MONARK UNIVERSITY

Hasmukh Goswami College of

Engineering, Vahelal

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Material Science (11330701)

Semester: 3rd
Diploma Engineering
Department Of
Automobile/Mechanical Engineering
Academic Year: 2024 - 25

Name:

Enrollment No.:
 Certificate

This is to certify that, _______________________________________________

Enrollment Number _______________________________ of ________________ Semester
of Branch ______________________________________ has satisfactory completed the practical
work in the course Material Science (11330701) in Mechanical/Automobile Engineering
Department of Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering, Monark University.

Date of Submission: _________________________

Sign. of Course-Coordinator Head of Department

 :: INDEX ::
Name: ____________________________________________________________________

Enrollment No. _______________________________ Semester: ________________

Sr. Page No. Date Marks

Experiment Title Sign
No. Start End Start End

11. To study crystal imperfections with the

help of models.

2 To study crystal imperfections with the

help of models.

3 To prepare a small specimen and

mount it using hot mounting press.

4 To study optical metallurgical

microscope.

5 To analyze microstructures of given

Mild Steel/Aluminum specimen.

6 To analyze microstructure of given

Gray cast iron specimen.

7 To harden and temper a given steel

specimen.

8 To anneal a given hardened steel

specimen.

9 To analyze microstructure of quench

hardened steel specimen.

10 To analyze the properties of various

types of plastics
 Experiment No. 1:
Aim: To study crystal structures with the help of models.

Theory:
Crystal Lattice: The arrangement of atoms in a crystal can be described w.r.t.
a three dimensional net of straight lines which is known as space or crystal
lattice.
The interaction of these lines are the points of space lattice and atoms are
supposed to occupy these point in the crystal lattice .The special
characteristics of the space lattice is that every point in it will definitely have
identical surroundings.
Lattice Parameters : Let a, b, c be the length of sides of unit cell in x, y, z
coordinates axis and α,β,γ are the inter axial angles .Hence the unit cell
geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters ,three edge lengths
A,B,C, and three inter axial angles. Sometimes these are termed as lattice
parameters .
On the basis of lattice parameters, there are seven crystal lattice:--
S.NO. Crystal System Axial Relationship Inter axial Angles
1. Cubic a=b=c α=β=γ
2. Hexagonal a=b≠c α = β = 90, γ = 120
3. Tetragonal a=b≠c α = β = γ = 90
4. Rhomobohedral a=b=c α = β = γ ≠ 90
5. Orthorombic a≠b≠c α = β = γ = 90
6. Monoclinic a ≠ b ≠c β = α = 90 ≠ γ
7. Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90

Unit Cell: The smallest portion of the crystal lattice which when used over and
again completely space lattice is obtained is known as unit cell.
The unit cell is the building block of crystal lattice .on the basis of property of
unit cell; we can define property of space lattice. Although total we have seven
unit cells, but here we discuss only three unit cells for examples BCC, FCC,
HCP.
Body Centered Cubic Unit Cell (BCC)
Another common metallic crystal structure also have a cubic unit cell with
atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at center. if a is unit cell
edge length and R is the atomic radius a=4*R / √3.
For example: Cr ,Fe ,W.
(a) Total No. Atoms: Two atoms are associated with each BCC unit cell, the
equivalent of one atom from the eight corners, each of which is shared among
eight unit cells. A single atom is wholly contained within its cell.
(b) Coordination No.:-- Co-ordination No. for BCC structure is 8.
(c) Atomic Packing Factor (APF):-- As BCC has lower coordination no. So it has
also lower atomic packing fraction that is 0.68.

Face Centered Unit Cell (FCC)

