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>>>

Assignment 4: SQL Commands on EMPLOYEE table

MySQL Practical
1. CREATING TABLES IN MYSQL
E.g. in order to create table EMPLOYEE given below :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
We write the following
command :
CREATE TABLE
employee (
ECODE integer ,
ENAME
varchar(20) ,
GENDER
char(1) ,
GRADE
char(2) ,
GROSS
integer
 );
2. INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE
- e.g. to enter a row into EMPLOYEE table (created above), we write command as :
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);

OR
INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS) VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ ,
‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000

In order to insert another row in EMPLOYEE table , we write again INSERT

command : INSERT INTO employee
VALUES(1002 , ‘Akash’ , ‘M’ , ‘A1’ , 35000);

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000

3. INSERTING NULL VALUES

- To insert value NULL in a specific column, we can type NULL without quotes and NULL will be
inserted in that column. E.g. in order to insert NULL value in ENAME column of above table, we write
INSERT command as :

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

VALUES (1004 , NULL , ‘M’ , ‘B2’ , 38965 ) ;

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965

4. SIMPLE QUERY USING SELECT COMMAND

- The SELECT command is used to pull information from a table.
- In order to retrieve everything (all columns) from a table, SELECTcommand is used as :
SELECT * FROM <tablename> ;

e.g.In order to retrieve everything from Employee table, we write SELECT command as :
EMPLOYEE
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965
 SELECT * FROM Employee ;

5. SELECTING PARTICULAR COLUMNS

EMPLOYEE

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1009 Neema F A2 52000
- A particular column from a table can be selected by specifying column-names with SELECTcommand.
E.g. in above table, if we want to select ECODE and ENAME column, then command is :
SELECT ECODE , ENAME

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

E.g.2 in order to select only ENAME, GRADE and GROSS column, the command is :
SELECT ENAME , GRADE , GROSS

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

6. SELECTING PARTICULAR ROWS

We can select particular rows from a table by specifying a condition through WHERE clause along with
SELECT statement. E.g. In employee table if we want to select rows where Gender is female, then
command is :
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;

E.g.2. in order to select rows where salary is greater than 48000, then
command is : SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 48000 ;

7. ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA

The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement. For example ,
SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ;

GENDER
M
M
F
M
F
F

SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE ;

DISTINCT(GENDER)
M
F
8. VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE
- If we want to know the structure of a table, we can use DESCRIBE or DESC command, as per following syntax :
DESCRIBE | DESC <tablename> ;

e.g. to view the structure of table EMPLOYEE, commandis : DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ; OR DESC EMPLOYEE ;

9. USING COLUMN ALIASES

- The columns that we select in a query can be given a different name, i.e. column alias name for output
purpose.
e.g. In output, suppose we want to display ECODE column as EMPLOYEE_CODE in output , then
command is : SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE”

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

10. CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE

- The BETWEEN operator defines a range of values that the column values must fall in to make the condition
true. The range include both lowervalue and uppervalue.

e.g. to display ECODE, ENAME and GRADE of those employees whose salary is between 40000 and 50000,
command is:
SELECT ECODE , ENAME
,GRADE FROM
EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;

Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GRADE
1001 Ravi E4
1006 Ruby A1

11. CONDITION BASED ON A LIST

- To specify a list of values, IN operator is used. The IN operator selects value that match any value in a
given list of values. E.g.

SELECT * FROM
EMPLOYEE WHERE
GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1009 Neema F A2 52000

- The NOT IN operatorfinds rows that do not match in the list. E.g.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
 Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1004 Neela F B2 38965

12. CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES

- LIKE operator is used for pattern matching in SQL. Patterns are described using two special wildcard characters:

1. percent(%) – The % character matches any substring.

2. underscore(_) – The _ character matches any character.

e.g. to display names of employee whose name starts with R in EMPLOYEE table, the command is :
SELECT ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’ ;

Output will be :
ENAME
Ravi
Ruby

e.g. to display details of employee whose second character in

name is ‘e’. SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;

Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000

e.g. to display details of employee whose name ends

with ‘y’. SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%y’ ;

Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000

13. SEARCHING FOR NULL

- The NULL value in a column can be searched for in a table using IS NULL in the WHERE clause. E.g. to list
employee details whose salary contain NULL, we use the command :
 SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GROSS IS NULL ;

e.g.
STUDENT
Roll_No Name Marks
1 ARUN NULL
2 RAVI 56
4 SANJAY NULL
to display the names of those students whose marks is NULL, we use the
command : SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Marks IS NULL ;

Output will be :
Name
ARUN
SANJAY

14. SORTING RESULTS

Whenever the SELECT query is executed , the resulting rows appear in a predecided order. The ORDER BY
clause allow sorting of query result. The sorting can be done either in ascending or descending order, the
default is ascending.

