Download the full version of the ebook at

https://ebookmass.com

Source Separation in Physical-Chemical

Sensing Christian Jutten

https://ebookmass.com/product/source-separation-
in-physical-chemical-sensing-christian-jutten/

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookmass.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Source separation and machine learning Chien

https://ebookmass.com/product/source-separation-and-machine-learning-
chien/

testbankdeal.com

Advances in Oil-Water Separation : A Complete Guide for

Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Processes Papita Das

https://ebookmass.com/product/advances-in-oil-water-separation-a-
complete-guide-for-physical-chemical-and-biochemical-processes-papita-
das/
testbankdeal.com

Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles

(Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and
Chemical Engineering Sciences) 5th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/transport-processes-and-separation-
process-principles-prentice-hall-international-series-in-the-physical-
and-chemical-engineering-sciences-5th-edition-ebook-pdf/
testbankdeal.com

Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (Prentice

Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical
Engineering Sciences) 2nd Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/introductory-chemical-engineering-
thermodynamics-prentice-hall-international-series-in-the-physical-and-
chemical-engineering-sciences-2nd-edition-ebook-pdf/
testbankdeal.com
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (Prentice Hall
International Series in the Physical and Chemical
Engineering Sciences) – Ebook PDF Version
https://ebookmass.com/product/elements-of-chemical-reaction-
engineering-prentice-hall-international-series-in-the-physical-and-
chemical-engineering-sciences-ebook-pdf-version/
testbankdeal.com

MCAT chemical and physical foundations of biological

systems, 2016 Hademenos

https://ebookmass.com/product/mcat-chemical-and-physical-foundations-
of-biological-systems-2016-hademenos/

testbankdeal.com

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (Prentice Hall

International Series in the Physical and Chemical
Engineering Sciences) 3rd Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/bioprocess-engineering-basic-concepts-
prentice-hall-international-series-in-the-physical-and-chemical-
engineering-sciences-3rd-edition-ebook-pdf/
testbankdeal.com

Techniques and methods in urban remote sensing Weng

https://ebookmass.com/product/techniques-and-methods-in-urban-remote-
sensing-weng/

testbankdeal.com

Wearable Physical, Chemical and Biological Sensors:

Fundamentals, Materials and Applications 1st Edition Eden
Morales-Narvaez (Editor)
https://ebookmass.com/product/wearable-physical-chemical-and-
biological-sensors-fundamentals-materials-and-applications-1st-
edition-eden-morales-narvaez-editor/
testbankdeal.com
Source Separation in Physical-Chemical Sensing
Source Separation in Physical-Chemical
Sensing

Edited by
Christian Jutten
Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble-INP, CNRS, GIPSA-lab
France

Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte

University of Campinas
Limeira, Brazil

Saïd Moussaoui
Nantes Université, Ecole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N
Nantes, France
This edition first published 2024.
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to
obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/
go/permissions.

The right of Christian Jutten, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte, and Saïd Moussaoui to be
identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in
accordance with law.

Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19
8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about
Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand.
Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in
other formats.

Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may
not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental
regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental
reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the
information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of
equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or
indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and
authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations
or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work
and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be
created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional
statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to
in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean
that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization,
website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold
with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your
situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers
should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared
between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor
authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including
but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for:

Hardback ISBN: 9781119137221

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © MR.Cole_Photographer/Getty Images

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India

 v

Contents

About the Editors xiii

List of Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
Notation xxiii

1 Overview of Source Separation 1

Christian Jutten, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte, and Saïd Moussaoui
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Brief Introduction to Source Separation 1
1.1.2 Chapter’s Organization 3
1.2 The Problem of Source Separation 3
1.2.1 Mathematical Description 3
1.2.2 Different Types of Mixing Models 5
1.2.2.1 Linear Mixtures 5
1.2.2.2 Nonlinear Mixtures 6
1.2.2.3 Overdetermined, Determined, or Underdetermined Models 7
1.2.2.4 Noisy Mixtures 8
1.2.3 From Source Separation to Matrix Factorization 8
1.2.3.1 Factorization Ambiguity 9
1.2.3.2 Data Representation 10
1.2.3.3 Factorization Algorithms 10
1.2.4 Enhanced Diversity: Tensor Formulation and Factorization 11
1.2.5 From Supervised to Blind Solutions 14
1.3 Statistical Methods for Source Separation 15
1.3.1 Factorization of Independent Sources 16
1.3.2 Independent Component Analysis (ICA) 18
1.3.2.1 ICA by Mutual Information Minimization 18
1.3.2.2 ICA by Maximum Likelihood Estimation 19
vi Contents

1.3.2.3 ICA by Kurtosis Maximization 21

1.3.3 Methods Based on Second-Order Statistics 22
1.4 Source Separation Problems in Physical–Chemical Sensing 24
1.4.1 Material Analysis by Spectroscopy 24
1.4.2 Hyperspectral Imaging 26
1.4.3 Electrochemical Sensor Arrays 28
1.5 Source Separation Methods for Chemical–Physical Sensing 30
1.5.1 Self-Modeling Curve Resolution 31
1.5.2 Non-Negative Matrix Factorization 31
1.5.3 Bayesian Separation Approach 33
1.5.4 Geometrical Approaches 34
1.5.5 Tensor Factorization Methods 35
1.6 Organization of the Book 35
References 36

2 Optimization 43
Emilie Chouzenoux and Jean-Christophe Pesquet
2.1 Introduction to Optimization Problems 43
2.1.1 Problem Formulation 43
2.1.2 Theoretical Background 44
2.1.2.1 Convex Functions 44
2.1.2.2 Differentiability and Subdifferentiability 46
2.1.3 Examples in the Context of Source Separation 46
2.1.3.1 Non-negative Matrix Factorization 46
2.1.3.2 Independent Component Analysis 47
2.1.3.3 Tensor Decomposition 48
2.1.4 Chapter Outline 49
2.2 Majorization–Minimization Approaches 50
2.2.1 Majorization–Minimization Principle 50
2.2.2 Majorization Techniques 51
2.2.3 Quadratic MM Methods 57
2.2.3.1 Quadratic MM Algorithm 57
2.2.3.2 Half-Quadratic MM Algorithms 60
2.2.3.3 Subspace Acceleration Strategy 61
2.2.4 Variable Metric Forward–Backward Algorithm 63
2.2.5 Block-Coordinate MM Algorithms 66
2.2.5.1 General Principle 66
2.2.5.2 Block-Coordinate Quadratic MM Algorithm 68
2.2.5.3 Block-Coordinate VMFB Algorithm 70
2.3 Primal-Dual Methods 72
2.3.1 Lagrange Duality 72
 Contents vii

2.3.2 Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers 73

2.3.2.1 Basic Form 73
2.3.2.2 Minimizing a Sum of More Than Two Functions 74
2.3.3 Primal-Dual Proximal Algorithms 75
2.3.4 Primal-Dual Interior Point Algorithm 76
2.3.4.1 Primal-Dual Directions 79
2.3.4.2 Linesearch 80
2.3.4.3 Penalization Parameter Update 81
2.3.4.4 Resulting Algorithm 81
2.4 Application to NMR Signal Restoration 83
2.4.1 Quadratic Penalization 85
2.4.2 Entropic Penalization 86
2.4.3 Sparsity Prior in the Signal Domain 87
2.4.4 Sparsity Prior in a Transformed Domain 88
2.4.5 Sparsity Prior and Range Constraints 89
2.4.6 Concluding Remarks 90
2.5 Conclusion 91
References 92

