12

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Quantitative Data Analysis
Quarter 2- Week 3

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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Quantitative Data Analysis
Quarter 2- Week 3

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GLAK Development Team

Writer: Bryan Jester S. Balmeo

Editor: Edison Betonio

Reviewers: Norlene L. Menguan
Julie Anne M. Villanueva
Graphic Artist: John Spencer D. Arlega
Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V
Michelle A. Mejica EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
Rachelle Crisostomo-Diviva
Garry M. Achacoso

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 QUANTITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS

Introduction

Congratulations for reaching week 3! For this Guided Learning Activity Kit
(GLAK), you are going to study about quantitative analysis, the descriptive and
inferential statistics, appropriate research topics to use in the various statistical tools
among others. This is also where you are expected to complete a whole chapter of
your research methodology. Few more steps and we are nearing the completion of
your quantitative research journey. Happy researching!

Learning Competency

1. Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if

appropriate.
(CS_RS12-IIa-c-6)
2. Presents written research methodology.
(CS_RS12-IIa-c-7)

Objectives

At the end of this Guided Learning Activity Kit, you are expected to:

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 1. differentiate descriptive statistics and inferential statistics; 2.
identify appropriate statistical tools to use; and
3. write research methodology.

Review

What’s your status?

Have a quick look at your research output and see which parts of the research
paper are yet to be written. Remember that by this time, you should have already
completed the first chapter. Seek the help of your research teacher if you are lagging
and needs further guidance.

Here are the parts for your reference:

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction (including background of research, scope and delimitations,
and significance of the study)
Conceptual Framework (including brief literature review)
Statement of the Problem
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method
Sampling, Participants, and Locale
Instruments
Validation of Instruments

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 Discussion

Lesson 1. Descriptive Statistics. It helps describe, show, or summarize data but

does not allow researchers to make conclusions beyond the analyzed data.

1. Measures of Central Tendency

• It is a way to describe the center of a data set and is also called
measures of location, central location, or simply, center.
• There are three ways to show central tendency. These are the mean,
median and mode.

1.1. Mean. It is defined as the average of a set of numbers. It is considered as

the most widely used and simplest measure of central tendency. It is
calculated by getting the summation of all observation divided by the
number of observations.

Ungrouped Data:

Example 1.

Find the mean of the following numbers: 8, 12, 5, 3

Add the numbers: 8 + 12 + 5 + 3 = 28

Divide by how many numbers (there are 4 numbers): 28/4 = 7

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Example 2.

Find the mean of the following numbers:

3, 12, 37, 23, 46, 11, 7, 22, 9, 12, 21, 32, 15, 16

Add the numbers: 266

Divide by how many numbers (there are 14 numbers):

266/14 = 19

Grouped Data:

x ̄ = sample mean, x = class (or

category) midpoint, f = class
frequency

Example:

Number of deliveries each day in Maecy’s shop for a month

Step 1. Identify the frequency.
Number of Deliveries Tally f
10-12 ////////// 10
13-15 //// 4
16-18 /////////// 11
19-21 ////// 6

Step 2. Find the midpoint for each class interval. The midpoint is the middle
of each interval. For example, the middle of 10 and 14 is 12 and the middle of 11
and 14 is 12.5.
Number of Deliveries f Midpoint (x)
10-12 10 11
13-15 4 14
16-18 11 17

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 19-21 6 20
Step 3. Multiply the midpoint (x) by the frequency (f).
Number of Deliveries F Midpoint (x) fx
10-12 10 11 110
13-15 4 14 56
16-18 11 17 187
19-21 6 20 120
Total 31 473

Step 4. Divide the fx by the f.

Mean of grouped data is 15.26.

Weighted Mean:

Example: After the tallying of respondents’ participants, it was found out that 43
respondents answered strongly agree with the statement “I love research”, 11
respondents answered agree, 21 answered disagree, while 5 answered strongly
disagree. Compute the weighted mean.
Statement 5 4 3 2 1
(Strongly (Agree) Neutral (Disagree) (Strongly
Agree) Disagree)
I love research. 43 11 10 21 5

Step 1. Multiply the frequency to the degrees of choice and add.