The ORDER BY clause is used as :

SELECT <column name> , <column
name>…. FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <column name> ;

e.g. to display the details of employees in EMPLOYEE table in alphabetical order, we use
command : SELECT *
FROM
EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY
ENAME ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000

e.g. display list of employee in descending alphabetical order whose salary is greater than 40000.
SELECT ENAME
 FROM
EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS >
40000 ORDER BY
ENAME desc ;

Output will be :
ENAME
Ravi
Ruby
Neema

15. MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES

you can modify data in tables using UPDATE command of SQL. The UPDATE command specifies the rows to be
changed using the WHERE clause, and the new data using the SET keyword.

e.g. to change the salary of employee of those in EMPLOYEE table having employee code 1009 to 55000.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = 55000 WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;

16. UPDATING MORE THAN ONE COLUMNS

e.g. to update the salary to 58000 and grade to B2 for those employee whose employee code is 1001.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’

WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;

OTHER EXAMPLES
Increase the salary of each employee by 1000 in the EMPLOYEE table.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = GROSS +100 ;

Double the salary of employees having grade as ‘A1’ or ‘A2’ .
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = GROSS * 2 ;

WHERE GRADE=’A1’ OR GRADE=’A2’ ;

Change the grade to ‘A2’ for those employees whose employee code is 1004 and name is Neela.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GRADE=’A2’

WHERE ECODE=1004 AND GRADE=’NEELA’ ;

17. DELETING DATA FROM TABLES

To delete some data from tables, DELETE command is used. The DELETE command removes rows from a table.
The syntax of DELETE command is:

DELETE FROM <tablename>

WHERE <condition> ;

For example, to remove the details of those employee from EMPLOYEE table whose grade is A1.
 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GRADE =’A1’ ;

18. TO DELETE ALL THE CONTENTS FROM A TABLE

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE ;

So if we do not specify any condition with WHERE clause, then all the rows of the table will be deleted.
Thus above line will delete all rows from employee table.

19. DROPPING TABLES

The DROP TABLE command lets you drop a table from the database.

e.g. to drop a table employee, we need to write :

DROP TABLE employee ;

Once this command is given, the table name is no longer recognized and no more commands can be given on
that table. After this command is executed, all the data in the table along with table structure will be deleted.

20. ALTER TABLE COMMAND

The ALTER TABLE command is used to change definitions of existing tables.(adding columns,deleting columns
etc.). The ALTER TABLE command is used for :
1. adding columns to a table
2. Modifying column-definitions of a table.
3. Deleting columns of a table.
4. Adding constraints to table.
5. Enabling/Disabling constraints.

21. ADDING COLUMNS TO TABLE

To add a column to a table this command is used,
e.g. to add a new column ADDRESS to the EMPLOYEE table, we can write command as :

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD ADDRESS VARCHAR(50);

A new column by the name ADDRESS will be added to the table, where
each row will contain NULL value for the new column.
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS ADDRESS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000 NULL
1002 Akash M A1 35000 NULL
1004 Neela F B2 38965 NULL
1005 Sunny M A2 30000 NULL
1006 Ruby F A1 45000 NULL
1009 Neema F A2 52000 NULL
However if you specify NOT NULL constraint while adding a new column, MySQL adds the new column with the
default value of that datatype e.g. for INT type it will add 0 , for CHAR types, it will add a space, and so on.

e.g. Given a table namely Testt with the following data in it.

Col1 Col2
 1 A
2 G

Now following commands are given for the table. Predict the table contents after each of the following statements:
(i) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col3 INT ;
(ii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col4 INT NOT NULL ;
(iii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col5 CHAR(3) NOT NULL ;
(iv) ALTER TABLE testtADD col6 VARCHAR(3);

22.MODIFYING COLUMNS
In table EMPLOYEE, change the column GROSS to SALARY.

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

CHANGE GROSS SALARY INTEGER;

In table EMPLOYEE , change the column ENAME to EM_NAME and data type from
VARCHAR(20) to VARCHAR(30).

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

CHANGE ENAME EM_NAME VARCHAR(30);

In table EMPLOYEE , change the datatype of GRADE column from CHAR(2) to VARCHAR(2).