3 Non-negative Matrix Factorization 103

David Brie, Nicolas Gillis, and Saïd Moussaoui
3.1 Introduction 103
3.1.1 Brief Historical Overview 104
3.2 Geometrical Interpretation of NMF and the Non-negative
Rank 105
3.2.1 Non-negative Rank Formulation 105
3.2.2 Convex Cone Formulation 105
3.2.3 Nested Polytope Formulation 107
3.2.4 Non-negative Rank Computation 108
3.2.5 Illustrative Examples 110
3.3 Uniqueness and Admissible Solutions of NMF 112
3.3.1 Uniqueness Conditions 113
3.3.2 Finding the Admissible Solutions 114
3.3.2.1 Illustration in the Case of Two Sources 115
3.3.2.2 Illustration in the Case of More Than Two Sources 115
3.4 Non-negative Matrix Factorization Algorithms 118
3.4.1 Statistical Formulation of Optimization Criteria 118
3.4.1.1 Case of a Gaussian Noise 118
3.4.1.2 Case of Poissonian Distribution 118
3.4.2 Iterative Factorization Methods 120
3.4.2.1 Initializing NMF Algorithms 121
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks and enjoy
exciting offers!
viii Contents

3.4.2.2 Alternating Non-negative Least Squares, An Exact Coordinate

Descent Method with 2 Blocks of Variables 122
3.4.2.3 Multiplicative Updates 123
3.4.2.4 Alternating Least Squares 124
3.4.2.5 Exact Coordinate Descent Method with 2R Blocks of
Variables 124
3.4.3 Constrained and Penalized Factorization Methods 126
3.4.4 Geometrical Approaches and Separability 128
3.5 Applications of NMF in Chemical Sensing. Two Examples of
Reducing Admissible Solutions 129
3.5.1 Polarized Raman Spectroscopy: A Data Augmentation
Approach 130
3.5.1.1 Raman Data Description 130
3.5.1.2 Raman Data Processing 132
3.5.2 Unmixing Blurred Raman Spectroscopy Images 135
3.5.2.1 Blurring Effect Modeling 136
3.5.2.2 Application to Raman Spectroscopy Images 138
3.6 Conclusions 141
References 141

4 Bayesian Source Separation 151

Saïd Moussaoui, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte, Nicolas Dobigeon, and
Christian Jutten
4.1 Introduction 151
4.2 Overview of Bayesian Source Separation 152
4.2.1 General Framework 152
4.2.2 Choice of the Prior Distributions 153
4.2.3 Source Signal and Mixing Matrix Estimation from the Posterior
Distribution 155
4.2.3.1 Joint Maximum A Posteriori (JMAP) 155
4.2.3.2 Marginal Maximum A Posteriori (MMAP) 156
4.2.3.3 Posterior Mean (PM) or Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE) 157
4.2.4 Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling and Inference 158
4.3 Statistical Models for the Separation in the Linear Mixing 159
4.3.1 Mixing Model 159
4.3.2 Likelihood Functions in the Linear Mixing Case 160
4.3.2.1 Gaussian Noise 160
4.3.2.2 Poissonian Noise 161
 Contents ix

4.3.3 Priors on the Source Signals and Mixing Coefficients in

Chemical Sensing 162
4.3.3.1 Non-negativity Constraint 162
4.3.3.2 Bound Constraints 164
4.3.3.3 Sum-to-One Constraint 164
4.3.3.4 Smoothness Constraint 166
4.3.4 Application to the Separation of Synthetic Spectral
Mixtures 166
4.3.4.1 Bayesian Separation Model 168
4.3.4.2 Bayesian Separation Algorithm 170
4.3.4.3 Bayesian Separation Results 170
4.4 Statistical Models and Separation Algorithms for Nonlinear
Mixtures 173
4.4.1 Nonlinear Mixing Models from Physical–Chemical Sensing
Theory 173
4.4.1.1 First Example. Interference in Potentiometric Sensors 174
4.4.1.2 Second Example. Intimate Mixtures in Hyperspectral
Imaging 175
4.4.2 Empirical Nonlinear Mixing Models Used in Separation
Algorithms 175
4.4.2.1 Post-Nonlinear Mixing Models 176
4.4.2.2 Polynomial Mixing Models 176
4.4.2.3 Linear–Quadratic Mixing Models 176
4.4.2.4 Bilinear Mixing Models 177
4.5 Some Practical Issues on Algorithm Implementation 177
4.5.1 A Simple Example 178
4.5.1.1 The Resulting Gibbs Sampler 180
4.6 Applications to Case Studies in Chemical Sensing 182
4.6.1 Monitoring of Calcium Carbonate Crystallization Using
Raman Spectroscopy 182
4.6.1.1 Mixture Preparation and Data Acquisition 182
4.6.1.2 Mixture Analysis by Bayesian Source Separation 183
4.6.2 Dealing with Interference Issues in Ion-Selective Electrode
Arrays 186
4.7 Conclusion 191
Appendix 4.A Implementation of Function postsourcesrnd
via Metropolis-Hasting Algorithm 191
References 193
x Contents

5 Geometrical Methods – Illustration with

Hyperspectral Unmixing 201
José M. Bioucas-Dias and Wing-Kin Ma
5.1 Introduction 201
5.2 Hyperspectral Sensing 202
5.2.1 Hyperspectral Imaging 202
5.2.2 Hyperspectral Unmixing 204
5.3 Hyperspectral Mixing Models 206
5.4 Linear HU Problem Formulation 208
5.4.1 Preprocessing 210
5.4.1.1 Dimension Reduction (DR) 210
5.4.2 Signal Subspace Identification 211
5.4.2.1 Affine Set Estimation and Projection 213
5.4.3 Classes of Linear HU Problems 216
5.4.3.1 Datasets with Pure Pixels. Pure Pixel Pursuit 216
5.4.3.2 Datasets Without Pure Pixels. Minimum Volume Simplex
Estimation 217
5.4.3.3 Highly Mixed Datasets. Statistical Inference 218
5.4.3.4 Hyperspectral Unmixing Through Sparse Regression (SR) 219
5.4.3.5 Synopsis of the Linear HU Problems 220
5.5 Dictionary-Based Semiblind HU 222
5.5.1 Sparse Regression 222
5.5.2 Sensor Array Processing Meets Semiblind HU 226
5.5.3 Further Discussion 227
5.6 Minimum Volume Simplex Estimation 227
5.6.1 VolMin Optimization 230
5.6.2 Non-Negative Matrix Factorization 233
5.6.3 Illustrative Comparison of Geometrical Methods 238
5.7 Applications 239
5.7.1 Unmixing Example Under the Pure Pixel Assumption 239
5.7.2 Unmixing via Sparse Regression 240
5.7.3 Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Unmixing of Pharmaceutical
Tablets 242
5.8 Conclusions 244
References 245

6 Tensor Decompositions: Principles and Application to

Food Sciences 255
Jérémy Cohen, Rasmus Bro, and Pierre Comon
6.1 Introduction 255
6.1.1 A Simplified Definition 255
 Contents xi

6.1.2 Separability: A Key Concept for Tensor Decomposition

Model 257
6.1.3 The Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (FEEM) 258
6.1.4 Structure of the Chapter 260
6.1.4.1 Note 261
6.1.4.2 Other Introductions 261
6.2 Tensor Decompositions 261
6.2.1 Tensor-Based Method, the Matrix Case 261
6.2.2 Canonical Polyadic Decomposition, PARAFAC/
CanDecomp 263
6.2.3 Manipulation of Tensors 266
6.2.3.1 Vectorization 266
6.2.3.2 Matricization 268
6.2.3.3 Contractions and CPD 269
6.2.4 The Chain Rule 269
6.2.5 Multilinear Singular Value Decomposition 270
6.2.6 Tucker 271
6.2.7 PARAFAC2 272
6.2.8 Approximate Decomposition 272
6.3 Constraints in Decompositions 273
6.3.1 Non-negativity 274
6.3.1.1 Non-negative CPD 274
6.3.1.2 Non-negative Tucker Decomposition 276
6.3.2 Block Decompositions 276
6.3.3 Structured Factors 277
6.3.3.1 Re-parameterization 277
6.3.3.2 Dictionary Constraints 278
6.4 Coupled Decompositions 279
6.4.1 Exact Coupled Decomposition, A First Approach 280
6.4.2 A General Framework for Data Fusion in Tensor
Decompositions 281
6.4.2.1 H1: Conditional Independence of the Data 282
6.4.3 Examples of Coupled Decomposition Models 284
6.4.3.1 Advanced Coupled Matrix Tensor Factorization 284
6.4.3.2 Shift PARAFAC and Others 285
6.4.3.3 GSVD 286
6.5 Algorithms 286
6.5.1 Unconstrained Tensor Decomposition 288
6.5.1.1 Iterative Algorithms for Approximate CPD 288
6.5.1.2 Deflation and N-PLS 291
6.5.1.3 Exact Decomposition Methods 293
xii Contents