The crystal structure for many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry with
atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces .Some
of the familiar metals having this crystal structure are Cu, Al, Ag, Au, Pb Ni
and γ-Fe. Let a be the cube edge length and R is the atomic radius so 4*R=√2a
(a) Total No. Atoms :- For the FCC crystal, each corner atom is shared among 8
unit cell where a face centered atom belong to only two .Therefore one-eighth of
each of the eight atom plus half of each six face atoms make a total of four
atoms. So no. of atom per unit cell are four in FCC structure..
(b) Co-Ordination No.:---The FCC unit cell has 12 as coordination no. The front
face center atom has four corner nearest atoms surround it, four face atoms
that are in contact from behind and four other equivalent face atoms residing
in the next unit cell that are in front which is not shown.
(c) Atomic Packing Factor (APF): APF is the fraction of solid sphere volume in
a unit cell assuming the atomic hard sphere model.
APF = (volume of atoms in a unit cell) / (total volume of unit cell ) For FCC, the
atomic packing factor is 0.74 which is the maximum.
Hexagonal Close Packed Crystal Structure
In case of hexagonal close packed structure (HCP) top and bottom faces of the
unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagonal and surrounds a
single atom in center.Another plane that provides three additional atoms to
the unit cell is situated between the top and bottom planes . Mg, Cd, Zn, Ti and
C (Graphite form).
(a)Total No. Atoms: The equivalent of six atoms is contained in each unit cell
,one sixth of each atoms of 12 top and bottom face corners atoms ,one half of
each of the 2 center face atoms and all three midplane interior atoms .
If a and c represent respectively the short and long unit cell dimension
c/a=1.633.
(b)Coordination No.:-- The atoms in this plane have as nearest neighbor
atoms in both the adjacent two planes are 12 .
(c)Atomic Packing Factor (APF)-The atomic packing fraction of HCP is 0.74
same as FCC.
 Experiment No. 2:
Aim: To study crystal imperfections with the help of
models.
Theory:
Crystalline imperfection is a deviation from an orderly array of lattice points.
Classification of crystalline imperfection is frequently made according to the
geometry or dimensionality of the defect. Based on geometry defects in solids
may be classified into following categories:
 0D, Point defects
 Vacancies
 Interstitials
 Impurities

 1D, Dislocations
 Edge
 Screw

 2D, Grain boundaries

 Low angle grain boundaries (Tilt Boundaries)
 High angle grain boundaries
 Twin boundaries

 3D, Bulk or volume defect

Vacancy: A lattice position that is vacant because the atom is missing.
Interstitial: When an atom occupies a place outside the normal lattice
position. It may be the same type of atom as the others (self-interstitial) or an
impurity interstitial atom. Self- interstitials in metals introduce large
distortions in the surrounding lattice. The energy of self-interstitial formation is
about 3 times larger as compared to vacancies.
Pont defects are schematically represented in Figure 1.
Dislocations or linear defects: A dislocation is a linear array of atoms each of
which has a coordination number differing from normal co ordinations for such
atoms in the structure. Dislocations are normally formed during solidification,
plastic deformation etc. in crystalline solids. The inter-atomic bonds are
significantly distorted only in the immediate vicinity of the dislocation line. This
area is called the dislocation core.
Burgers vector b is used to describe the size and the direction of the main
lattice distortion caused by a dislocation. To find the Burgers vector, we should
make a circuit from atom to atom counting the same number of atomic
distances in all directions. If the circuit encloses a dislocation it will not close.
The vector that closes the loop is the Burgers vector b.
 Figure 1 Schematic representation of point defects

Figure 2. Edge dislocation

In edge dislocation burger vector b is perpendicular to the dislocation line. In

screw dislocation, a region of shear stress around the dislocation line is found.
For positive screw dislocation, dislocation line direction is parallel to Burger’s
vector, and vice versa as shown in Figure 3.
 Figure 3 Screw dislocation
Grain Boundaries:
Polycrystalline material comprised of many small crystals or grains. The grains have
different crystallographic orientation. There exist atomic mismatch within the regions
where grains meet. These regions are called grain boundaries (shown in Figure 4).

Figure 4 Grain boundaries

Low angle grain boundary is an array of aligned edge dislocations. This type of
grain boundary is called tilt boundary (consider joint of two wedges).If the
angle of misalignment is less than 15 degrees tilt boundaries are formed. When
the misalignment angle is more than 15 degrees than these are called High
angle grain boundaries.

Twin Boundaries: This is the surface defect separating two regions of a crystal
which are mirror image of each other with respect to the plane of boundary.
Twin boundaries occur in pairs, such that the orientation change introduced
by one boundary is restores by the other boundary. The region between the
pair of boundaries is called twinned region. (Figure 5)

Volume defects are three-dimensional in nature. These defects are introduced,

usually, during processing and fabrication operations like casting, forming etc.
e.g.: Pores, Cracks, Foreign particles.