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

MODIFY GRADE VARCHAR(2);

23. DELETING COLUMNS

To delete a column from a table, the ALTER TABLE command takes the following form :

ALTER TABLE <table name>

DROP <column name>;

e.g. to delete column GRADE from table EMPLOYEE, we will write :

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

DROP GRADE ;

24. ADDING/REMOVING CONSTRAINTS TO A TABLE

ALTER TABLE statement can be used to add constraints to your existing table.
e.g. to add PRIMARY KEY constraint on column ECODE of table EMPLOYEE , the command is :
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD PRIMARY KEY (ECODE) ;

25. REMOVING CONSTRAINTS

- To remove foreign key constraint from atable, we use ALTER TABLE command as :
ALTER TABLE <table name>
 DROP FOREIGN KEY ;

AGGREGATE / GROUP FUNCTIONS

Aggregate / Group functions work upon groups of rows , rather than on single row, and return one single
output. Different aggregate functions are : COUNT( ) , AVG( ) , MIN( ) , MAX( ) , SUM ( )

Table : EMPL

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

8369 SMITH CLERK 2985 10
8499 ANYA SALESMAN 9870 20
8566 AMIR SALESMAN 8760 30
8698 BINA MANAGER 5643 20
8912 SUR NULL 3000 10

1. AVG( )
This function computes the average of given data.
e.g. SELECT AVG(SAL)
FROM EMPL ;
Output
AVG(SAL)
6051.6

2. COUNT( )
This function counts the number of rows in a given column.
If you specify the COLUMN name in parenthesis of function, then this function returns rows where
COLUMN is not null.
If you specify the asterisk (*), this function returns all rows, including duplicates and nulls.

e.g. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPL ;

Output
COUNT(*)
5

e.g.2 SELECT COUNT(JOB) FROM EMPL ;

Output
COUNT(JOB)
4

3. MAX( )
This function returns the maximum value from a given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
MAX(SAL)
9870

4. MIN( )
This function returns the minimum value from a given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
MIN(SAL)
2985

5. SUM( )
This function returns the sum of values in given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
SUM(SAL)
30258

GROUPING RESULT – GROUP BY

The GROUP BY clause combines all those records(row) that have identical values in a particular field(column) or a
 group of fields(columns).
GROUPING can be done by a column name, or with aggregate functions in which case the aggregate produces a
value for each group.
Table : EMPL

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

8369 SMITH CLERK 2985 10
8499 ANYA SALESMAN 9870 20
8566 AMIR SALESMAN 8760 30
8698 BINA MANAGER 5643 20

e.g. Calculate the number of employees in each grade.

SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL

GROUP BY JOB ;
Output
JOB COUNT(*)
CLERK 1
SALESMAN 2
MANAGER 1

e.g.2. Calculate the sum of salary for each department.

SELECT DEPTNO ,
SUM(SAL) FROM
EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;
Output
DEPTNO SUM(SAL)
10 2985
20 15513
30 8760
e.g.3. find the average salary of each department.
Sol: select avg(sal) FROM EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

NESTED GROUP
- To create a group within a group i.e., nested group, you need to specify multiplefields in the GROUP BY
expression.
e.g. To group records job wise within Deptno wise, you need to issue a query statement like :

SELECT DEPTNO , JOB ,

COUNT(EMPNO) FROM EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO , JOB ;
Output
DEPTNO JOB COUNT(EMPNO)
10 CLERK 1
20 SALESMAN 1
20 MANAGER 1
30 SALESMAN 1
 PLACING CONDITION ON GROUPS – HAVING CLAUSE

- The HAVING clause places conditions on groups in contrast to WHERE clause that places condition on
individual rows. While WHERE conditions cannot include aggregate functions, HAVING conditions can
do so.
- e.g. To display the jobs where the number of employees is less than 2,
- SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL GROUP BY JOB
HAVING COUNT(*) < 2 ;
Output
JOB COUNT(*)
CLERK 1
MANAGER 1

MySQL FUNCTIONS
Types of MySQL functions : String Functions , Maths Functions and Date & Time Functions.
Table : EMPL

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

8369 SMITH CLERK 2985 10
8499 ANYA SALESMAN 9870 20
8566 AMIR SALESMAN 8760 30
8698 BINA MANAGER 5643 20
8912 SUR NULL 3000 10

STRING FUNCTIONS

1. CONCAT( ) - Returns the Concatenated String.

Syntax : CONCAT(Column1 , Column2 , Column3, …….)
e.g. SELECT CONCAT(EMPNO , ENAME) FROM EMPL WHEREDEPTNO=10;
 Output
CONCAT(EMPNO , ENAME)
8369SMITH
8912SUR
2. LOWER( ) / LCASE( ) - Returns the
argument in lowercase. Syntax :
LOWER(Column name)
e.g.
SELECT LOWER(ENAME) FROM EMPL ;
Output
LOWER(ENAME)
smith
anya
amir
bina
sur