6.5.2 Constrained Tensor Decomposition 293

6.5.2.1 Constrained Least Squares 293
6.5.2.2 Projected Gradient and All-at-Once Proximal Methods 294
6.5.2.3 Parametric Approaches 294
6.5.3 Handling Large Data Sets 294
6.5.3.1 Multilinear SVD Compression 295
6.6 Applications 297
6.6.1 Preprocessing 297
6.6.2 Fluorescence 298
6.6.3 Chromatography 301
6.6.4 Other Applications 304
References 307

Index 325
 xiii

About the Editors

Christian Jutten received PhD (1981) and Doctor

ès Sciences (1987) degrees from Grenoble Insti-
tute of Technology, France. He was Associate
Professor (1982–1989), Professor (1989–2019)
at University Grenoble Alpes, where he is
now Emeritus Professor since September
2019. Since 1980s, his research interests are
in machine learning and source separation,
including theory and applications (biomedical
engineering, hyperspectral imaging, chemical
sensing, speech). He is author/co-author of
four books, 125+ papers in international journals, and 250+ publications in
international conferences.
Jutten was a visiting professor at EPFL, RIKEN labs, and University of
Campinas. He served as director or deputy director of the signal/image
processing laboratory in Grenoble (1993 to 2010), as scientific advisor for
signal/image processing at the French Ministry of Research (1996–1998),
and at CNRS (2003–2006 and 2012–2019).
Jutten was organizer or program chair of many international conferences,
including the first Independent Component Analysis conference in 1999
(ICA’99) and IEEE MLSP 2009. He was the technical program co-chair of
ICASSP 2020. He was a member of the IEEE MLSP and SPTM Technical
Committees. He was associate editor for Signal Processing and IEEE Trans.
on Circuits and Systems, and guest co-editor for IEEE Signal Processing
Magazine (2014) and the Proceedings of the IEEE (2015). From 2021 to 2023,
he was editor-in-chief of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.
Jutten received many awards, e.g. best paper awards of EURASIP (1992)
and IEEE GRSS (2012), Medal Blondel (1997) from the French Electrical
Engineering society, and one Grand Prix of the French Académie des
Sciences (2016). He was elevated as IEEE fellow (2008), EURASIP fellow
(2013), and as a Senior Member of Institut Universitaire de France for
xiv About the Editors

10 years since 2008. He was the recipient of a 2012 ERC Advanced Grant for
the project Challenges in Extraction and Separation of Sources (CHESS).
Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte received the BS and
MSc degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil,
in 2004 and 2006, respectively, and the PhD
degree from the Grenoble Institute of Tech-
nology (Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble
Alpes), France, in 2009. Since 2011, he has
been with the School of Applied Sciences
(FCA) at UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil, where
he is currently an associate professor. He is
a Senior Member of the IEEE. In 2016, he
was a Visiting Professor at the École de Génie
Industriel (GI-Grenoble INP, France). Since 2015, he has been recipient of
the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq,
Brazil) productivity research grant. Since 2023, he is one of the principal
investigators within the Brazilian Institute of Data Science (BI0S), one of
the Brazilian Applied Research Centers on Artificial Intelligence. In 2017,
he was the recipient of UNICAMP “Zeferino Vaz” Academic Recognition
Award (for research and teaching performance at UNICAMP). In 2022, he
was elected Affiliated Member (up to 40 years old) of the Brazilian Academy
of Sciences (ABC). His research interests center around the broad area of
data science and lie primarily in the fields of signal processing, decision aid-
ing and machine learning, and also in the interplays between these fields.
Saïd Moussaoui received the MEng degree in
electrical engineering from Ecole Nationale
Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria, in 2001; the
MSc degree in Control, Signals and Commu-
nication from the University Henri Poincaré,
Nancy, France, in 2004; and the PhD degree
in Signal and Image Processing from Univer-
sité Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France, in 2005.
Since 2006, he has been with the Department
of Automatics and Robotics at Ecole Centrale
Nantes where he is currently a full Professor.
He is a member of the group of Signals, Images
and Sounds (SIMS) of the Laboratory of Digital Sciences of Nantes (LS2N,
CNRS UMR 6004). His research interests are related to the field of signal
and image processing, including methodological aspects of statistical infer-
ence, numerical optimization, and the application in various real-life con-
texts such as chemical data analysis, remote sensing, and biological imaging.
 xv

List of Contributors

José M. Bioucas-Dias Pierre Comon

Instituto de Telecomunicacoes CNRS
Instituto Superior Técnico GIPSA-lab
Lisboa Université Grenoble Alpes
Portugal France

David Brie Nicolas Dobigeon

CRAN IRIT
Lorraine University INP-ENSEEIHT
Nancy IRIT University of Toulouse
France Toulouse
France
Rasmus Bro
Department of Food Science Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte
University of Copenhagen School of Applied Sciences (FCA)
Frederiksberg University of Campinas
Denmark Limeira
Brazil
Emilie Chouzenoux
OPIS, Inria Saclay Nicolas Gillis
University Paris-Saclay Department of Mathematics and
Gif-sur-Yvette Operational Research
France University of Mons
Mons
Jérémy Cohen Belgium
CNRS, CREATIS
Lyon
France
xvi List of Contributors

Christian Jutten Saïd Moussaoui

GIPSA-lab LS2N, Nantes Université
Univ. Grenoble Alpes Ecole Centrale Nantes
CNRS, Institut Univ. Nantes
de France France
Grenoble
France Jean-Christophe Pesquet
CVN, CentraleSupélec
Wing-Kin Ma University Paris Saclay
Department of Electronic France
Engineering
The Chinese University of
Hong Kong
Hong Kong SAR
China
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks and enjoy
exciting offers!
 xvii

Foreword
In Memoriam: José M. Bioucas-Dias (1960–2020),
a Humble Giant

José Manuel Bioucas-Dias (1960–2020) was a Professor at Instituto Superior

Técnico (IST), the engineering school of the University of Lisbon, and a
senior researcher at Instituto de Telecomunicações. After obtaining his
PhD degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering, in 1995, from IST, he
dedicated his research life to the area of signal and image processing, in
problems related to the reconstruction, restoration, and analysis of images.
In particular, he focused deeply on processing and analysis of remote
sensing observations, a subject in which he was widely considered a
world-leading authority. José Bioucas-Dias contributed to highly relevant
and influential scientific and technical advances in synthetic aperture
radar, interferometric radar, and hyperspectral imaging.
Figure 1 features a word cloud constructed from the titles of his numerous
publications available from IEEE Xplore. Clearly, “hyperspectral” appears
as a central topic of interest and he was indeed a key member of the hyper-
spectral imaging research community, be it from the geoscience and remote
sensing point of view or from the signal and image processing point of view.
The direct and indirect implications and applications of his contributions are
numerous, namely in the processing and analysis of satellite images, whose
impact on modern society is enormous.
For his contributions to image processing and analysis in remote sensing,
José Bioucas-Dias was elevated to Fellow of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers) in 2016. In 2017, he received the first David
Landgrebe Award, (Figure 2a) from the Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Society (GRSS) of the IEEE, with the citation “for outstanding contributions
in the field of remote sensing image analysis.” According to the GRSS,
“the David Landgrebe award is a career award, given for extraordinary
xviii Foreword In Memoriam: José M. Bioucas-Dias (1960–2020), a Humble Giant

Figure 1 Word cloud based on the titles of all publications of José Bioucas-Dias,
extracted from IEEE Xplore.

