Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL

Group A
Assignment No: 8

Contents for Theory:

1. Seaborn Library Basics 2. Know your Data
3. Finding patterns of data.
4. Checking how the price of the ticket (column name: 'fare') for each passenger is
distributed by plotting a histogram.

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Theory:
Data Visualisation plays a very important role in Data mining. Various data scientists spent their
time exploring data through visualisation. To accelerate this process we need to have a
welldocumentation of all the plots.
Even plenty of resources can’t be transformed into valuable goods without planning and
architecture

1. Seaborn Library Basics

Seaborn is a Python data visualisation library based on matplotlib. It provides a highlevel
interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics.
For the installation of Seaborn, you may run any of the following in your command line.
pip install seaborn conda
install seaborn
To import seaborn you can run the following command.
import seaborn as sns

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
2. Know your data
The dataset that we are going to use to draw our plots will be the Titanic dataset, which is
downloaded by default with the Seaborn library. All you have to do is use the load_dataset function
and pass it the name of the dataset.

Let's see what the Titanic dataset looks like. Execute the following script:

import pandas as pd import

numpy as np import

matplotlib.pyplot as plt import

seaborn as sns

dataset =
sns.load_dataset('titanic')
dataset.head()

The dataset contains 891 rows and 15 columns and contains information about the passengers who
boarded the unfortunate Titanic ship. The original task is to predict whether or not the passenger
survived depending upon different features such as their age, ticket, cabin they boarded, the class
of the ticket, etc. We will use the Seaborn library to see if we can find any patterns in the data.
3. Finding patterns of data.
Patterns of data can be find out with the help of different types of plots
Types of plots are:

A. Distribution Plots

a. Dist-Plot

b. Joint Plot

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
d. Rug Plot

B. Categorical Plots

a. Bar Plot

b. Count Plot

c. Box Plot

d. Violin Plot

C. Advanced Plots

a. Strip Plot

b. Swarm Plot

D. Matrix Plots

a. Heat Map

b. Cluster Map

A. Distribution Plots:

These plots help us to visualise the distribution of data. We can use these plots to understand the

mean, median, range, variance, deviation, etc of the data.

a. Distplot

● Dist plot gives us the histogram of the selected continuous variable.

● It is an example of a univariate analysis.

● We can change the number of bins i.e. number of vertical bars in a histogram

import seaborn as sns

sns.distplot(x = dataset['age'], bins = 10)

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL

The line that you see represents the kernel density estimation. You can remove this line by
passing False as the parameter for the kde attribute as shown below

sns.distplot(dataset['age'], bins = 10,kde=False)

Here the x-axis is the age and the y-axis displays frequency. For example, for bins = 10,

there are around 50 people having age 0 to 10

i.b. Joint Plot

● It is the combination of the distplot of two variables.

● It is an example of bivariate analysis.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL

● We additionally obtain a scatter plot between the variables to reflect their linear
relationship. We can customise the scatter plot into a hexagonal plot, where, the more
the colour intensity, the more will be the number of observations.

import seaborn as sns #

For Plot 1

sns.jointplot(x = dataset['age'], y = dataset['fare'], kind =

'scatter')

# For Plot 2
sns.jointplot(x = dataset['age'], y = dataset['fare'], kind = 'hex')

● From the output, you can see that a joint plot has three parts. A distribution plot at the
top for the column on the x-axis, a distribution plot on the right for the column on the y-
axis and a scatter plot in between that shows the mutual distribution of data for both the
columns. You can see that there is no correlation observed between prices and the fares.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
● You can change the type of the joint plot by passing a value for the kind parameter. For
instance, if instead of a scatter plot, you want to display the distribution of data in the
form of a hexagonal plot, you can pass the value hex for the kind parameter.

● In the hexagonal plot, the hexagon with the most number of points gets darker colour.
So if you look at the above plot, you can see that most of the passengers are between the
ages of 20 and 30 and most of them paid between 10-50 for the tickets.

a. c. The Rug Plot

b. The rugplot() is used to draw small bars along the x-axis for each point in the dataset. To plot a
rug plot, you need to pass the name of the column. Let's plot a rug plot for fare.
sns.rugplot(dataset['fare'])

From the output, you can see that most of the instances for the fares have values between 0 and
100.

These are some of the most commonly used distribution plots offered by the Python's Seaborn
Library. Let's see some of the categorical plots in the Seaborn library.

