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C 4 - Structure of Atom, Notes

C 4- Structure of Atom, Notes

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200 views7 pages

C 4 - Structure of Atom, Notes

C 4- Structure of Atom, Notes

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ARSHAD JAMIL
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Chapter 4- Structure of Atom

1. Atoms are not considered as an indivisible unit of matter but can be divided into
sub atomic particles based on the experiments conducted under electricity.
(i) J J Thomson, by cathode ray experiment revealed that an atom contains
negatively charged particles called electrons, and its mass is 2000 times
less than the mass of one hydrogen atom.
(ii) E Goldstein, by anode ray or canal ray experiment revealed that an atom
contains positively charged particles called protons which have unit
positive charge and a mass equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom.
(iii) James Chadwick proposed that in addition to these charged particles in
an atom, an atom also contains charge less particles called neutrons
whose mass is equal to mass of one hydrogen atom.
Basic properties of Sub atomic particles:
Property Proton (p) Electron (e) Neutron (n)
Charge Unit positive Unit negative Neutral
charge (+1) charge (-1)

Mass Equal to one Negligible Equal to mass of


mass of hydrogen hydrogen atom
atom (1u) (1u)
Symbolic
Representation 1 p1 -1 e0 0 n1

2. Thomson’s Model of an atom:


According to J J Thomson,
(i) An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and electrons are
embedded in it.
(ii) The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude which makes
an atom electrically neutral.
Figure-
Limitation:
Thomson could not explain how the positively and negatively charged particles are
shielded from each other. Thus this model was unable to explain the results of
experiments carried out by other scientists.
3. Rutherford’s alpha particle (α) scattering experiment:
Rutherford chose a beam of fast moving alpha particles and a very thin gold foil
(of 1000 atoms’ thickness).
Alpha particles are helium ion (He2+) with high amount of energy.
Rutherford preferred the metal gold because gold is the most malleable metal and
he needed an extremely thin sheet.
Thus he allowed the beam of alpha particles to fall on the thin gold foil.
Diagram-

Observations:
(i) Most of the fast moving alpha particles passed straight through the gold
foil.
(ii) Some of the alpha particles were deflected by the foil by small angles.
(iii) Surprisingly one out of every 12000 particles appeared to rebound.
Conclusions:
(i) Most of the space in an atom is empty as most of the alpha particles
passed through the gold foil without getting deflected.
(ii) Very few particles were deflected from their path, indicating that the
positively charged particles are concentrated to a very small volume.
(iii) A very small fraction got bounced back, indicating that along with the
positive a charge even mass of the atom is concentrated to a small
volume.
4. Rutherford’s model of an Atom:
According to Rutherford,
(i) There is a positively charged centre in atom called nucleus, almost entire
mass of the atom is concentrated to this centre.
(ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
(iii) The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom
(1:105).
Limitation:
According to electromagnetic theory, when a charged body moves in a circular
path will be under uniform acceleration due to which the body keeps on radiating
energy, takes a spiral path and falls into the centre ( nucleus) which makes the
atom collapse down. But in real practice, atoms are quite stable.
Diagram:

5. Bohr’s Model of an Atom:


According to Neils Bohr,
(i) An atom is made up of three sub atomic particles- protons, neutrons and
electrons.
(ii) Protons and neutrons are found inside the nucleus. Due to the presence of
positively charged particles, the nucleus is positively charged.
(iii) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in discrete energy levels called
orbits or shells.
(iv) As long as an electron revolve in a particular shell, it will not radiate
(lose or gain) energy.
(v) When an electron jumps from one energy level to the other, it either loses
or gains energy.
Figure-

6. Atomic number (Z):


The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of protons and electrons are equal in number which makes an
atom electrically neutral. Thus,
Z=p=e
7. Mass number (A):
The mass number is defined as the sum of the total number of protons and
neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom..

Thus, A= p + n
n=A–p
= A-Z (Since p = Z)
Thus the number of sub atomic particles can be calculated as follows , if we know
the atomic number and mass number.
p=Z
e=p=Z
n = A-Z
8. Symbolic representation of an atom:
An atom of an element can be represented symbolically as follows-

Eg:

* Examples (problems) based on the above (number of sub atomic particles and
symbolic representation) will be done in the note book.

9. Electronic configuration:
The distribution of electrons in various shells is known as electronic
configuration.
10. Rules for writing electronic configuration (Bohr- Bury Rule):
 The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is
given by the formula 2n2 where ‘n’ is the number of the shell or energy
level.
‘K’ Shell, n=1, 2n2 =2 x 12 = 2e
‘L’ Shell, n=2, 2n2 = 2 x 22 =8e
‘M’ Shell, n=3, 2n2 = 2 x 32 = 18e
‘N’ Shell, n=4, 2n2 = 2 x 42 = 32e
 The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the
outermost shell is 8.
 The distribution of electrons take place in the increasing order of the
energy levels, ie, unless the inner shells are completely filled, electron
cannot enter into a higher shell.
Note: The outermost shell with 8 electrons or ‘K’ shell with 2 electrons is said
to be stable or chemically inert in nature (Octet rule).
* Table 4.1, page No. 51 to be done in the note book.
* Bohr’s model of first 20 elements to be done in the note book.
11. Valence electrons (ve):
The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is known as valence
electron.
12. Valency:
The combining capacity of an atom is known as valency, ie, the number of
electrons lost, gained or shared in order to attain the nearest stable configuration.

If Ve = 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Valency = Ve
If Ve = 5, 6, 7, 8 ; Valency = 8 - Ve

13. Isotopes:
Atoms of the same element having same atomic number, but different mass
numbers are called isotopes.
Eg: 1) Isotopes of carbon

2) Isotopes of hydrogen
15. Applications of isotopes:
 The isotope of hydrogen (D) is responsible for the huge amount of energy
released by sun.
 An isotope of Uranium (U-235) is used in nuclear reactors.
 An isotope of cobalt (Co-60) is used in the treatment of cancer.
 An isotope of iodine ( I- 131) is used in the treatment of goitre.
 An isotope of sodium (Na-24) is used in detecting blood clots.
 An isotope of carbon (C-14) is used in Radio carbon Dating, that is a method
to determine the age of fossils by analyzing the amount of C- 14 in them.
* Calculation of average atomic mass will be done in the note book.
16. Isobars:
Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, which have the
same mass number, are known as isobars.
Eg:

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