Figure5: Twin boundaries

 Experiment No. 3:
Aim: To prepare a small specimen and mount it using
hot mounting press.
Equipment: Hot mounting press containing die of specified size and
piston, Air compressor, Granular Bakelite, Hand gloves.

Theory: Polishing of small metallic specimen or of a specimen in the form of

thin foil is difficult. For convenience in handling during polishing operation
they are required to be mounted on suitable plastic mould. This also helps in
edge retention during polishing. The plastic mould is prepared from granular
Bakelite by heating and pressing to a suitable pressure. Metallic specimen
may be of different shapes and depending on their shape and size mounting
press must have flexibility to prepare different size moulds. The mould so
prepared should be strong enough and should hold the metallic specimen
properly.
Test Setup and specification of mounting press:

Figure1: Hot Mounting Press and its components

1. Mould closure
2. Heater cover
3. Mould closure holder
4. Digital display
5. Parameter Selection
5. Parameter Increase/Ram Up
6. Parameter Decrease/Ram Down
7. Cycle Start/Stop
8. Power on/off
The operation of the Mounting press is covered under the following
headings:
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Set the air pressure 6 - 7 bar.
3. Bring the lower ram to the top of the chamber by pressing the ram up button
4. Apply "Mould Release Agent" to the surface of the lower ram.
5. Place the specimen in inverted position on the top of the lower ram.
6. Bring the lower ram about 2 inches down by pressing the ram down button
7. Fill a suitable amount of Bakelite powder into the cylinder by means of the
funnel. The powder level should be normally 10 - 12 mm above the specimen.
8. Remove resin dust from the upper part of the mounting cylinder.
9. Apply "Mould Release Agent" to all accessible surfaces of the upper ram
incorporated into the mount closure.
10. Place the mount closure with the upper ram on the mounting cylinder.
11. Press the mount closure straight down, turning it clockwise with the help of
lock nut.
12. By pressing the Selc button parameters like temperature, heating time and
cooling time are set.
a. Set the heating temperature - 160°C
b. Set the heating time - l0 minutes
c. Set cooling time - 5 minutes
13. Start cycle start button two times than cycle will be start.
14. After cycle is completed the buzzer sound will be start.
15. Press cycle stop button.
16. By pressing the ram down button bring the lower ram down.
17. Open the locknut along with upper ram by turning anticlockwise and remove
it.
18. Bring the lower ram up by pressing the ram up button so that mounted
specimen appears.
19. Remove the prepared mount.
Precautions:
1. The Mould Release Agent must always be applied to the mounting rams.
2. If the ram does not fit into the cylinder, remove the ram and check ram and
cylinder for cured resin.
3. Always use Heat resistant hand gloves while removing mounted specimen.
 Experiment No. 4:
Aim: To Study optical metallurgical microscope
Requirement:
Optical Metallurgical Microscope having magnification of 50 X to 1000 X.

Metallurgical Optical Microscope:

A metallurgical microscope is used to reveal details in a material that are too
small to be normally seen with the unaided eye. Since visible radiation cannot
penetrate through metallic surfaces, the study of structure with this microscope
is carried out using reflected light. The microscope consists of three optical
systems known as illuminating system, objective, and eyepiece.
Illuminating System is used to light up the surface of the specimen under
examination. It consists of a light source, an aperture diaphragm, a slot for
filters, and a plane glass reflector. A horizontal beam of light from the source is
diverted by the plane glass reflector downward and through the microscope
objective on the surface of the specimen. A certain amount of this incident
light is reflected from the specimen surface and passes through the objective
and the eyepiece. An enlarged image of the illuminated area of the specimen
surface is observed by looking through the eyepiece.
The aperture diaphragm in the illuminating system controls the angular
aperture of the cone of light rays which is used to illuminate the specimen and
form the image. The optimum opening of the diaphragm is used, which depends
upon the objective lens being used. For satisfactory illumination, the angle of the
plane glass reflector should be adjusted.
The objective lens system forms the primary image of the portion of the
specimen receiving light. The major function of an objective lens is to collect the
maximum quantity of light coming from any point on the specimen, and
combine it into an image.
A removable eyepiece is fitted to an adjustable draw tube of the microscope. By
appropriately positioning the primary real image with respect to the eyepiece,
the primary image can be further enlarged depending upon the magnifying
power of the eyepiece.
The body tube carries an objective turret below and eyepiece above with plane
glass reflector above objective. The incident light from the source is encased in
illuminator tube at right angle to the body tube.
The stage is equipped with coarse and fine focusing control knobs with which it
can be moved up and down. The polished specimen is placed on the stage in
upright position under the objective lens.
Provision for longitudinal and cross move6-13ment of the stage is also provided
in order to observe the microstructure of different regions on the specimen.
Figure: Components of Optical Metallurgical Microscope
 Experiment No. 5:
Aim: To analyze microstructures of given Mild Steel
Specimen
Requirement:
Mild steel sample, Abrasive cut off machine, Hot Mounting Press, Polishing
machine etc.