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a) José Bioucas-Dias receiving the David Landgrebe Award. (b) José
Bioucas-Dias, general chair of the 3rd Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and
Signal Processing, held in 2011 in Lisbon, Portugal.

contributions in the field of remote observation image analysis.” In 2018 he

was named Distinguished Lecturer by the IEEE GRSS.
Throughout his career, José Bioucas-Dias published more than 100 articles
in the most prestigious journals in his areas of work, as well as more than
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Robinson Crusoëus
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Robinson Crusoëus

Author: Joachim Heinrich Campe

Daniel Defoe

Translator: François Joseph Goffaux

Release date: February 26, 2024 [eBook #73030]

Language: Latin

Original publication: Paris: F.J. Goffaux (self published), 1825

Credits: Aurēliānus Agricola

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBINSON

CRUSOËUS ***
 Important note : If during the Middle Ages Latin evolved
independently from its classical archetype, the humanists of the
Renaissance strove to restore the original language by drawing from
copies of the works of ancient authors. These copies being
imperfect, the spelling of certain words was impaired with folk
etymology and influenced by improper pronunciation, and the length
of the vowels, despite its importance in the classical language, was
and still is widely neglected. Only the rise of Indo-European studies,
especially after 1850, helped restoring and gradually spread the
original forms and sounds of the words. Older works, when they are
republished, may also benefit from the most recent spelling, and as
such show more useful to students who need to learn from the best
standards, or just provide a more pleasurable reading experience to
more advanced readers. Therefore, this work is offered to you in the
original version, but also in a renewed version, with better spelling if
applicable, and long vowels noted with macrons. On the other
hand, although the spelling has been modified, vocabulary, grammar
and syntax, fortunate or not, which belong to the author, were kept
as they were out of respect for the original work.

Access to the original version Access to the new version

ROBINSON CRUSOËUS
Latinè scripsit F. J. Goffaux, humaniorum litterarum olim professor
 Quinta editio

Pueris dant crustula blandi

Doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima.
Hor. Sat. 1, v. 25.

Parisiis, et typis Augusti Delalain,

Bibliopolæ-Edit., in via Mathurinensium, nº.5.

1825.
 Lectori.

S æpè animadversum est adolescentulis primum Latinarum

litterarum limen ingressis nonnihil, fastidii rerum gravitate
afferri. Itaque existimavi, non parùm ætati teneræ esse profuturum,
si quis susciperet aliquod ejusmodi opusculum, quod et doceret
simul et oblectaret. Atque is mihi visus est, qui finem hunc
assequeretur, scriptus apud Anglos de Robinsonis casibus liber, de
quo Russœus noster : Hunc primum leget Æmilius.

Cùm autem Robinsonis Anglici fabularis historia multâ

digressione luxuriet, atque in omnibus, quæ ad pueros pertinent,
satietati fastidioque sit occurrendum, placuit potissimùm seligere
optima ex simili de eodem [vi] Robinsone fabulâ, quam Germanicè
scripsit Henricus Campe. Hunc igitur auctorem eò lubentiùs secutus
fui, quòd ejus narratio aspersa sit sententiis quibus juvenum animi
ad pietatem, constantiam et sobrietatem informentur.

Habes itaque, Lector benevole, libellum nulla sanè aliâ laude

commendandum, nisi meo de juventute benè merendi studio. Quo
impulsus, in id præcipuè incubui, ut, aptato materiæ stylo,
grammaticas, quantùm fieri poterat, regulas inculcarem ; non
splendidâ gravique (res enim non ferebat), sed simplici et ad captum
legentium accommodatâ oratione. Quatenùs scopum attigerim,
judicabunt, qui exiguum hoc opus legere non dedignabuntur ; sed
oro meminerint me tironum gratiâ scripsisse.
 Index capitum

I. Robinsonis ortus, indoles, educatio. — Cupido peregrinandi. —

Discessus à parentibus. — Profectio in Angliam. — Infausta initia.
— Tempestas. — Navis obruta fluctibus. — Robinson, aliâ
exceptus, advenit Londinum, unde solvit ad Guineam.
II. Robinson pergit iter. — Mala omina. — Navis incensa. — Alia
fluctibus jactata. — Advehitur ad insulas Canarias. — Descriptio
loci illius amœnissimi. — Inde profectus ad Americam naufragium
facit.
III. Sera Robinsonis pœnitentia. — Desperatio. — Vitam miserè
sustentat. — Habitat in speluncâ.
IV. Robinson reperit poma eximiæ magnitudinis. — Sibi conficit varia
instrumenta. — Funiculos. — Stratum. — Umbellam. — Peram. —
Calendarium.
V. Robinson insulam perlustrat. — Magnus terror. — In gaudium
vertitur. — Descriptio lamæ. — Unum occidit. — Sed igne caret. —
Carnem more Tartarorum coquit.
VI. Turbo ingens. — Tempestas, undè magnum Robinsoni
beneficium. — Tædium solitudinis. — Aranea.
VII. Præda ingens. — Deest res maximè necessaria. — Vota irrita. —
Ambulatio. — Natatio. — Res variæ.
VIII. Lama mansuefacta. — Pulli. — Res variæ.
IX. Terræ motus. — Mons ignivomus. — Lamæ vi aquarum abrepti.
— Spelunca Robinsonis diruta.
X. Robinson habitaculum reficit. — Parat sibi alimenta in hiemem. —
Imbribus continuis impeditus domi, fingit vasa. — Nectit rete. —
Arcum et sagittas conficit.
XI. Summæ Robinsonis miseriæ. — Ab insectis infestatur. — Vestes
ex pellibus sibi conficit. — Incidit in gravem morbum.
XII. Convalescit ex morbo. — Maximi luctus. — Parva gaudia. —
Psittacus.
XIII. Multus labor in excavandâ scaphâ. — Robinsonis constantia. —
Quomodò diem inter varias occupationes distribuit. — In bellicis
artibus se exercet.
XIV. Robinson insulam peragrat. — Vestigia hominum reperit. —
Summus terror. — Prospicit crania, ossa, manus, pedes. — Quod
territo et fugienti accidit.
XV. Epulæ atroces. — Prælium. — Fortitudo Robinsonis. — Vendredi
servatus.
XVI. Robinson paratus ad obsidionem ferendam. — Vendredi
describitur. — Quare sic appellatus.
XVII. Origo regiæ potestatis. — Robinson abundat opibus. — Habet
subditos. — Vendredi novo vivendi genere delectatur.
XVIII. Suspicio in lætitiam et admirationem versa. — Casus qui risum
legenti movebit. — Rebus secundis adversæ levantur.
XIX. Robinson habitaculum fossâ et palis munit. — Docet socium
Germanicè loqui. — Ambo scapham fabricare statuunt.
XX. Pluviarum tempus. — Socii nectunt stragulas, retia. — Cymba
conficitur.
XXI. Robinson et Vendredi, insulâ relictâ, mari se committunt. —
Summa pericula in quibus versantur.
XXII. Ambo è periculo se expediunt. — Reversi in insulam, hortum
colunt. — Piscantur ; natant ; venantur. — Novum iter suscipiunt.
XXIII. Res multæ et magnæ. — Tempestas. — Fragor tonitruum. —
Sonitus ænei tormenti. — Magna navis derelicta. — Vendredi ad
illam adnatat. — Ignota animalia. — Canis. — Capra. — Ratis.
XXIV. Multæ opes repertæ. — Cibi. — Supellex. — Instrumenta. —
Vestes. — Sclopeta. — Robinson repentè dives.
XXV. Vendredi servat Robinsonem. — Opes à littore domum advectæ
auxilio canis et lamarum. — Munimenta arci addita. — Robinson,
faber factus et agricola, vivit beatè.
XXVI. Adsunt ! adsunt ! — Arma inter socios dividuntur. — Paratur
bellum. — Duo viri adversùs quinquaginta. — Victoris clementia.
XXVII. Vendredi patrem suum invenit. — Hispanus narrat suos casus.
XXVIII. Concio advocata. — Legati missi. — Leges institutæ. —
Spelunca. — Monstrum.
XXIX. Navis anglica appulsa ad insulam. — Quo casu. — Magna
Robinsonis in præfectum merita. — Spes liberationis.
XXX. Fundata colonia. — Robinson relinquit insulam. — Quod accidit
in patriam redeunti. — Quomodo vitam deinde honestam et
beatam degit.

