞ < ∞ and E∞ = ∞
Energy Signal: 0 < E∞ < ∞ and P∞ = 0
Classification of signals based on their energy and power is mutually exclusive.
A signal can be neither energy signal nor power signal.
For continuous-time (CT) signal
Z T
1
P∞ = lim |x(t)|2 dt
T →∞ 2T −T
Z ∞
E∞ = |x(t)|2 dt
−∞

For discrete-time (DT) signal

N
1 X
P∞ = lim |x[n]|2
N →∞ 2N + 1
n=−N
∞
X
E∞ = |x[n]|2
n=−∞

For real signal x(t)/x[n]:

|x(t)|2 = x2 (t),
|x[n]|2 = x2 [n],
and
x∗ (t) = x(t)
x∗ [n] = x[n]
where |x(t)|/|x[n]| denotes absolute of x(t)/x[n] and x∗ (t)/x∗ [n] denotes complex conjugate of
x(t)/x[n].
a)
P∞ = ∞, E∞ = ∞
Hence, the signal x1 (t) is neither energy signal nor power signal.
Note that the signal x1 (t) is also exponential decaying real signal.
Proof:
x1 (t) = B exp (−at); a>0
c t (c t)2 (c t)3
exp (c t) = 1 + + + + ...; c≥0
⌊1 ⌊2 ⌊3
c t (c t)2 (c t)3
exp (−c t) = 1 − + − + ...; c≥0
⌊1 ⌊2 ⌊3
c t (c t)3 (c t)5
 
exp (c t) − exp (−c t) = 2 + + + ... ; c≥0
⌊1 ⌊3 ⌊5

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Z T
1
P∞ = lim |x(t)|2 dt
T →∞ 2T −T
Z T
1
= lim B 2 exp (−2at)dt
T →∞ 2T −T
T
B 2 exp (−2at)

= lim
T →∞ 2T −2a −T
2
 
B exp (−2aT ) − exp (2aT )
= lim
T →∞ 2T −2a
2
 
B exp (2aT ) − exp (−2aT )
= lim
T →∞ 2T 2a
2
(2a T )3 (2a T )5
 
B 2a T
= lim + + + ...
T →∞ 2aT ⌊1 ⌊3 ⌊5
(2a T )2 (2a T )4
 
2
= lim B 1 + + + ...
T →∞ ⌊3 ⌊5
= B 2 (1 + ∞ + ∞ + . . .)
=∞
Z ∞
E∞ = |x(t)|2 dt
Z−∞
∞
= B 2 exp (−2at)dt
−∞
 ∞
2 exp (−2at)
=B
−2a −∞
2
B
= (exp (−∞) − exp (∞))
−2a
B2
= (0 − ∞)
−2a
=∞
b)
P∞ = 0, E∞ = τ
t


Hence, the signal rect τ
is energy signal.

|t| ≤ τ2
  
t 1,
rect =
τ 0, elsewhere.
t


rect τ

−τ
2
0 τ
2 t

Fig. P1b
t


Note that the signal rect τ
is also even and real signal.
Proof: do it yourself.

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c)
τ
P∞ = 0, E∞ =
3
t


Hence, the signal ∆ τ
is energy signal.

   1 − 2 |t|; |t| ≤ τ
t τ 2
∆ =
τ 
0, elsewhere.


 1 + τ2 t; − τ2 ≤ t < 0



= 1 − τ2 t; 0≤t≤ τ
2




 0; elsewhere.
t


∆ τ

−τ
2
0 τ
2 t

Fig. P1c
t


Note that the signal ∆ τ
is also even and real signal.
Proof: do it yourself.
d)
P∞ = 6.5, E∞ = ∞
Hence, the signal x2 (t) is power signal.

x2 (t) = 2 cos(t) + 3 sin(2t)

= 2 z1 (t) + 3 z2 (t)
where
z1 (t) = cos(t)
z2 (t) = sin(2t)
Let T , T1 , and T2 be the fundamental period of signals x2 (t), z1 (t), and z2 (t), respectively
T1 = 2π
2π
T2 = =π
2

T = LCM{T1 , T2 }
= LCM{2π, π}
= 2π
Note that the signal x2 (t) is also periodic and real signal.
Proof: do it yourself.