43 x 5 = 215
11 x 4 = 44
10 x 3 = 30
21 x 2 = 42
5x1=5
Total = 336

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 Step 2. Divide the sum to the total number of respondents.
336/90 = 3.73
Step 3. Interpret the result.
Mean Score Interpretation
4.20 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
3.40 – 4.19 Agree
2.60 – 3.39 Neutral
1.80 – 2.59 Disagree
1.0 – 1.79 Strongly Disagree

The weighted mean of 3.73 falls under Agree. Generally, respondents agree to
the statement “I love research”.

1.2. Median. It is the middle value on a given set of numbers. It is considered

as the most appropriate measure of central tendency for ordinal data.

Example 1: 12, 5, 7, 9. 11

Arrange the numbers according to value and then look for the middle digit.

5, 7, 9, 11, 12

The middle is 9. Therefore, the median is 9.

Take note: It does not matter if there are numbers written more than once.

Example 2: 7, 7, 6, 8, 12, 12, 1, 10, 6

Arrange the numbers according to value and then look for the middle digit.

1, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 10, 12, 12

The middle is 7. Therefore, the median is 7.

However, if the number of digits in a set falls on an even number, we must find the
value between them.

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Example 3: 18, 21, 35, 8, 17, 16

Arrange the numbers according to value and then look for the middle digit.

8, 16, 17, 18, 21, 35

The middle numbers are 17 and 18.

Add them together and divide by 2.

17 + 18 = 35/2 = 17.5

17.5 is the median.

1.3. Mode. The mode is the number which appears most often in a set of given
numbers.
Example: 6, 10, 10, 13, 15, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 6, 14, 18, 6, 12, 11

Place the numbers in value order.

3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18

The most mentioned number is 6 so the mode is 6.

2. Measures of Dispersion/Measure of Variability. It is a way of describing how

spread out a set of data is. The measures to be considered are the range,
average or mean deviation, standard deviation, and the variance.

2.1. Range. To find the range, we must compute for the difference between
the highest and lowest values.

Example: 16, 19, 22, 18, 19,

Find the highest and lowest values.

22 and 16
Subtract. 22-16 = 6 Range
is 6.

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 2.2. Mean Deviation. It tells how averagely far all values are from the
middle.

Σ is Sigma, which means to sum up

|| or the vertical bars means Absolute Value, to ignore minus
sign x is each value μ is the mean
N is the number of values

Step 1. Find the mean. 15, 18, 21, 11, 6, 9, 2, 5, 7

15 + 18 + 21 + 11 + 6 + 9 + 2 + 5 + 7 = 94
_____________________________________________
9
Mean = 10.44

Step 2. Find the distance of each value from the mean. Ignore minus signs.

Value Distance from 10.44

15 4.56
18 7.56
21 10.56
11 0.56
6 4.44
9 1.44
2 8.44
5 5.44
7 3.44

Step 3. Find the mean of the distances.

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 = 46.44 Mean Deviation =

Mean Deviation = 5.16

4.56+7.56+10.56+0.56+4.44+1.44+8.44+5.44+3.44

This means, on average, the values are generally 5.16 away from the middle.

2.3. Standard Deviation. This is used to measure how spread out the
numbers are. Its symbol is σ which is the Greek letter sigma.

x is each value x ̅ is the

mean n is the number
of values

Step 1. Find the mean. Measurement of 5 glasses:

135 cm, 97 cm, 65 cm, 245 cm, 75 cm
Mean = 135+97+65+245+75
5
= 617/5 = 123.4
Step 2. Find the distance of each value from the computed mean.

Value Distance from 123.4

135 11.6
97 - 26.4
65 -58.4
245 121.6
75 -48.4

Step 3. Calculate the variance (𝛔𝟐) by taking each difference, compute the
square root, and then get the average.

𝛔𝟐 = 11.62+(−26.42)+ (−58.42)+ 121.62+ (−48.42)

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 5
= 134.56+696.96+3410.56+14786.56+2342.56
5
= 21,371.2
5
= 4274.24

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Step 4. To find the standard deviation, compute for the square root of the variance.