[1]

ROBINSON CRUSOËUS.
 Caput primum.

Robinsonis ortus, indoles, educatio. — Cupido peregrinandi. —

Discessus à parentibus. — Profectio in Angliam. — Infausta initia. —
Tempestas. — Navis obruta fluctibus. — Robinson, aliâ exceptus,
advenit Londinum, unde solvit ad Guineam.

E rat Hamburgi, in urbe apud Germanos celeberrimâ, vir quidam,

cui nomen Robinson : suscepit ex uxore tres filios.

Maximus natu, armorum studiosior quàm librorum, tractare à

teneris gladios, or [2]dine militari pueros instruere, aures vicinorum
repetito tympani sonitu obtundere ; vixque adolescens factus, è fictis
certaminibus ad vera procurrens, militiæ nomen suum dedit.

Cùm ille didicisset per aliquot menses stare et sequi, vertere

corpus ad sinistram dexteramve, exarsit bellum Turcas inter et
Germanos, in quo cùm multa egregiè fecisset, cecidit adverso
confossus vulnere.

Alter, qui litteras in gymnasio discebat, ut causas in foro ageret,

sæpè principatum inter æquales in solitis concertationibus obtinebat.
Nec parva erat parentum magistrorumque de juvene exspectatio ;
sed cùm fortè in feriis septembralibus corpore adhuc calido aquam
frigidam imprudentiùs bibisset, in morbum incidit, et intra paucos
dies exstinctus est.

Jam nullus supererat præter minimum natu, qui Crusoe

appellabatur. Itaque suam in eo spem omnem ambo parentes
collocaverunt, quippe qui ipsis esset uni [3]cus. Nihil eo carius in
terris habebant ; sed amor eorum non erat rectæ rationi
consentaneus.

Cùm enim debuissent certam ei vivendi disciplinam tradere,

multaque utilia simul et jucunda eum docere, quæ ipsum olim
bonum et beatum effecissent, omnia filiolo indulserunt ; qui cùm
ludere quàm studere mallet, totam illam ætatem ; quæ bonis artibus
vacare poterat, in otio et nugis consumpsit.

Pater optabat ut ille mercaturæ se addiceret : quâquidem

proximè ab agriculturâ nihil melius, nihil fructuosius, nihil homine
libero dignius. Hoc verò minimè filio placuit ; se malle ait orbem
terrarum peragrare, ut multas res novas audire, multas videre
posset.

Jam annum ætatis decimum septimum attigerat, plurimùm verò

temporis triverat in otio. Quotidiè autem patrem urgebat, ut ab ipso
peregrinandi licentiam impetraret, quam ille nolebat concedere.
[4]Quâdam die, cùm more suo præter portum cursitaret, incidit in
unum ex æqualibus, navarchi cujusdam filium, qui in eo erat ut cum
patre Londinum navigaret.

Interrogavit eum sodalis an adjungere se socium itineris vellet :

« Libenter, ait Crusoeus ; vereor autem ut parentes id mihi
concedant. — Hui ! respondet alter, sine veniâ proficiscendum est.
Post tres hebdomades reduces erimus : parentibus verò nuntiandum
curabis, quònam terrarum migraveris. — Careo autem pecuniâ, ait
Crusoeus. — Nihil refert, alter excipit, siquidem hoc tibi constabit
gratis. »

Robinson noster, re paululum deliberatâ, ilico manum cum altero

jungens, « Euge, ô bone, exclamat ! ibo tecum ; sed confestim navem
conscendamus. » Tum mandat cuidam, ut horis aliquot elapsis
patrem conveniat, moneatque filium, ad Angliam invisendam
profectum, mox rediturum esse. Quibus peractis, ambo sodales
navem conscendunt.
[5]

Nec multò post nautæ solvunt anchoras, velaque vento

intendunt. Navis agi incipit ; navarchusque, tribus explosis tormentis
bellicis, urbi valedicit. Stabat Robinson in stegâ, et vix
præconceptam ex optato diù itinere lætitiam capiebat.

Cœlum serenum erat, ventusque adeò secundus, ut brevì

Hamburgum è conspectu abeuntium se subduxerit. Posterâ die, jam
eò devenerant ubi Albis in mare effluit, et nunc altum tenent. Quantâ
verò Robinson admiratione stupuit, cùm maris immensitatem
intuens, suprà se nihil præter cœlum, atque nihil ante, pone, circa se
nisi aquam conspexit !

Fuit per biduum aer serenus, ventusque bellè flavit

navigantibus ; tertio autem die cœlum nubibus tegi, ventusque
vehementior esse cœpit. Ac primò fulgura emicant, quasi totum
flammis cœlum arderet. Deindè ingruunt tenebræ veluti in altissimâ
nocte : tonitrua cum ingenti fragore resonare, imber de cœlo ruere
torrenti [6]similis, mare intumescens fluctus ciere. Navis modò ad
nubes tolli, modò præceps ferri in profundum. Quantus funium
strepitus ! quantus in navi tumultus ! quod nactus erat, quisque
complectebatur, ne dejiceretur ipse.

Robinson, insuetus maris adolescens, cùm jactationem maris

ferre non posset, nauseâ correptus est, et tam malè se habuit, ut
exspiranti similis videretur.

« Heu ! parentes optimi ! heu ! iterùm iterumque exclamavit,

nunquàm vos ego revisam. »

« Bone Deus ! exclamant nautæ pallidi desperantesque,

periimus ! abrepti sunt mali, navis aquâ undequaque completur. » His
auditis, Robinson, qui in cubili nautico sedebat, membris fluentibus,
retrò collapsus est. Cæteri ad antlias accurrere, ut navem, si fieri
possit, supra aquam retineant. Navarchus interim tormenta iterùm
iterùmque explosit, ut navibus, si quæ fortè non longè abessent,
si [7]gnificaret se magno in discrimine versari. Robinson, qui hujus
fragoris causam ignorabat, ratus omnia periisse, denuò exanimatus
est.

Et jam pro se quisque aquam exhaurire ; sed in infimo navis

tabulato crescebat aquæ altitudo.

Nihil præter mortem erat in exspectatione. Projiciuntur quidem

ad navem sublevandam tormenta, dolia, mercium sarcinæ ; sed nihil
hæc omnia proficiunt.

Intereà navis alia, audito sonitu tormentorum, quæ ad

significandum discrimen explosa fuerunt, scapham emiserat ad
servandos saltem navigantes ; sed æstus fluctuum obstabat,
quominus accederet. Attamen propiùs ita demum subiit, ut iis, qui in
navi essent, funis projiceretur. Cujus ope scapha tandem attracta
est, et in eam quisque desiliit, ut saluti consuleret. Robinson, qui
jacebat defuncto similis, à quibusdam nautis, quos adolescentuli
miserebat, in eamdem conjectus [8]est. Vix paululum à navi
recesserant, cùm illa ante oculos fluctibus obruta est. Et nunc feliciùs
contigit, ut tempestas paulatim sedaretur : aliter cymba, tot
hominibus onerata ipsa quoque fluctibus absorpta fuisset. Tandem,
post multa pericula, pervenit ad navem, quam omnes excepti sunt.