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e)
4
P∞ = 0, E∞ =
3
Hence, the signal x3 [n] is energy signal.
 n
1
x3 [n] = u[n]
2

n
 12 ; n≥0
=
0, elsewhere.


∞
X
a rk = a + a r + a r2 + a r3 + a r4 + . . .
k=0
a
=
1−r
Proof: do it yourself.
f)
1
P∞ = , E∞ = ∞
2
Hence, the signal x4 [n] is power signal.
π 
x4 [n] = cos n
4
π
= cos (ω0 n) ; ω0 =
4
Let N be the fundamental period of x[n].
ω0 m
= = rational number; ω0 6= 0
2π N

gcd(N, m) = 1 (N and m have no factors in common)

π
ω0 1
⇒ = 4 =
2π 2π 8
⇒N =8
We know that
Z 2π Z π Z 2π+t0 Z 2π m+t0
cos(t)dt = cos(t)dt = cos(t)dt = cos(t)dt = 0; m = ±1, ±2 . . .
0 −π t0 t0
2π m
Note that cos (ω0 n) is periodic with fundamental period N = ω0
, i.e.,
N
X
cos (ω0 n) = 1
n=−N

For example

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n −2 −1 0 1 2
cos (π n) 1 −1 1 −1 1

n −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
cos (π n) 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1

and
∞
X N
X
cos (ω0 n) = lim cos (ω0 n) = 1
N →∞
n=−∞ n=−N

Proof:
N
1 X
P∞ = lim |x4 [n]|2
N →∞ 2N + 1
n=−N
N
1 X
2 π
 
= lim cos n
N →∞ 2N + 1 4
n=−N
N
1 X 1  π 
= lim 1 + cos n
N →∞ 2N + 1 2 2
n=−N
N N
1 1 X 1 1 X π 
= × lim 1 + × lim cos n
2 N →∞ 2N + 1 n=−N 2 N →∞ 2N + 1 n=−N 2
1 2N + 1 1 1
= × lim + × lim
2 N →∞ 2N + 1 2 N →∞ 2N + 1
1 1 1
= ×1+ ×
2 2 2∞+1
1 1 1
= + ×
2 2 ∞
1 1
= + ×0
2 2
1
= +0
2
1
=
2

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∞
X
E∞ = |x4 [n]|2
n=−∞
X∞ π 
= cos2 n
n=−∞
4
∞
X 1  π 
= 1 + cos n
n=−∞
2 2
∞ ∞
1 X 1 X π 
= 1+ cos n
2 n=−∞ 2 n=−∞ 2
1 1
= ×∞+ ×1
2 2
=∞

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2) Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If signal is periodic, determine
its fundamental period.
a) x1 (t) = 3 cos(4t + π4 ).

2
b) x2 (t) = 2 cos(2t − π3 ) .
c) x3 [n] = 7 cos( 6π7
n + 1).
d) x4 [n] = 2Pcos( π2 n) cos( π4 n).
e) x5 [n] = ∞ k=−∞ {δ[n − 4k] − δ[n − 1 − 4k]}, where δ[·] denotes the Kronecker delta function.

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Solution:
a)
 π
x1 (t) = 3 cos 4t +
4
2π π
⇒T = =
4 2
Note that
• scaling operation will have an impact on the frequency of the periodic signal and hence the time
period will change.
• shifting operation will not have an impact on the frequency of the periodic signal and hence the
time period will remain the same.
b)
  π 2
x2 (t) = 2 cos 2t −
 3 
2π
= 2 + 2 cos 4t −
3
2π π
⇒T = =
4 2

Note that adding a constant with a periodic signal will not have an impact on the frequency of
the periodic signal and hence the time period will remain the same.
c)
 
6π
x3 [n] = 7 cos n+1
7

ω0 m
= = rational number; ω0 6= 0
2π N

gcd(N, m) = 1 (N and m have no factors in common)

6π
ω0 3
⇒ = 7 =
2π 2π 7
⇒N =7
d)
π  π 
x4 [n] = 2 cos n cos n
 2  4
3π π 
= cos n + cos n
4 4
= z1 [n] + z2 [n]