2. Categorical Plots
Categorical plots, as the name suggests, are normally used to plot categorical data. The categorical
plots plot the values in the categorical column against another categorical column or a numeric
column. Let's see some of the most commonly used categorical data.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
b. The Bar Plot
The barplot() is used to display the mean value for each value in a categorical column, against a
numeric column. The first parameter is the categorical column, the second parameter is the
numeric column while the third parameter is the dataset. For instance, if you want to know the
mean value of the age of the male and female passengers, you can use the bar plot as follows.

sns.barplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset)

From the output, you can clearly see that the average age of male passengers is just less than 40
while the average age of female passengers is around 33.

In addition to finding the average, the bar plot can also be used to calculate other aggregate values
for each category. To do so, you need to pass the aggregate function to the estimator. For instance,
you can calculate the standard deviation for the age of each gender as follows:

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns

sns.barplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, estimator=np.std)

Notice, in the above script we use the std aggregate function from the numpy library to calculate
the standard deviation for the ages of male and female passengers. The output looks like this:

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL

c. The Count Plot

The count plot is similar to the bar plot, however it displays the count of the categories in a specific
column. For instance, if we want to count the number of males and women passenger we can do
so using count plot as follows:

sns.countplot(x='sex', data=dataset)

d. The Box Plot

The box plot is used to display the distribution of the categorical data in the form of quartiles. The
centre of the box shows the median value. The value from the lower whisker to the bottom of the
box shows the first quartile. From the bottom of the box to the middle of the box lies the second
quartile. From the middle of the box to the top of the box lies the third quartile and finally from
the top of the box to the top whisker lies the last quartile.

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Now let's plot a box plot that displays the distribution for the age with respect to each gender. You
need to pass the categorical column as the first parameter (which is sex in our case) and the numeric
column (age in our case) as the second parameter. Finally, the dataset is passed as the third
parameter, take a look at the following script:

sns.boxplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset)

Let's try to understand the box plot for females. The first quartile starts at around 1 and ends at 20
which means that 25% of the passengers are aged between 1 and 20. The second quartile starts at
around 20 and ends at around 28 which means that 25% of the passengers are aged between20 and
28. Similarly, the third quartile starts and ends between 28 and 38, hence 25% passengers are aged
within this range and finally the fourth or last quartile starts at 38 and ends around 64.

If there are any outliers or the passengers that do not belong to any of the quartiles, they are called
outliers and are represented by dots on the box plot.

You can make your box plots more fancy by adding another layer of distribution. For instance, if
you want to see the box plots of forage of passengers of both genders, along with the information
about whether or not they survived, you can pass the survived as value to the hue parameter as
shown below:
sns.boxplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, hue="survived")

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL

Now in addition to the information about the age of each gender, you can also see the distribution
of the passengers who survived. For instance, you can see that among the male passengers, on
average more younger people survived as compared to the older ones. Similarly, you can see that
the variation among the age of female passengers who did not survive is much greater than the age
of the surviving female passengers.

e. The Violin Plot

The violin plot is similar to the box plot, however, the violin plot allows us to display all the
components that actually correspond to the data point. The violinplot() function is used to plot the
violin plot. Like the box plot, the first parameter is the categorical column, the second parameter
is the numeric column while the third parameter is the dataset.

Let's plot a violin plot that displays the distribution for the age with respect to each gender.

sns.violinplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset)

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
You can see from the figure above that violin plots provide much more information about the data
as compared to the box plot. Instead of plotting the quartile, the violin plot allows us to see all the
components that actually correspond to the data. The area where the violin plot is thicker has a
higher number of instances for the age. For instance, from the violin plot for males, it is clearly
evident that the number of passengers with age between 20 and 40 is higher than all the rest of the
age brackets.

Like box plots, you can also add another categorical variable to the violin plot using the hue
parameter as shown below:

sns.violinplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, hue='survived')

Now you can see a lot of information on the violin plot. For instance, if you look at the bottom of
the violin plot for the males who survived (left-orange), you can see that it is thicker than the
bottom of the violin plot for the males who didn't survive (left-blue). This means that the number
of young male passengers who survived is greater than the number of young male passengers who
did not survive

Advanced Plots:

a. The Strip Plot

The strip plot draws a scatter plot where one of the variables is categorical. We have seen scatter
plots in the joint plot and the pair plot sections where we had two numeric variables. The strip plot

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
is different in a way that one of the variables is categorical in this case, and for each category in
the categorical variable, you will see a scatter plot with respect to the numeric column.