σ = √4274.24

= 65.37767202952396 = 65 cm.

Lesson 2. Inferential Statistics. This is where data were taken from a sample and
makes inferences about the larger population from which the sample was drawn.
These are some common statistical measures to measure significant differences and
relationships between variables.

A. For Significant Difference

1. T-test. A t-test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between

the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features (Kenton,
2019).

Two Sample T-Tests

A. Independent t-test
• It is used to determine if there is a significant difference between
the means of two groups, the means of two interventions, or the
means of changed scores.
• It is important to note that this can only compare the means for two
groups.
• Example 1. The researcher wants to know if there is a significant
difference on newly hired sales representatives’ salary when
grouped according to gender (gender has two groups, male and
female).
• Example 2. The researcher wants to identify the stress levels of high
school teachers (two groups will be private school teachers and
public school teachers).
• Example 3. The researcher uses two groups (experimental and
control) to determine the effectiveness of brainstorming technique.
The result of the 2 groups will be tested using this.

B. Dependent t-test
• It compares the means between two related groups on the same
variable.
• Example 1. The researcher wants to determine whether guidance
and counseling was effective to a group of students. The groups will

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 be the behavior of these students before and after the guidance and
counseling sessions.
• Example 2. The researcher wishes to conduct a study about the
effects of brainstorming technique to a group of students. He may
use dependent t-test because there are two related groups: the
group of students before the implementation of the technique (1 st
group) and the same participants but now at the end of the
implementation of brainstorming technique (group 2).
• Example 3. The researcher conducted a study about the
effectiveness of repeating strategy. Dependent t-test was used by
testing the significant difference of the pretest and the post test.

2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA/F-test)

• An ANOVA is used to test multiple groups to see if there is a difference
to any of the variable.
• Example 1. The researcher wants to know if there is a significant
difference on students’ academic performance when the results are
grouped according to their profile (age, sex, socio-economic status,
etc.)
• Example 2. The researcher wants to know if educational level, age, or
monthly income influence the respondents’ perception to fake news.
• One-way ANOVA has one independent variable. For example, the
researcher wants to know if there is a difference in respondents’
perception when grouped according to socio-economic status. The
researcher has one variable which is socio-economic status.
• Two-way ANOVA has two independent variables. For example, the
researcher wants to know if there is a difference in respondents’
perception on fake news when grouped according to their age and
socio-economic status.
• Multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) assesses multiple dependent variables
at the same time.
B. Test for Relationships

1. Spearman Rank-Order Correlation or Spearman Rho.

• It is used when data gathered are expressed in ranks.

Simple example:
The scores for 8 students in Mathematics and English are as follows:
Mathematics: 87, 76, 86, 74, 90, 82, 79, 81 English:
81, 82, 87, 72, 92, 80, 88, 84 Step 1.
Arranged the grades of students according to rank.

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 Mathematics Rank English Rank
87 2 81 6
76 7 82 5
86 3 87 3
74 8 72 8
90 1 92 1
82 4 80 7
79 6 88 2
81 5 84 4

Step 2. Compute difference between the ranks.

Mathematics Rank English Rank d 𝑑2

87 2 81 6 4 16
76 7 82 5 2 4
86 3 87 3 0 0
74 8 72 8 0 0
90 1 92 1 0 0
82 4 80 7 3 9
79 6 88 2 4 16
81 5 84 4 1 1
Total 46

Step 3. Compute using this formula

=1–

=1-
= 1 – 0.55
= 0.45
Take Note: +1 = means a perfect positive correlation between ranks
-1 = means a perfect negative correlation between ranks
0 = means no correlation between ranks.
2. Chi-Square Test for Independence.
It is used when data expressed in terms of frequencies or percentage.

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 3. Product – Moment Coefficient of Correlation or Pearson r.
This is used when data are expressed in terms of scores such as
weights and heights or score in test.

Testing the Hypothesis

Step 1. State the hypothesis/hypotheses.