Navis illa Londinum tendebat. Quatuor elapsis diebus, ad ostium

Thamesis pervenit, quintâ verò in portu jecit anchoras. Mox quisque
in terram descendit, lætus quòd è periculo evasisset. Vix Robinson
pedem è nave extulerat, cùm eum incessit cupido visendæ immensæ
urbis Londini. Quidquid erat in oculis spectantem ita detinuit, ut
præteriti immemor de futuro quidem minimè curaret. Tandem suus
eum stomachus admonuit, Londini haud secùs ac alibi terrarum cibis
opus esse. Itaque adiit præfectum ejus navis quæ ipsum advexerat,
rogavitque ut liceret ipsius mensæ assidere. Ille verò lu [9]benter
juvenem excepit ; atque inter prandendum ab hospite quærit, quo
consilio et quid facturus hùc venerit ? Tum Robinson ingenuè
professus est, se animi recreandi causâ hoc iter suscepisse, atque
insciis parentibus ; jam autem se esse omninò inopem. « Insciis
parentibus tuis ? clamat nauta exterritus : bone Deus ! utinàm hoc
ego priùs rescivissem ! nunquam sanè à me impetrâsses, ut ego te in
navem meam admitterem. » Robinson, demissis oculis, vultuque
rubore suffuso, siluit. Nec desiit bonus nauta monere adolescentem,
quàm graviter peccavisset, addiditque illum nunquam aliquâ ex parte
beatum esse posse, donec à suis veniam oravisset. Robinson
commotus multùm flevit : « Sed quid agam nunc ? » rogat ille cum
singultu.
 « Quid ages ? respondet alter : primam quamlibet navem, quæ
hinc Hamburgum tendit, sine morâ conscendes ; tunc re [10]versus ad
tuos peccati veniam piè rogabis, pollicitus te nunquam posteà in
simili culpâ fore. — Sed planè careo pecuniâ, ait Robinson. — En
quatuor guineas, excepit nauta, quas ego tibi commodabo, licèt ipse
parvo, quod mihi superest, ægrè caream. His tu adjutus ad portum
te confer ; sit Deus tibi magis propitius redeunti quàm nobis fuit
navigantibus. » His dictis, manum benevolè junxit, atque faustum
iter ipsi precatus est. Abiit Robinson.

Dùm ille portum peteret, varia secum in animo volvebat :

« Quomodò mei reducem me excipient ? Castigabunt sanè propter
tale delictum. Sodales verò, et tam multi alii me irridebunt, quòd tam
citò redierim. » Sic diù dubitans quidnam consilii caperet, ad portum
pergit ; sed ibi audiit, summâ quidem cum voluptate, nullam adesse
navem, quæ Hamburgum tenderet. Qui autem hâc de re eum
certiorem fecerat, unus è præfectis [11]earum navium erat, quæ ad
Guinean proficiscuntur.

Cùm Robinson inter confabulandum dixisset, se non dolere quòd

nulla sibi Hamburgum redeundi adesset opportunitas, quia mirâ
flagrabat cupiditate peregrinandi, præfectus navis ei auctor fuit
itineris ad Guineam faciendi. Quo audito, primùm Robinson
obstupuit. Sed cùm præfectus itineris ei declaravisset, iter hoc fore
jucundissimum, seque ut haberet ipse quîcum versaretur, gratìs eum
excepturum, ac prætereà rem eam esse undè quæstum ille non
mediocrem faceret, tum verò tanta eum invasit cupiditas
proficiscendi, ut subitò è memoriâ exciderit quidquid bonus nauta
Hamburgensis eum admonuerat.
 Sed re paululum consideratâ, « Equidem, ait Robinson, quatuor
tantummodò guineas habeo. Ecquid ego commercii cum hâc exiguâ
re eo loco faciam, quò tu proficisceris ? — Sex insuper guineas ego
tibi commodabo, respondit præfectus. [12]Nec majore pecuniâ tibi
opus est ad emendum unde multas in Guineâ opes consequaris.
Quoties ab exiguis initiis res maximæ profectæ sunt !

« Sed quid ego his emam ? Robinson interrogat. — Meras nugas,

respondit præfectus ; vitres, torques, cultros, forfices, secures,
tænias, etc., quibus nigri Africæ incolæ tantopere gaudent, ut tibi
vim auri eborisque centies majorem pro iis daturi sint. »

Nec jam diutiùs sibi Robinson temperare potuit ; sed oblitus

parentum, amicorum, patriæ, exclamat : « En ego tibi comes itineris
præsto sum. — Agedum, » respondit præfectus, dextrisque junctis
rem paciscuntur.

Robinson itaque decem guineis dives ad urbem properat,

comparat varias merces, uti navarchus præceperat, comparatasque
in navem transportandas curat. Paucis diebus elapsis, vento favente,
præfectus navis anchoras solvi, atque vela ventis dari jussit.
[13]
 Caput secundum.

Robinson pergit iter. — Mala omina. — Navis incensa. — Alia

fluctibus jactata. — Advehitur ad insulas Canarias. — Descriptio loci
illius amœnissimi. — Inde profectus ad Americam naufragium facit.

N ovum hoc Robinsonis iter faustissimum initium habuit. Jamque

incolumes fretum Calesium transierant, et in ipso Atlantico mari
versabantur : tum verò per plurimos dies continuos vento reflante
navis Americam versùs abrepta est.

At ecce vespere quodam gubernator declaravit se flammas

relucentes à longinquo conspicere ; cùmque inspectâ tabulâ nauticâ
intelligeret vel ad centum milliaria nihil terrarum esse, conjectabat
hunc [14]ignem nihil aliud esse nisi navem incendio flagrantem.

Vix hæc dixerat, cùm in auras tolli visa est navis, terribili cum
fragore, et mox tota undis obruta est. Cùm nox supervenisset, nihil
ampliùs cerni poterat. Primâ autem luce apparent duæ scaphæ, cum
fluctibus colluctantes, quæ remis pertinaciùs everberabant mare, ut
ad navem accederent. Extemplò præfectus vexillum nauticum
explicuit, significans se ad opem illis ferendam paratum esse. Navis
ipsa omnibus velis ad eos tendit, atque intra dimidium horæ ad
miseros pervenit.
 Sexaginta erant, viri, mulieres et pueri, qui omnes nave excepti
sunt. Erat res omninò miserabilis, cùm infelices illi faucibus mortis se
ereptos viderent. Alii enim flere præ gaudio, alii clamare, quasi
periculum nunc primùm immineret ; illi exsultare saltu lymphatico, hi
verò pallidi manus torquere. Nonnulli stare muti et stupentibus
similes. Nemo quòque inter nau [15]tas tam ferreus, quin his
conspectis commotus ipse lacrymaretur.

Cùm eis paulatim rediisset animus, unus narravit quid miseris

accidisset :

« Navis incensa magna quædam navis erat mercatoria

Francorum, quæ ad insulam Martinicam tendebat. Exarserat ignis in
cubiculo gubernatoris, flammâ tam velociter grassante, ut nulla ejus
exstinguendæ spes adforet. Vix per tempus licebat se in cymbas
recipere, et ab incensâ nave paululùm discedere, cùm, flammâ
cameram, in quâ pulvis tormentarius sepositus est, corripiente,
discerpta navis dissiluit. »

Dum hæc narrarentur, sedebat in angulo Robinson silens,

pallidusque, similis homini quem malefacti remordet conscientia.
« Bone Deus ! ait ille secum, si cum hominibus illis, inter quos sunt
profectò quidam longè quàm ego meliores, tam malè agitur, heu !
quid mihi ex [16]spectandum, qui sic erga parentes peccaverim ? »

Cùm illi cibo aliquo refecti fuissent, tum unus qui dignitate
cæteris præstare videbatur, præfectum adiit, crumenamque aureis
nummis plenam porrigens, « Ego inquit, miseram illam navem
instruxi ; hoc solum eripui, oroque ut pignus grati pro salute animi
accipias. »
 Tum verò fuit res spectaculo digna, certamen ambos inter viros,
uter hinc gratior, inde honestior foret.

« Absit sanè, respondet præfectus, ut munus tuum accipiam.

Cùm ego vobis opem tuli, nihil aliud egi quàm quod à naturâ homini
erga hominem præscriptum est, scilicet ut homo homini, quicumque
sit, consulat, ob eam causam quòd is homo sit. »

Frustrà ille præfectum urgere, ut oblatum munus acciperet ;

perseveranter negavit, rogans, ut rem planè dimitteret. [17]Tum
deliberatur, quònam servati homines essent vehendi. Duplex erat
causa cur ad Guineam non ducerentur. Primò quidem minimè opus
erat longum iter in eam regionem facere, nihil ibi negotii habentibus.