Theory:
Grain boundaries are not visible in an ordinary piece of metal owing to
deformed layer or corroded surface. Their removal is essential for preparation of
the specimen to be viewed under a microscope. Therefore, grinding (rough and
fine), polishing and etching are done on them. Emery papers of grit size 60, 80,
120, 180, 240 are used for rough to medium finish. Fine grinding is done by
abrasive papers of finer grit grades viz. 320, 400, 600, 800 and 1200. Polishing
is done by polishing compound (Alumina powder) of 0.05 micron, placed on a
polishing velvet cloth that is placed on the wheel. Water is used as lubricant.
Etching is done to make the grain boundaries visible.

Test Set-up and Specifications of Machines:

The experiment is carried out on a series of machines.
a) Cut-off Machine: This is an open type abrasive cut-off machine capable
of cutting upto 50 mm round and square bar. The abrasive cutter is
driven by a 3 HP, 3 phase motor. It is equipped with a heavy duty vice,
coolant circulation system which includes 1/3 HP motor pump with flow
control valve of 3/4 inch along with a coolant tank.
b) Belt Grinder This is, used for initial rough grinding of specimen. It is
mounted with 1/4 hp, 220 V, l-phase motor, endless belt of 100 mm x
900 mm size and different grits (60, 100, 120) on dynamically well
balanced rollers. Silicon carbide abrasives belts are used for non ferrous
materials and aluminium oxide belts are used for ferrous materials.
c) Hand Polishing Stand It consists of 4 surface plates to fix 75 mm x 275
mm size of different kinds of water-emery papers. It also facilitates swift
polishing of specimen with various grades of emery.
d) Grinding/Polishing Machine It is a variable speed double disc machine
for fine grinding and super polishing (lapping). 200 mm diameter emery
papers are mounted on the aluminium discs with the help of holding ring
or spring. It is equipped with a motor having continuous stepless variable
speed up to 999 rpm, digital rpm indicator, and control panel for setting
desired speeds. It is also equipped with water taps for wet
grinding/polishing.
Procedure:
The experiment is conducted in the following sequential steps.
1. Cut a cylindrical or square piece of mild steel of any size between 10 mm
to 25 mm diameter/side as specimen by using abrasive cut off machine.
2. Specimen is mounted in Bakelite mounting as described in experiment no.
03
3. Do its fine grinding on dry belt grinder. Continue grinding till the
scratches disappear.
4. Do rough polishing by using emery paper of fine grade. Use water as
lubricant.
5. Perform fine polishing using machine to get scratch free surface.
6. Now etch the specimen by immersing it in an etchant. Etchant for plain
carbon steel is a blend of 2% nitric acid + Alcohol. Etching should be
done for 15 to 30 seconds.
7. Etched surface is washed with plain water and dried.
8. Etched surface should never be touched by hand.
9. The specimen is ready for microscopic study.
10. Observe the microstructure using microscope as described in experiment no. 04.
Observations:The mild steel microstructure at a magnification level of 100X
to 500X contains ferrite (white) and cementite (dark) phases. The fraction of
each phase indicates the carbon % in the given specimen. The schematic of
microstructure is shown in figure.
Caution: Work carefully on grinding machine, polishing machine, and with the
etchant. The etchant is acidic in nature, so avoid its excessive and unnecessary
contact. Do not touch your eyes and other body parts until the hands are
washed properly.