Step 2. Set the criteria for a decision.

Step 3. Calculate the value of the test statistic.

Step 4. Compare the calculated value with the tabular value of the test
statistic.
Step 5. Decide. If the calculated value is less than the critical value from the
table, accept the null hypothesis. If the calculated value is greater than the
critical value, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis.

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 Activities

Guided Practice 1. Directions: Identify what is being asked. Write the answers on
your paper.

1. Identify the mean of the following numbers: 6, 12, 5, 2, 5.

a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9
2. Identify the median in this set of numbers: 8, 14, 16, 4, 7
a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9
3. Identify the mode in this set of numbers: 6, 5, 7, 6, 4, 6, 3, 6.
a. 9 b. 8 c. 7 d. 6
4. Identify the range in this set of numbers: 8, 14, 16, 4, 7
a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13
5. Compute for the mean deviation: 15, 18, 21, 11, 6, 9, 2, 5, 7
a. 5.16 b. 5. 61 c. 5.14 d. 4.45
6. Compute for the standard deviation: 600, 470, 170, 430, 300
a. 147.32 b. 174.32 c. 123.56 d. 176.23
7. Compute for the spearman rank correlation: English: 9, 35, 23, 28, 47, 17,
43, 10, 6
Mathematics: 45, 33, 30, 23, 8, 49, 12, 31, 4
a. 0.9 b. 0.7 c. -0.9 d. -.07

Guided Practice 2. Directions: Identify what is being asked. Write the answers on
your paper.

1. Identify the mean, median, and mode of the following set of numbers:
12, 16, 18, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35
Mean: ________________________
Median: ______________________
Mode: ________________________
Mean Deviation: ______________
Standard Deviation: __________

2. Compute for the weighted mean:

Statement 5 4 3 2 1
(Strongly (Agree) Neutral (Disagree) (Strongly
Agree) Disagree)

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 Same sex marriage must 43 11 10 21 5
be legalized.

Independent Practice. Directions: Identify what is being asked. Write the answers
on your paper.

1. Message 10 of your friends and ask them their age. Afterwards arrange the
data gathered and provide the following:

Mean: ________________________

Median: ______________________

Mode: ________________________

Mean Deviation: ______________

Standard Deviation: __________

2. Message 25 of your friends and let them react to the statement “The new
normal in education teaches me a lot of things”. Let them choose whether they
strongly agree (5) with the statement, agree (4), neutral (3), disagree (2), or
strongly disagree (1). Write the frequency of each degree on a table and
compute for the weighted mean.

Statement 5 4 3 2 1
(Strongly (Agree) (Neutral) (Disagree) (Strongly
Agree) Disagree)
The new normal in
education teaches me a
lot of things.

3. Message 10 of your friends and ask their final grade in Oral Communication
in Context and English for Academic and Professional Purposes. Compute for
the Spearman Rho.

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 Assessment
Writing Time! Directions: Proceed on your research studies. Using the knowledge
you have gained from the Guided Learning Activity Kits, submit the following:
1. Revised Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. List of participants/respondents
4. Revised research instrument (in word file, Google Form, etc.)

CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method
This study is quantitative in nature since the research questions that we seek to
answer lead to numerical data.
Specifically, the study is descriptive-comparative as it aims to balance the
similarities and difference between the behaviors of children who were raised by
their grandparents and children who were raised by their parents. Siegel in
Connecticut (2015) defines descriptive correlational as a design used to determine
the extent to which two or more variables are related among single group of people.
Sampling, Respondents, and Locale

The researcher will use purposive sampling technique in identifying the

respondents.
Respondents will be given a survey questionnaire to determine which students
were raised by grandparents and which were raised by parents. The study will
be conducted in Poonbato Integrated School in the District of Botolan, Province
of Zambales.
Instruments
The research instrument that will be used in this study is a survey questionnaire.
It will serve as a way of the researchers in determining the respondents’ perception
towards the differences and similarities in the behavior of students who were
raised by grandparents and those who were raised by
their parents.

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 The survey questionnaire consists of three (3) parts: the respondent’s

profile, expected behaviors of children coded for respondents’ identification,

and an open-ended question.