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where
 
3π 3π
z1 [n] = cos n ; ω1 =
4 4
π  π
z2 [n] = cos n ; ω2 =
4 4
Let N, N1 , and N2 be the fundamental period of signals x4 [n], z1 [n], and z2 [n], respectively
ω0 m
= = rational number; ω0 6= 0
2π N

gcd(N, m) = 1 (N and m have no factors in common)

3π
ω1 3
⇒ = 4 =
2π 2π 8

N1 = 8
π
ω2 1
⇒ = 4 =
2π 2π 8

N2 = 8

⇒ N = LCM{N1 , N2 }
= LCM{8, 8} = 8
e)
∞
X
x5 [n] = {δ[n − 4k] − δ[n − 1 − 4k]}
k=−∞
X∞ ∞
X
= δ[n − 4k] − δ[n − 1 − 4k]
k=−∞ k=−∞
= z1 [n] + z2 [n]

∞
X
z1 [n] = δ[n − 4k]
k=−∞

1; n = 4k, k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
=
0; elsewhere

∞
X
z2 [n] = − δ[n − 1 − 4k]
k=−∞

−1; n = 4k + 1, k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
=
0; elsewhere
Sketch the x5 [n].

⇒N =4

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3) For the continuous-time signal x(t) shown in Fig. P3, sketch each of the following continuous-time
signals:
x(t)

0.5
6
0 12 15 24 t
−1
Fig. P3
a) y1 (t) = x(2t − 4).
b) y2 (t) = x(6 − t).
c) y3 (t) = x(2 − 2t ).

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Solution:
Two signals x(t) and y(t) are related as
y(t) = x (a t − b)
  
b
=x a t−
a
where a and b are real constants and a 6= 0. The signal y(t) can be formed by two methods
i) first time shifting x(t) by b and then time scaling the result by a
ii) first time scaling x(t) by a and then time shifting the result by ab
Given:
x(t)

0.5
6
0 12 15 24 t
−1
Fig. P3
a)
y1 (t) = x(2t − 4)
= x(2(t − 2))

shift right by 4 scale by 2

x(t) −−−−−−−→ z1 (t) = x(t − 4) −−−−−→ y(t) = z1 (2t) = x(2t − 4)
or
scale by 2 shift right by 2
x(t) −−−−−→ z1 (t) = x(2t) −−−−−−−→ y(t) = z1 (t − 2) = x(2(t − 2))
Plot: do it yourself by both methods
b)
y2 (t) = x(−t + 6)
= x(−(t − 6))

shift left by 6 reflection/folding

x(t) −−−−−−→ z1 (t) = x(t + 6) −−−−−−−−→ y(t) = z1 (−t) = x(−t + 6)
or
reflection shift right by 6
x(t) −−−−→ z1 (t) = x(−t) −−−−−−−→ x(−(t − 6))
Plot: do it yourself by both methods

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c)
 
1
y3 (t) = x 2 − t
2
 
1
= x − (t − 4)
2
 
shift left by 2 reflection scale by 1
2 1
x(t) −−−−−−→ z1 (t) = x(t + 2) −−−−→ z2 (t) = z1 (−t) = x(−t + 2) −−−−−→ y(t) = z1 t
2
 
1
=x − t+2
2
or
   
reflection scale by 21 1 1 shift right by 4
x(t) −−−−→ z1 (t) = x(−t) −−−−−→ z2 (t) = z1 − t = x − t −−−−−−−→ y(t) = z2 (t − 4)
2 2
 1

=x − t−4
2
Plot: do it yourself by both methods

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4) Sketch each of the following continuous-time signals:

a) x1 (t) = u(t − 1) + u(t − 2) − u(t − 3) − u(t − 4), where u(·) denotes the continuous-time unit
step function.
b) x2 (t) = d xdt1 (t) .
c) x3 (t) = (t − 4)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)].
d) x4 (t) = δ(t + 2) − δ(t − 2), where δ(·) denotes the Dirac delta function.
Rt
e) x5 (t) = −∞ x4 (τ )dτ .
sin(t)
f) x6 (t) = t
.
sin2 (t)
g) x7 (t) = |t|
.
4 ∆ t−3


h) x8 (t) = 2
.
t−2


i) x9 (t) = 2 rect 4 .