Figure: microstructure of mild steel containing 0.2 % carbon

 Experiment No. 6:
Aim: To analyze microstructure of given Gray cast iron
specimen.
Requirement:
1. Metallurgical Microscope
2. Polishing machine with abrasives
3. Abrasive papers with grades220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 etc.
4. Flat glass plate for manual grinding /polishing
5. Polishing machine single/double disc
6. Hot mounting press
7. Small electric hot air blower
8. 2% Nital
9. Gray cast iron Specimen

Procedure:
1. Grind flat surface on the specimen using belt grinder.
2. Support firmly emery paper of grade240on a flat glass plate. Polish the
specimen under light pressure in forward direction only.
3. Observe scratches on specimen. If they are uniform and in same
direction, go to the next finer paper. While changing from one paper to
another, make the specimen free from abrasive of previous paper and
turn it through 90°, so that scratches from the next finer emery paper are
at right angle to the scratches from previous paper.
4. After polishing on emery paper of grade 800/1000, wash your hands &
the specimen & do the fine polishing on polishing wheel. First use SiO2
abrasive before going to polishing wheel again. Also wash off SiO2 from
your hands & fingers. Now use magnesia powder as abrasive on another
polishing wheel. Keep cloth wet with water.
5. Clean off the polished surface of specimen with water; wipe with Alcohol
& Dry the polished surface with the help of electric hot air blower.
6. Observe the polished surface under the microscope for any scratches
present.
7. If the specimen is sketch free, etch the specimen in 2% Nital solution
8. Examine the specimen under the microscope and observe the
constituents present, sketch & identify. Complete micro structural
report.
9. Store the polished and etched specimen in the desiccators.
Observations:
Material: Grey cast Iron

Magnification:
Etchant: 2%Nital

Microstructure: Cast iron contains 2-4.3% carbon. The microstructure of

Gray Cast iron is marked by the presence of graphite flakes, while the same for
Nodular Cast Iron contains round particles of Graphite in ferrite/ pearlite
matrix. The black dark phase is graphite flakes and light phase is ferrite. The
graphite flakes are of about 0.05 to 0.1 mm length and occupy approximately
10% of the volume.

Graphite flakes
Graphite flakes

Figure:
(a) Microstructure of Gray Cast Iron: the dark graphite flakes are embedded in
an α-ferrite matrix @500X
(b) Microstructure of Nodular (ductile) Iron: the dark graphite nodules are
surrounded by an
α-ferrite matrix @200X.
 Experiment No. 7:
Aim: To harden and temper a given steel Specimen.
Equipments:
Muffle furnace, Water container for quenching, Tong for handling heated
specimen, Hardness tester, Emery papers etc.

Theory:
Properties of some metals and alloys can be changed by heating followed by
cooling under definite conditions to make them suitable for specific
applications. Accordingly steels can be hardened to resist cutting action and
prevent abrasion. The rate of cooling and the manner of cooling are the
controlling factors in the heat treatment process such as tempering, annealing,
normalizing and hardening. Different heat treatment processes are carried out
in temperature controlled furnaces and ovens.
Muffle furnace:
Chamber size : 100 mm x 100 mm x 250 mm,
Chamber insulation: Ceramic
Maximum temperature: 1200°C
Power: 2 kW
Control panel: Digital controller, ammeter and contactor
Measuring device: LED temperature controller with adjustable set
point

Hardness Testing Machine:

Make: Wolpert Rockwell hardness testing machine.
Indentor: Diamond cone with included angle of 120°
Total Load: 150 kgf (10 kgf minor+140 kgf Major)
Procedure:
1. Take specimen of about1 inch diameter&1 inch long.
2. From Fe-C equilibrium diagram find the temperature to which
specimen is to be heated (it is A3temperature+40°C)
3. Set the furnace at this temperature for heating the specimen.
4. When furnace attains the temperature stabilize the temperature at the
level & when it is stabilized load the specimen & let the specimen be
soaked at this temperature for half an hour. The idea is to homogenize
the Austenite transformation.
5. Take the specimen out of furnace using the tong & quench the specimen
in water tank also switch off the furnace.
6. Clean the specimen using emery paper & check its hardness value in
Rockwell hardness tester. When the furnace temperature comes to
300°C stabilize the
 temperature at this level, load the dry specimen in furnace. After holding
specimen for 1½ hour in furnace, remove it & cool it in still air.
7. Clean the specimen using emery paper & check its hardness value by
Rockwell hardness tester.

Result: -
1 Hardness of steel specimen before tempering is HRC ………...

2 Hardness of steel specimen after tempering at 300°C is HRC ………

 Experiment No. 8:

Aim: To anneal a given hardened steel specimen.