The stripplot() function is used to plot the violin plot. Like the box plot, the first parameter is the
categorical column, the second parameter is the numeric column while the third parameter is the
dataset. Look at the following script:

sns.stripplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, jitter=False)

You can see the scattered plots of age for both males and females. The data points look like strips.
It is difficult to comprehend the distribution of data in this form. To better comprehend the data,
pass True for the jitter parameter which adds some random noise to the data. Look at the following
script:

sns.stripplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, jitter=True)

Now you have a better view for the distribution of age across the genders.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
Like violin and box plots, you can add an additional categorical column to strip plot using hue
parameter as shown below:

sns.stripplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, jitter=True, hue='survived')

b. The Swarm Plot

The swarm plot is a combination of the strip and the violin plots. In the swarm plots, the points
are adjusted in such a way that they don't overlap. Let's plot a swarm plot for the distribution of
age against gender. The swarmplot() function is used to plot the violin plot. Like the box plot, the
first parameter is the categorical column, the second parameter is the numeric column while the
third parameter is the dataset. Look at the following script:

sns.swarmplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset)

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
You can clearly see that the above plot contains scattered data points like the strip plot and the data
points are not overlapping. Rather they are arranged to give a view similar to that of a violin plot.

Let's add another categorical column to the swarm plot using the hue parameter.

sns.swarmplot(x='sex', y='age', data=dataset, hue='survived')

From the output, it is evident that the ratio of surviving males is less than the ratio of surviving
females. Since for the male plot, there are more blue points and less orange points. On the other
hand, for females, there are more orange points (surviving) than the blue points (not surviving).
Another observation is that amongst males of age less than 10, more passengers survived as
compared to those who didn't.

1. Matrix Plots
Matrix plots are the type of plots that show data in the form of rows and columns. Heat maps are
the prime examples of matrix plots.

a. Heat Maps
Heat maps are normally used to plot correlation between numeric columns in the form of a matrix.
It is important to mention here that to draw matrix plots, you need to have meaningful information
on rows as well as columns. Let's plot the first five rows of the Titanic dataset to see if both the
rows and column headers have meaningful information. Execute the following script:

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import pandas as pd import numpy as

np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import seaborn as sns dataset =

sns.load_dataset('titanic')

dataset.head()

From the output, you can see that the column headers contain useful information such as
passengers surviving, their age, fare etc. However the row headers only contain indexes 0, 1, 2,
etc. To plot matrix plots, we need useful information on both columns and row headers. One way
to do this is to call the corr() method on the dataset. The corr() function returns the correlation
between all the numeric columns of the dataset. Execute the following script:

dataset.corr()

In the output, you will see that both the columns and the rows have meaningful header information,
as shown below:

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Now to create a heat map with these correlation values, you need to call the heatmap() function
and pass it your correlation dataframe. Look at the following script:

corr = dataset.corr() sns.heatmap(corr)

From the output, it can be seen that what heatmap essentially does is that it plots a box for every
combination of rows and column value. The colour of the box depends upon the gradient. For
instance, in the above image if there is a high correlation between two features, the corresponding
cell or the box is white, on the other hand if there is no correlation, the corresponding cell remains
black.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
The correlation values can also be plotted on the heatmap by passing True for the annot parameter.
Execute the following script to see this in action:

corr = dataset.corr() sns.heatmap(corr,

annot=True)

You can also change the colour of the heatmap by passing an argument for the cmap parameter.
For now, just look at the following script:

corr = dataset.corr() sns.heatmap(corr)

b. Cluster Map:

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
In addition to the heat map, another commonly used matrix plot is the cluster map. The
cluster map basically uses Hierarchical Clustering to cluster the rows and columns of the
matrix.
Let's plot a cluster map for the number of passengers who travelled in a specific month of
a specific year. Execute the following script:
4. Checking how the price of the ticket (column name: 'fare') for each passenger is
distributed by plotting a histogram.
import seaborn as sns
dataset = sns.load_dataset('titanic')

sns.histplot(dataset['fare'], kde=False, bins=10)

From the histogram, it is seen that for around 730 passengers the price of the ticket is 50.
For 100 passengers the price of the ticket is 100 and so on.

Conclusion-
Seaborn is an advanced data visualisation library built on top of Matplotlib library. In this
assignment, we looked at how we can draw distributional and categorical plots using the Seaborn
library. We have seen how to plot matrix plots in Seaborn. We also saw how to change plot styles
and use grid functions to manipulate subplots.

Assignment Questions
1. List out different types of plot to find patterns of data
2. Explain when you will use distribution plots and when you will use categorical plots.

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Department of Computer Engineering Subject: DSBDAL
3. Write the conclusion from the following swarm plot (consider titanic dataset)

4. Which parameter is used to add another categorical variable to the violin plot,
Explain with syntax and example.

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