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Solution:
a) x1 (t) = u(t − 1) + u(t − 2) − u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)
x1 (t)

0 1 2 3 4 t

Fig. P4a
b)
d x1 (t)
x2 (t) =
dt
= δ(t − 1) + δ(t − 2) − δ(t − 3) − δ(t − 4)
x2 (t)

1 1

3 4

0 1 2 t
−1 −1

Fig. P4b
c)
x3 (t) = (t − 4)[u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)]

t − 4; 2 ≤ t ≤ 4
=
0; elsewhere
Plot: do it yourself
d)
x4 (t) = δ(t + 2) − δ(t − 2)
Plot: do it yourself
e)
Z t
x5 (t) = x4 (τ )dτ
−∞
Z t
= (δ(τ + 2) − δ(τ − 2)) dτ
−∞
Z t Z t
= δ(τ + 2)dτ − δ(τ − 2)dτ
−∞ −∞
Z t+2 Z t−2
= δ(α)dα − δ(γ)dγ
−∞ −∞
= u(t + 2) − u(t − 2)
Plot: do it yourself

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f)
sin(t)
x6 (t) =
t
= z1 (t)z2 (t)
where
z1 (t) = sin(t)
and
1
z2 (t) =
t
Hint: First plot z1 (t) and z2 (t) and then plot x6 (t).
At t = 0
sin(0) 0
lim x6 (t) = =
t→0 0 0
However, at t = 0,
d sin(t)
cos(t)
lim x6 (t) = lim ddtt = lim =1
t→0 t→0
dt
t→0 1
g)
sin2 (t)
x7 (t) =
|t|
= z1 (t)z2 (t)
where
z1 (t) = sin2 (t)
and
1
z2 (t) =
|t|
Hint: First plot z1 (t) and z2 (t) and then plot x7 (t).
At t = 0
sin2 (0) 0
lim x7 (t) = =
t→0 |0| 0
However, at t = 0,
d sin2 (t)
dt 2 sin(t) cos(t)
lim+ x7 (t) = lim+ dt
= lim+ =0
t→0 t→0
dt
t→0 1
h) x8 (t) = 4 ∆ t−3


2
.
t−2


i) x9 (t) = 2 rect 4 .

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5) Determine and sketch the even and odd decomposition of the continuous-time signal x(t) shown in
Fig. P5
x(t)
1

−2
−1 0 1 2 t
−1

Fig. P5

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Solution:
Graphically, you can perform the following sequence to obtain even part and odd part for a real
signal x[n]/x(t)
1. Sketch x[n]/x(t) as a function of n/t.
2. Sketch x[−n]/x(−t).
3. Even part of a real signal
• Add x[n]/x(t) and x[−n]/x(−t) at each n/t to obtain (x(t) + x(−t)) / (x[n] + x([n]) and then
multiply
(x(t) + x(−t)) / (x[n] + x([n]) by 21 at each n/t, i.e.,
x(t) + x(−t)
Ev{x(t)} =
2
x[n] + x([n]
Ev{x[n]} =
2
4. Odd part of a real signal
• Add x[n]/x(t) and −x[−n]/ − x(−t) at each n/t to obtain (x(t) − x(−t)) / (x[n] − x([n]) and
then multiply
(x(t) − x(−t)) / (x[n] − x([n]) by 12 at each n/t, i.e.,
x(t) − x(−t)
Od{x(t)} =
2
x[n] − x([n]
Od{x[n]} =
2

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Even part: Graphically, you can perform the following sequence to obtain even part
x(t)

−2
−1 0 1 2 t
−1

Fig. P5.1
x(−t)

−2 −1 0 1 t
−1

Fig. P5.2
x(t) + x(−t)
2

−2 −1 0 1 2 t

Fig. P5.31
x(t)+x(−t)
Ev{x(t)} = 2

−2 −1 0 1 2 t

Fig. P5.32


x(t) + x(−t)  1 − 12 |t|; −2 ≤ t ≤ 2
Ev{x(t)} = =
2  0; elsewhere

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Odd part: Graphically, you can perform the following sequence to obtain odd part
x(t)