Equipments:
Muffle furnace, Tong for handling heated specimen, Hardness tester, Emery
papers etc.

Theory:
Properties of some metals and alloys can be changed by heating followed by
cooling under definite conditions to make them suitable for specific
applications. Accordingly .The rate of cooling and the manner of cooling are the
controlling factors in the heat treatment process such as tempering, annealing,
normalizing and hardening. Different heat treatment processes are carried out
in temperature controlled furnaces and ovens.

Muffle furnace:
Chamber size : 100 mm x 100 mm x 250 mm,
Chamber insulation: Ceramic lining
Maximum temperature: 1200°C
Power: 2 kW
Control panel: Digital controller, ammeter and contactor Measuring
device: LED temperature controller with adjustable set point

Hardness Testing Machine:

Make: Wolpert Rockwell hardness testing machine.
Indentor: Diamond cone with included angle of 120°
Total Load: 150 kgf(10 kgf minor+140 kgf Major)

Procedure for annealing:

1. Take a hardened specimen of mild steel about1 inch diameter&1 inch
long.
2. From Fe-C equilibrium diagram find the temperature to which
specimen is to be heated (it is A3temperature+40°C)
3. Set the furnace at this temperature for heating the specimen.
4. When furnace attains the temperature stabilize the temperature at the
level & when it is stabilized load the specimen & let the specimen be
soaked at this temperature for half an hour. The idea is to homogenize
the Austenite transformation.
5. Switch off the furnace and let the specimen cooled in the furnace itself.
6. Take the specimen out as the temperature reaches to room temperature.
 7. Clean the specimen using emery paper & check its hardness value in
Rockwell hardness tester.

Result: -
1 Hardness of steel specimen before annealing is HRC ……
2 Hardness of steel specimen after annealing is HRC ……..
 Experiment No. 9:
Aim: To analyze microstructure of quench hardened
steel specimen.
Requirement:
1. Heating Furnace
2. Water tub for quenching
3. Tong for handling heated specimen
4. Metallurgical microscope
5. Rough polishing emery paper
6. Fine polishing machine
7. Etchant -2%Nital
8. Hardness tester

Procedure:
1. From Fe-C equilibrium diagram find out the temperature to which
specimen of about 0.4% Carbon steel should be heated so that it's fully
Austenite i.e. 800+40°C =840°C
2. Set the furnace at this temperature for heating the specimen.
3. When the furnace temperature reaches this value. Stabilize the
temperature at this level & when temperature is stabilized, load the
specimen & let it be soaked at this temperature for half an hour. The idea
behind it is to homogenize the Austenite transformation.
4. Take the specimen out of furnace using dry tong & quench the specimen
in water.
5. The sample is rough polished, fine polished on machining so that the
specimen surface is flat, scratch free & has mirror finish.
6. Etch the polished surface.
7. Check the microstructure under metallurgical microscope (It will show
dark patches of pearlite & white areas of cementite)
8. Check the hardness of heat treated specimen on Rockwell hardness tester.

Result:
1 The microstructure of heat treated surface is that of pearlite (10%) &
cementite (90%)
2 Hardness value of heat treated specimen is HRC-
 Experiment No. 10:
Aim: To analyze the properties of various types of
plastic
Requirement:
Samples of Polyethylene, PVC, Polypropylene, polystyrene
Theory:
Plastics are organic materials of high molecular weight, which can be moulded
into desired shape or form when subjected to high temperature & pressure in
the presence of catalyst.

Plastics have important applications due to their useful properties

like:

1. Good thermal and Electrical insulation

2. Corrosion resistance
3. Chemical resistance
4. Adhesiveness
5. Good strength to weight ratio
6. Acid and alkali resistance

Procedure:
We collect samples of different types of plastics like PVC, Polyethylene, Poly
propylene and Polystyrene. These plastics are dipped into acidic and alkaline
media to find out the resistance of plastic.

Observation:
Plastic Acid/Alkalies Resistant/Reactive
PVC Na2CO3&HCl Resistant
Polyethylene HCl & NaOH Resistant
Polypropylene HCl & NaOH Resistant
Polystyrene HNO3 & H2SO4 Reactive
Result:
PVC, Polyethylene and Polypropylene have been found to be more resistant to
acid and alkali and polystyrene has been found more reactive to acid and alkali.