Nec deinde tanta aderat in nave ciborum copia, undè tot

navigantes in itinere victitarent.

Præfectus tandem statuit, omissâ propriâ utilitate, centum et

ampliùs milliaribus à viâ rectâ deflectere, eosque in Terram Novam
transportare, ubi sperabat fore, ut sese offerret opportunitas in
Galliam cum piscatoribus asellorum redeundi. Eò igitur cursum
direxit ; cùmque advenisset, naves Gallicas nactus est, quæ miseros
receperunt. His peractis, iter suum ad Guineam prosecutus est.

Tum navis celerrimo cursu, aquas secat ; quâ navigandi

velocitate Robinson noster mirè delectatus est. Post aliquot dies,
ecce magnam navem conspiciunt, ad se ten [18]dentem. Mox verò
audiunt sonitum tormentorum periculi instantis indicem, et
animadvertunt navem esse duobus malis orbatam. Cùm ad eam
propiùs accessissent, qui in eâ vehebantur, sublatis manibus,
miserabiliter exclamant : « Servate infelices quibus omnibus
pereundum est, nisi vos eorum miserebit. »
 Tum ex iis quæsitum est quid mali accidisset ; quidam verò ex
illis sic orsus est :

« Angli sumus, ex insulâ Jamaica, sacchari vecturam inde

deportaturi. Ibi dum navis staret anchoris alligata, præfectus cum
gubernatore in terram descendit, ad merces aliquas insuper
emendas.

« Intereà exorta est tempestas, tanto turbine, ut, fune disrupto,

navis ex portu in altum propelleretur. Tempestas ista tres dies
noctesque sæviit : tum malis omnibus amissis, centum et plura
milliaria abrepti sumus. Accedit ad hanc nostram calamitatem, quòd
nemo nostrorum artis nauticæ peritus sit : novem jam [19]integras
hebdomades hinc et inde jactati, victum omnem consumpsimus, et
nostri plerique jacent fame exhausti. »

Bonus itaque præfectus statim cymbam exponi jussit,

assumptâque secum idoneâ ciborum copiâ, ipse cum Robinsone ad
navem accedit. Erat sanè lugenda prorsùs omnium conditio qui in illâ
vehebantur : universi inediâ quasi consumpti ; nonnulli vix poterant
pedibus stare.

Cùm autem cubiculum nauticum intrâssent, horrendum visu !

jacebant humi mater, filius et servula, qui omnes fame enecti
videbantur. Mox autem deprehensum est, reliquias in eis animæ
vitalis superesse. Postquam enim nonnullæ succi è carne expressi
guttæ in os cujusque instillatæ sunt, lucem oculis quærere
cœperunt.

Mater præ nimiâ virium imbecillitate nihil quidquam absorbere

poterat ; cùm autem innuisset, ut tantummodò filio suo consuleretur,
mox illa exspiravit.
[20]

Inter hæc duo reliqui animam receperant ; atque ut erant ætate

robustiores, præfecti diligentiâ feliciùs servati sunt. Cùm autem
juvenis, oculis in matrem conjectis, mortuam esse intellexisset,
tantus eum invasit dolor, ut deficientibus iterùm viribus ægrè ad
vitam revocari posset. Vicit tamen cura, atque ille cum servâ quoque
è faucibus mortis ereptus est. Deinde præfectus navem omni genere
alimentorum instruxit, malos à fabris suis reficiendos curavit,
ignarisque maris peritum nautam dedit, qui navem regeret ; atque ad
terram proximam ipse tendit, ut novam cibariorum comparationem
faceret. Hæc erat insula Madeira, una è Canariis. Robinson unà cum
præfecto in terram descendit, atque ibi lætissimo fortunatæ illius
insulæ adspectu satiari non potuit. Scilicet terra partim in planitiem
porrecta, partim in colliculos molliter assurgens, vernantem
frugiferarum arborum copiam explicat. Cœli admodum jucunda
temperies : nullus [21]enim hìc hiemis rigor ; ita vim omnem frigoris
retundunt clementiores solis radii mollesque favoniorum animæ,
quarum flabellis regio tota circumquàque ventilatur. Erant in oculis,
quàm longè patebat prospectus, segetes in agris benè pinguibus
diffusæ, juga montium continuis vitibus consita. Ut arridebant
Robinsoni nostro pendentes racemi ! Ô quales ille hausit delicias,
cùm præfectus ære dato impetravit, ut juveni liceret uvis pro libidine
satiari. Postquam ibi aliquantùm temporis moratus esset navis
reficiendæ causâ, anchoram solvit.

Per plures continuos dies felicissimo cursu usi sunt.

At ecce repentè vehemens tempestas ab austro oritur.

Spumabant fluctus, et in immensam surgebant altitudinem. Navis
tamen stetit invicta ; sed cùm sex dies continuos atrox tempestas
sæviisset, illa tam longè à viâ dejecta est, ut nec præfectus, nec
gubernator ampliùs intelligerent, quo [22]nam in loco versarentur.
Arbitrabantur tamen se ab insulis, quæ Caraïbæ vocantur, non
multum distare. Septimo autem die, cùm primùm illucesceret, è
nautis quidam, ingenti omnium lætitiâ, terram inclamat. Tum omnes
in stegam conscendere, visuri quænam sit terra illa ad quam
appulsuri sunt. Sed nunc lætitia in summum terrorem mutata est.
Ecce enim navis impingitur : quo ictu qui stabant in stegâ excussi
omnes planè corruerunt.

Scilicet navis in syrtem tam vehementi impetu allisa erat, ut

hæreret quasi affixa. Confestìm verò fluctus spumantes tantam vim
aquæ in stegam profuderunt, ut omnibus in cubiculo fuerit
confugiendum, ne ipsi abriperentur.

Tum flebilis nautarum oriri clamor ; tum ejulatus hinc Deum

orantium, inde clamantium : alii desperantes sibi crines avellere,
quidam jacere semianimi.

Hos inter Robinson erat exspiranti similis ; ac repentè exclamant

navem dehiscere. [23]Itaque in stegam omnes accurrere, et
demissam quàm celerrimè in scapham omnes desilire. Tanta autem
erat multitudo inconsultè ruentium, ut vix scapha palmæ latitudine
undas superaret. Cùm verò terra procul obesset, cuncti de orâ
unquàm assequendâ, sæviente adeò tempestate, desperabant.

At ecce ingens fluctus ad scapham volvi, montis instar : quo

omnes conspecto obstupescere, remosque dimittere. Nunc, nunc
instat periculum. Et jam aquæ mons scapham assequitur
subvertitque ; tum universi hauriuntur.
[24]
 Caput tertium.

Sera Robinsonis pœnitentia. — Desperatio. — Vitam miserè

sustentat. — Habitat in speluncâ.

F elici fato contigit, ut ingens ille fluctus qui Robinsonem

absorpserat, idem vi magnâ reciprocans, hominem in vado
exspueret. Hic cùm præter exspectationem in sicco versaretur, tum
extremis viribus usus est, ut summam in oram adscenderet ; cùmque
eò pervenisset, cœpit circumspicere. Eheu ! qualia oculis
obversantur ! scapha, navis, socii, omnia demersa. Nihil omninò
reliquum præter avulsas tabulas, quæ fluctuantes ad terram
ferebantur. Unus ipse, unus mortem effugerat. Gaudio igitur et
terrore trepidans, [25]in genua procubuit, manibusque sublatis,
lacrymis perfusus, Deo pro salutis miraculo gratias egit. Cùm verò
nihil præter arbusta aut arbores deprehenderet, nec ulla vestigia,
unde intelligere posset hanc regionem ab hominibus incoli, jam
gravissimum illi videbatur vitam sic in solitudine degere. Venit
quoque in mentem esse fortè vagantes belluas, aut feros homines ;
tùm multò majori horrore perculsus est. Itaque primum præ timore
nec stare ausus, nec progredi, circumspectare omnia, et vel minimo
strepitu expavescere. Sed mox quâ ardebat sitis torporem istum
excussit ; quam cùm diutiùs tolerare non posset, fontem aut rivum
indagare cœpit, et sic vestiganti occurrit manans per herbas rivulus :
quem ille secutus, invenit fontem liquidissimum, quo valdè recreatus
est.