−2
−1 0 1 2 t
−1

Fig. P5.1
x(−t)

−2 −1 0 1 t
−1

Fig. P5.2
−x(−t)

−2 −1

0 1 2 t
−1

Fig. P5.41
x(t) − x(−t)
2

−2 −1

0 1 2 t

−2

Fig. P5.42
x(t)−x(−t)
Od{x(t)} = 2

−2 −1

0 1 2 t
−1

Fig. P5.43

 t
x(t) − x(−t)  2 ; −2 ≤ t ≤ 2
Od{x(t)} = =
2  0; elsewhere

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6) A discrete-time signal x[n] is defined by


 1, n = 1, 2
x[n] = −1, n = −1, −2
 0, elsewhere
Sketch each of the following discrete-time signals:
a) y1 [n] = x[2n + 5].
b) y2 [n] = x[3n − 4].
c) y3 [n] = Ev{x[n]}, where Ev{} denotes even component of the signal x[n].
d) y4 [n] = Od{x[n]}, where Od{} denotes odd component of the signal x[n].

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Solution:
A discrete-time signal x[n] is defined by

 1, n = 1, 2
x[n] = −1, n = −1, −2
 0, elsewhere
Hint: For discrete-time signals: first do shifting and then scaling/reflection
a) y1 [n] = x[2n + 5]
shift left by 5 scale by 2
x[n] −−−−−−→ x[n + 5] −−−−−→ x[2n + 5]
Plot: do it yourself
b) y2 [n] = x[3n − 4]
shift right by 4 scale by 3
x[n] −−−−−−−→ x[n − 4] −−−−−→ x[3n − 4]
Plot: do it yourself
c)
x[n] + x[−n]
y3 [n] = Ev{x[n]} =
2
Plot: do it yourself
d)
x[n] − x[−n]
y4 [n] = Od{x[n]} =
2
Plot: do it yourself

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7) Simplify
 the following expressions:
sin(t)
a) t2 +2 δ(t).
 
1
b) jω+1 δ(ω + 3).
 
c) sin(kω)
ω
δ(ω).

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Solution:
Hint: Using the fact that
f (x)δ(x) = f (0)δ(x)
Simplified expressions:
a)    
sin(t) sin(0)
δ(t) = δ(t) = 0
t2 + 2 02 + 2
b)
   
1 1
δ(ω + 3) = δ(ω + 3)
jω + 1 −3j + 1

c) We know that
sin(θ)
lim =1
θ→0 θ
   
sin(kω) sin(kω)
δ(ω) = k δ(ω)
ω kω
= kδ(ω)

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8) Evaluate the following integrals:

R2
a) 1 (3t2 + 1)δ(t)dt.
R∞
b) −∞ exp(−t)δ(2t − 2)dt.
R∞ ′ ′ dδ(t)
c) −∞ exp(−t)δ (t)dt, where δ (t) = dt
.

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Solution:
a) Using the fact that
f (x)δ(x) = f (0)δ(x)

(3t2 + 1)δ(t) = (3 × 02 + 1)δ(t) = δ(t)

Z 2 Z 2
2
(3t + 1)δ(t)dt = δ(t) dt = 0
1 1

b)
∞
1 ∞  (v + 2) 
Z Z
exp(−t)δ(2t − 2)dt = exp − δ(v)dv
−∞ 2 −∞ 2
exp(−1) ∞
Z
= δ(v)dv
2 −∞
1
=
2 exp(1)

c) We have
Z ∞
′ ′
φ(t)δ (t)dt = −φ (0)
−∞

Z ∞
′
exp(−t)δ (t)dt = −(− exp(−0)) = 1
−∞

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• In exercises 9) and 10), y(t) and y[n] denote the continuous-time and discrete-time system
output, respectively and x(t) and x[n] denote the continuous-time and discrete-time system input,
respectively.
9) Determine if each of the following systems is invertible. If it is, construct the inverse system. If it is
not, find two input signals to the system that have the same output.
a) y(t) = x(t − 1).

b) y(t) = cos x(t − 1) .
c) y[n] = n x[n].
d) y[n] = x[n] x[n − 1].