Validation of Instruments
To ensure the reliability and validity of the instrument, validation will be
conducted through content validity. The instrument will be certified and
confirmed by the research teacher whereas standards for both researcher and
participants will be applied.
Pilot testing will be done before the distribution of questionnaires to the
respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The draft of this study will be subjected to editing by the research teacher. After
this, the researcher will seek the approval to proper authorities to conduct the
study. The parents of the students will then be informed through a written
consent about their children’s participation on the study. After securing the
permission of the parents, the researcher will now distribute the instrument
through google form.

Ethical Considerations
The principle of privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality will be

undertaken by the researcher to ensure the non-disclosure of the identity and

the data that will be gathered of and to those participating in the study. Research
protocol will also be followed as the researcher will seek the permission of the head
of the organization/place where the study will be conducted and the parents’
informed consent of the research process will also be secured.

Data Analysis
The statistical treatment will include the following:
1. Weighted Mean. It will be used to obtain the average scores of the responses of
the respondents on the second part of the research instrument.
2. T-test. It will be used to test the significant difference between the means of the
two groups.
To facilitate the descriptions and interpretations of the measured variables on the
behavior of the students, the following values were assigned:

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 Numerical Value Point Scale Descriptive Equivalent
4 3.50 -4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50- 3.49 Agree
2 1.50- 2.29 Disagree
1 0.50- 1.49 Strongly Disagree

Reflection
Directions: Below are some reflection ideas that you may do. Choose two (2)
depending on your interest.

1. Film your 30-second to 1-minute reaction vlog about your realization in this
GLAK. Upload it in your account with the hashtag
#PracticalResearch2Q2Wk3.

2. Write 3 things that you have learned from this Guided Learning Activity Kit,
2 things which need further explanation, and 1 word to represent today’s
learning session. You may or may not explain your answers.

3. Assess your own work as if you are the teacher using 5-10 sentences.

4. Write a poem about the insights you have gained from this week’s lesson.

5. Draw an image that symbolizes your learnings this week.

6. Find an appropriate Tiktok video that best describes your emotions with this
week’s lessons. Upload it in your account with the hashtag
#PracticalResearch2Q2Wk3.

7. Make a collage using pictures on magazines/newspapers with the theme

“Lessons for Quarter 2 Week 3”.

8. Close your eyes. Breathe slowly. Say your reflections out loud. Verbalize
things you are grateful for. Smile. No evidence needed.

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 References

Aquino, Gaudencio. Essentials of Research & Thesis Writing. 1st ed. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2000.

Arcenas, Myla. Applied Research: An Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods

and Report Writing. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2006.

Bacasmo, Mark Lawrence. "Practical-Research-2-Module.Pdf | Survey Methodology

| Experiment". Scribd. Last modified October 20, 2020.
https://www.scribd.com/document/445113734/Practical-Research-
2Modulepdf?fbclid=IwAR0pAm_8R6mzQbp4V6etRYZlOLRFwlCfdROo3F6VnFy
40jKky6 g5OUdQIIE.

Baraceros, Esther. Practical Research 2: First Edition. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store, 2016.

Barrot, Jessie. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Bueno, Dave. Practical Qualitative Research Writing. Quezon City: Great Books
Trading, 2016.

Bueno, Dave. Practical Quantitative Research Writing (for senior high school).
Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp., 2016.

Carey, Teresita, Naval, Victoria, and Prieto, Nelia. Practical Research for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Cristobal, Amadeo and Dela Cruz – Cristobal, Maura Consolacion. Practical Research
for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Key to Corrections

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 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt gratitude
to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the successful
preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution of the
Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across grade
levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-appropriate,
contextualized and simplified learning resources with most essential learning
competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of guided learning
and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the writers
and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their best efforts
to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the implementation of learning
delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning resources
for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination with

the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and for
their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the learners
the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the tasks and for
gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serve our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TRACKS

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LIVELIHOOD (TVL) TRACK

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Zambales

Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No.: (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: www.depedzambales.ph