Nec illum fames tunc maximè urgebat ; quippe cui angor

terrorque omnem cibi appetitum exemerant. Sed erant adeò
ex [26]haustæ illius vires, ut multò magis requiescere optaret.
Attamen caput erat locum invenire, in quo tutus pernoctaret. Nulla
domus, nullum tugurium, nullum specus erat in conspectu. Sic diù
consilii inops flevit. Tandem aves imitari, hospitiumque in arbore
quærere statuit. Ac brevì unam prospexit tam densam opacamque,
ut commodè insidere dorsumque acclinare posset : hanc adscendit
reptando, pièque Deum precatus, cùm se composuisset, statim
obdormivit. Inter somnum, illius menti, ut erat curarum æstu jactata,
rerum earum, quæ pridiè vigilanti acciderant, recursabant imagines.
Videre sibi videbatur motum et agitationem fluctuum navem
haurientium, nautarumque ejulatus exaudire. Sibi in animo fingebat
parentes luctu ac mœrore confectos, qui filii vicem dolentes,
manibus ad cœlum sublatis, flebant, et omne prorsùs solatium
aversabantur. Tunc altâ voce exclamat, inter somniandum : « Adsum,
adsum, parentes [27]carissimi ! » Dumque amplexu matrem petit,
decidit ex arbore. Sed fortè quod ipsi faustum fuit, sedem in loco
non ita sublimi posuerat, solumque tam denso gramine vestitum
erat, ut ille casu non ita gravi decideret. Iterum arborem suam
conscendit, in quâ manibus retinens surculos circâ eminentes, ad
ortum solis remansit.

Primâ luce cœpit cogitare, quâ ratione victum sibi pararet.

Omnes verò arbores quas hactenus conspexerat, erant ex earum
genere quas campêche vocamus ; atque illæ folia quidem, sed
fructus ferunt omninò nullos.
 Nec satis illi liquebat, quid sibi faciendum esset. Ex arbore
tamen descendit. Cùm autem pridiè nihil omnino comedisset, cœpit
fame sævissimâ laborare : itaque huc illuc per aliquot millia passuum
discurrit ; sed discurrendo nihil invenit, nisi arbores steriles et
gramina.

Tunc summo angore excruciatus famem [28]et ultima sibimet

ominabatur : « Pereundum mihi erit fame ! » exclamat, miserabiliter
ejulans. Desperanti verò necessitas satis animi viriumque adjecit, ut
se ad littus maris conferret, investigaretque diligentiùs, si quid fortè
alimenti inveniret. Sed sua eum spes fefellit. Hìc verò debilitatus
fractusque procubuit, facie in terram demissâ, flentemque miserè
pœnituit, quòd non fuisset fluctibus et ipse obrutus. Et jam statuerat
in hoc miserabili rerum articulo exspectare, dum lenta fames morte
omnium teterrimâ consumeret vitam, cùm fortè conversus, ecce
conspexit nonnullas in arenâ squamas ostrearum. Avidus itaque eò
accurrere, circumspicere, scrutari, num fortè plenas quasdam
reperiret, repertisque exsultare.

Ac primò quidem illas non sine difficultate aperuit ; sed inserto

plano eodemque acuto silice perfecit, ut triginta circiter haustis
ventrem paululùm placaret. [29]Cùm nunc certior esset, se posse
quamvis miserè sustentare vitam, jam maximè sollicitus erat, quò se
à feris hominibus aut bestiis tutum reciperet.

Tum in montem summum, ægrè, ut erat satis excelsus,

adscendit, unde quàm latissimè circumspicere poterat. Sed quantus
eum terror invasit, cùm vidisset se esse in insulâ, neque ullam
omninò, quàm longè aciem oculorum intendere posset, terram
apparere, præter tres parvas insulas, quæ, spatio aliquot milliarium
interjecto, ex æquore eminebant !
 « Heu ! me miserum ! exclamat, manibus ad cœlum miserabiliter
sublatis. Me ne ab hominum commercio ita sejunctum esse, ut mihi
in hâc solitudine vivendum sit velut feræ bestiæ ! Heu ! parentes
optimi, nunquam igitur ego vos revisam ! Nunquam licebit culpæ
meæ veniam exorare ! »

Et sic dolens descendit de monte, cir [30]cumspiciens, ubi posset

in tuto se collocare. Diù autem frustrà indagavit ; tandem ad locum
editorem pervenit, ex adversâ parte, instar parietis, præruptum.
Cùm accuratiùs exploraret, locum invenit leviter excavatum, satis
angusto aditu. Hìc si uncum, si scalprum, aut alia quævis
instrumenta habuisset, facili negotio cavum in saxo excisum per
fragmenta habitaculo idoneum fecisset. Sed cùm hæc omnia
desideraret, huic inopiæ medendum erat.

Cùm diù multùmque deliberâsset, sic secum statuit : « Arbores,

quas hìc video, salicibus patriis similes sunt, quæ, si transferantur,
novas facilè radices agunt. Eruam igitur manibus satis magnam
earum copiam, quæ, ante cavum denso ordine consitæ, erunt pro
munimento ; cùm illæ radices egerint, ibi licebit clauso et securo mihi
quasi in domo dormire. »
[31]

Tunc felici hoc invento lætus, ad opus statim se accinxit. Sed

quanto majore gaudio exsultavit, cùm huic loco proximum fontem
liquidissimum prospexisset è monte exsilientem ! Eò statim
properavit, quia, cùm huc illuc fervente sole discurrisset, multùm
æstuabat.

Posteà verò cœpit manibus et multo sudore teneras aliquot

arbores exstirpare, quas eò transtulit, ubi sedem sibi destinaverat,
atque ibi quòque cavum fodere manibus oportuit, in quo arbores
insereret : hoc verò multum temporis requirente, vesper advenit, vix
quinque aut sex numero arboribus consitis. Fame compulsus, oram
maris rursùs petiit, ut novas conquireret ostreas. Sed cùm æstus
rediisset, totum littus occupaverant undæ : ægrè igitur unam aut
alteram reperit, et sic malè pastus cubitum ire coactus est. Reversus
est igitur ad arborem suam, ibi pernoctaturus, donec hospitium sibi
[32]tutum confecisset. Ne autem hâc nocte idem ipsi accideret quod
superiori, genualibus se ei ramo religavit, ad quem dorsum priùs
acclinaverat, cùmque summo rerum creatori se commendâsset,
tranquillè obdormivit.
[33]
 Caput quartum.

Robinson reperit poma eximiæ magnitudinis. — Sibi conficit varia

instrumenta. — Funiculos. — Stratum. — Umbellam. — Peram. —
Calendarium.

H ac nocte Robinson non decidit ex arbore ; sed placidè usque ad

ortum solis quievit.

Primâ luce, littus petiit, ut, collectis ibi ostreis, ad opus

inchoatum reverteretur. Cùm eò aliâ viâ tenderet, eunti contigit
invenire arborem quæ poma inusitatæ magnitudinis ferebat. Etsi
eorum indolem ignorabat, sperans tamen ea fore quibus vesci
posset, unam ex iis decussit. Erat autem nux oblonga nec minor
capite [34]pueruli, quæ vulgò in Americæ insulis vocatur cocossa.
Erat nucleus quasi medulla et succus qui saporem olei ex dulci
amygdalâ expressi referebat, atque in medio lac exquisitum.

Cùm stomachum latrantem una non placaret, secundam, tertiam

quoque decussit, quibus abundè satiatus, tamen littus maris petiit ;
cùmque mare reddidisset terras paulò ante salo mersas, nonnullas
passim in sicco ostreas reperit. Magnam quoque et planam in littore
concham invenit, quâ pro spathâ usus est ; atque illud ipsi non
mediocri fuit adjumento. Nec multò post plantam deprehendit
fibroso caule, qualis est apud nos lini aut cannabis.