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Solution:
Invertibility: distinct inputs lead to distinct outputs.

x(t)/x[n] y(t)/y[n] Inverse w(t)/w[n] = x(t)/x[n]

System
System

w(t) and w[n] denote the continuous-time and discrete-time inverse system output, respectively and
y(t) and y[n] denote the continuous-time and discrete-time inverse system input, respectively.
a)
y(t) = x(t − 1)
Invertible,
Inverse system:
w(t) = y(t + 1)
b)

y(t) = cos x(t − 1)
Non invertible,
Two input signals x1 (t) = x(t) and x2 (t) = x(t) + 2π give the same output, i.e.
y1 (t) = cos (x1 (t − 1)) = cos (x(t − 1))
y2 (t) = cos (x2 (t − 1)) = cos (x(t − 1) + 2π) = cos (x(t − 1))
c)
y[n] = n x[n]
Non invertible,
Two input signals x1 [n] = δ[n] and x2 [n] = 2δ[n] give the same output, i.e.

y1 [n] = n x1 [n] = n δ[n] = 0

y2 [n] = n x2 [n] = 2 n δ[n] = 0
d)
y[n] = x[n] x[n − 1]
Non invertible,
Two input signals x1 [n] = x[n] and x2 [n] = −x[n] give the same output, i.e.
y1 [n] = x1 [n] x1 [n − 1] = x[n] x[n − 1]
y2 [n] = x2 [n] x2 [n − 1] = (−x[n]) (−x[n − 1]) = x[n] x[n − 1]

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10) In particular, a system may or may not be the following properties:

a) Memory-less
b) Time invariant
c) Linear
d) Causal
e) Stable
Determine which of these properties hold and which do not hold for each of the following systems.
Justify your answers.
Rt
i) y(t) = −∞ x(τ )dτ .
ii) y(t) = x(t − 2) + x(2 − t).
iii) y(t) = sin(t)x(t).
iv) y[n] = n x[n] + x[n − 1].
v) y[n] = x[n − 2] − 2x[n − 4].
 x[n − 1]; n ≥ 1
vi) y[n] = 0; n=0
 x[n]; n ≤ −1

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Solution:
System properties:
i)
Z t
y(t) = x(τ )dτ ;
−∞

Proof:
a) Linearity=Additivity and Homogeneity:
Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be the outputs corresponding to the inputs x1 (t) and x2 (t) respectively.
Therefore, we have
Z t
y1 (t) = x1 (τ )dτ ; ; (1)
−∞

Z t
y2 (t) = x2 (τ )dτ ; ; (2)
−∞

Let x(t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t), where a and b are constants. Then
Z t
y(t) = x(τ )dτ ;
−∞
Z t
= (ax1 (τ ) + bx2 (τ ))dτ
−∞
Z t Z t
=a x1 (τ )dτ + b x2 (τ )dτ
−∞ −∞
= a y1 (t) + b y2 (t) (3)
Eq. (3) shows that the linearity properties (additivity and homogeneity) are satisfied. Hence,
the given system is linear.
b) Time-Invariant:
Let y1 (t) be the output produced by the shifted input x1 (t) = x(t − t0 ). Then
Z t
y1 (t) = x1 (τ )dτ ;
−∞
Z t
= x(τ − t0 )dτ ;
−∞
Z t−t0
= x(v)dv; change of variable: τ − t0 = v
−∞
Z t−t0
= x(τ )dτ ; (4)
−∞

But
Z t−t0
y(t − t0 ) = x(τ )dτ
−∞
= y1 (t); (5)
Eq. (5) shows that a shift t0 in the input leads to a same shift in the output. This implies
that the system is time-invariant.

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c) Memory-less:
Since the current output value y(t) depends on the present andR also past values of the
2
input x(t), the system is not memory-less. For example, y(2) = −∞ x(τ )dτ and y(−1) =
R −1
−∞
x(τ )dτ .
d) Causality:
Since the current output value y(t) depends on only
R 2 the present and past values
R −2 of the input
x(t), the system is causal. For example, y(2) = −∞ x(τ )dτ and y(−2) = −∞ x(τ )dτ .
e) Stability:
We assume that the input is x(t) = u(t) (bounded) i.e.

1, t > 0
x(t) = (6)
0, t < 0
We then find that
Z t
y(t) = x(τ )dτ
−∞
Z t Z t
= u(τ )dτ = 1dτ
−∞ 0
= tu(t) (7)
From Eq. (7), we obtain
y(t) → ∞; for |t| → ∞; (8)
Eq. (8) shows that the output y(t) is not bounded for the bounded input x(t) = u(t) for all
t. Hence, the given system is not BIBO (bounded input and bounded output) stable.
ii)
y(t) = x(t − 2) + x(2 − t)
Following properties hold: Linear and Stable.
Proof: do it yourself
iii)
y(t) = sin(t)x(t)
Following properties hold: Memory-less, Linear, Causal, and Stable.
Proof: do it yourself

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iv)
y[n] = n x[n] + x[n − 1]
Proof:
a) Linearity=Additivity and Homogeneity:
Let y1 [n] and y2 [n] be the outputs corresponding to the inputs x1 [n] and x2 [n] respectively.
Therefore, we have
y1 [n] = n x1 [n] + x1 [n − 1]; (9)

y2 [n] = n x2 [n] + x2 [n − 1]; (10)

Let x[n] = ax1 [n] + bx2 [n], where a and b are constants. Then
y[n] = n (ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]) + ax1 [n − 1] + bx2 [n − 1]
= a(n x1 [n] + x1 [n − 1]) + b(n x2 [n] + x2 [n − 1])
= a y1 [n] + b y2 [n] (11)
Eq. (11) shows that the linearity properties (additivity and homogeneity) are satisfied. Hence,
the given system is linear.
b) Time-Invariant:
Let y1 [n] be the output produced by the shifted input x1 [n] = x[n − n0 ]. Then
y1 [n] = n x1 [n] + x1 [n − 1]
= n x[n − n0 ] + x[n − n0 − 1]; (12)
But
y[n − n0 ] = (n − n0 ) x[n − n0 ] + x[n − n0 − 1] 6= y1 [n]; (13)
Eq. (13) shows that a shift n0 in the input does not lead to a same shift in the output. This
implies that the system is not time-invariant.
c) Memory-less:
Since the current output value y[n] depends on the present and also past values of the input
x[n], the system is not memory-less. For example, y[0] = 0 + x[−1] = x[−1] and y[1] =
x[1] + x[0]
d) Causality:
Since the current output value y[n] depends on only the present and past values of the input
x[n], the system is causal. For example, y[0] = 0 + x[−1] = x[−1] and y[1] = x[1] + x[0]
e) Stability:
We assume that the input x[n] satisfies the condition (i.e. bounded input)
x[n] ≤ Mx < ∞; for all n; (14)
Hence
x[n − 1] ≤ Mx < ∞; for all n; (15)

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We then find that

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n − 1]
≤ n x[n] + x[n − 1]
≤ n x[n] + x[n − 1]
≤ (|n| + 1)Mx (16)
From Eq. (16), we obtain
y[n] → ∞; for |n| → ∞; (17)
Eq. (17) shows that the output y[n] is not bounded for the bounded input x[n] for all n.
Hence, the given system is not BIBO (bounded input and bounded output) stable.
v)
y[n] = x[n − 2] − 2x[n − 4]
Following properties hold: Time invariant, Linear, Causal, and Stable.
Proof: do it yourself
vi) 
 x[n − 1]; n ≥ 1
y[n] = 0; n=0
 x[n]; n ≤ −1
Following properties hold: Linear and Stable.
Proof: do it yourself

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11) Sketch the even and odd parts of the signal x(t) shown in Fig. P11

x(t)

1
2

−1 0 1 t
−1
2

Fig. P11

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Solution:
The even and odd parts of the signal x(t) shown in Fig. P11 are illustrated in Fig. P11.2 and
Fig. P11.3, respectively
 1
 − 2 t + 12 ; −1 < t < 0
x(t) = (18)
 1 1
2
t − 2; 0<t<1

x(t)

1
1
2

−1 0 1 t
− 21

Fig. P11

 1
 − 2 (−t) + 12 ; −1 < −t < 0
x(−t) =
 1
(−t) − 12 ; 0 < −t < 1
 21
 − 2 t − 12 ; −1 < t < 0
= (19)
1 1
t + ; 0<t<1

2 2

x(−t)

1
1
2
−1
0 1 t
− 21

Fig. P11.1

x(t) + x(−t)
Ev{x(t)} =
 1 21
 2 (− 2 t + 12 − 12 t − 21 ); −1 < t < 0
=
 1 1
( t − 21 + 12 t + 12 ); 0<t<1
 21 2
 − 2 t; −1 < t < 0
= (20)
1
t; 0<t<1

2

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x(t)+x(−t)
Ev{x(t)} = 2

1
2

−1 0 1 t

Fig. P11.2

x(t) − x(−t)
Od{x(t)} =
 1 21
 2 (− 2 t + 12 + 12 t + 12 ); −1 < t < 0
=
1 1
( t − 12 − 21 t − 12 ); 0<t<1

2 2
 1
 2
; −1 < t < 0
= (21)
− 12 ; 0<t<1


x(t)−x(−t)
Od{x(t)} = 2

1
2
1
−1 0 t
− 21

Fig. P11.3

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12) Consider a continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system whose response to the signal x1 (t) in
Fig. P12(a) is the signal y1 (t) illustrated in Fig. P12(b). Determine and sketch the response y2 (t) of
the system to the input x2 (t) depicted in Fig. P12(c).
x1 (t) y1 (t)

1 1

0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
(a) (b)

x2 (t)

2
y2 (t) =?
1

−1 0 1 2 t
(c)
Fig. P12

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Solution:
From Fig. 12(c), it is obvious that
x2 (t) = x1 (t) + x1 (t + 1)
By applying linearity and time-invariant properties of the LTI system, we can write
y2 (t) = y1 (t) + y1 (t + 1)
The response y2 (t) of the system to the input x2 (t) is shown in Fig. 12(d).
x1 (t) y1 (t)

1 1

0 1 2 t 0 1 2 t
(a) (b)

x1 (t + 1) y1 (t + 1)

−1 0 1 2 t −1 0 1 2 t
(e) (f)

x2 (t) y2 (t) = y( 1) + y1 (t + 1)

2 2

−1 0 1 2 t −1 0 1 2 t
(c) (d)

Fig. 12.1

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13) A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown in Fig. P13.

x(t)

−2 −1 0 1 2 t

Fig. P13
Sketch and determine the value of E∞ for each of the following continuous-time signals:
a) x1 (t) = d dx(t)
t
.
d2 x(t)
b) x2 (t) = d t2
.

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Solution:
A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown in Fig. P13.
x(t)

−2 −1 0 1 2 t

Fig. P13


 1 − 12 |t|; |t| ≤ 2
x (t) =
0, elsewhere.


1

 1 + 2 t; −2 ≤ t < 0



= 1 − 12 t; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2




 0; elsewhere.
d x(t)
a) x1 (t) = dt
.

1

 2
; −2 ≤ t < 0


d x(t) 
x1 (t) = = − 12 ; 0≤t≤2
dt 



 0; elsewhere.

x1 (t)

1
2
1 2
−2 −1 0
1
t
−2

Let Ex1 be the energy of the signal x1 (t).

Z ∞
Ex1 = |x1 (t)|2 dt
−∞
0 2 2 2
1 1
Z Z
= dt + − dt
−2 2 0 2
1 1
= (2) + (2)
4 4
=1

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d2 x(t)
b) x2 (t) = d t2
.
x1 (t)

1
2
1 2
−2 −1 0
1
t
−2

x2 (t)
1 1
2 2
0
−2 −1 1 2
t
−1

Let Ex2 be the energy of the signal x2 (t).

Z ∞
Ex2 = |x2 (t)|2 dt
−∞
∞ 2 ∞ ∞ 2
1 1
Z Z Z
2
= δ(t + 2) dt + |(−1)δ(t)| dt + δ(t − 2) dt
−∞ 2 −∞ −∞ 2
1 1
= +1+
4 4
= 1.5

For every disciplined effort there is a multiple reward. - Jim Rohn (1930-2009)

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