3. UPPER( ) / UCASE( ) - Returns the argument in

uppercase. Syntax : UPPER(Column
name)

e.g.
SELECT UPPER(ENAME) FROM EMPL ;
Output
UPPER(ENAME)
SMITH
ANYA
AMIR
BINA
SUR

4. SUBSTRING( ) / SUBSTR( ) – Returns the substring as specified.

Syntax : SUBSTR(Column name, m , n), where m specifies starting index and n specifies number of
characters from the starting index m.

e.g.
SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,2,2) FROM EMPL WHERE DEPTNO=20;

Output
SUBSTR(ENAME,2,2)
NY
IN

SELECT SUBSTR(JOB,-2,2) FROMEMPL WHERE DEPTNO=20;

Output
SUBSTR(JOB,-4,2)
SM
AG
 5. LTRIM( ) – Removes leadingspaces.
e.g. SELECT LTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’) ;
Output
LTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL
6. RTRIM( ) – Removes trailing spaces.
e.g. SELECT RTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL ’) ;
Output
RTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL

7. TRIM( ) – Removes trailing and leading spaces.

e.g. SELECT TRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL ’) ;
Output
TRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL

8. LENGTH( ) – Returns the length of a string. e.g.

SELECT LENGTH(“CANDID”) ;
Output
LENGTH(“CANDID”)
6

SELECT LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMPL;

LENGTH(ENAME)
5
4
4
4
3
e.g.2. Output
 9. LEFT( ) – Returns the leftmost numberof characters as specified.
e.g. SELECT LEFT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’ , 3) ;
Output
LEFT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’, 3)
COR

10. RIGHT( ) – Returns the rightmost numberof characters as specified.

e.g. SELECT RIGHT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’ , 3) ;
Output
RIGHT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’, 3)
OOR

11. MID( ) – This function is same as SUBSTRING( )

/ SUBSTR( ) function. E.g. SELECT
MID(“ABCDEF” , 2 , 4 ) ;
Output
MID(“ABCDEF” , 2 , 4 )
BCDE

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS

These functions accept numeric values and after performing the operation, return numeric value.

1. MOD( ) – Returns the remainder of given two numbers. e.g. SELECT MOD(11 , 4);

Output
MOD(11, 4 )
3

2. POW( ) / POWER( ) - This function returns mn i.e , a numberm raised to the nth power.
e.g. SELECT POWER(3,2) ;
Output
POWER(3, 2 )
9

3. ROUND( ) – This function returns a numberroundedoff as per given specifications.

e.g. ROUND(15.193 , 1) ;
Output
ROUND(15.193 , 1)
15.2

e.g. 2. SELECT ROUND(15.193 , -1); - This will convert the number to nearest ten’s .

Output
ROUND(15.193 , -1)
20
 4. SIGN( ) – This function returns sign of a given number.
If number is negative, the function
returns -1. If number is positive, the
function returns 1. If number is zero,
the function returns 0.

e.g. SELECT SIGN(-15) ;

Output
SIGN(-15)
-1

e.g.2 SELECT SIGN(20) ;

Output
SIGN(20)
1

5. SQRT( ) – This function returns the square root

of a given number. E.g. SELECT SQRT(25) ;
Output
SQRT(25)
5

6. TRUNCATE( ) – This function returns a number with

some digits truncated. E.g. SELECT TRUNCATE(15.79 ,
1) ;

Output
TRUNCATE(15.79 , 1)
15.7

E.g. 2. SELECT TRUNCATE(15.79 , -1); - This command truncate value 15.79 to nearest ten’s place.

Output
TRUNCATE(15.79 , -1)
10
 DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
Date functions operate on values of the DATE datatype.

1. CURDATE( ) / CURRENT_DATE( ) – This function returns the current date. E.g.

SELECT CURDATE( ) ;
Output
CURDATE( )
2016-12-13

2. DATE( ) – This function extracts the date part from a date. E.g.
SELECT DATE( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
DATE( ‘2016-02-09’)
09

3. MONTH( ) – This function returns the month

from the date passed. E.g. SELECT MONTH(
‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
MONTH( ‘2016-02-09’)
02

4. YEAR( ) – This function returns the yearpart of a date. E.g.

SELECT YEAR( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
YEAR( ‘2016-02-09’)
2016

5. DAYNAME( ) – This function returns the name of weekday. E.g.

SELECT DAYNAME( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
DAYNAME( ‘2016-12-14’)
Wednesday

6. DAYOFMONTH( ) – This function returns the day of month. Returns value in range of 1 to 31.
E.g. SELECT DAYOFMONTH( ‘2016-12-14’) ;
Output
DAYOFMONTH( ‘2016-12-14’)
14

7. DAYOFWEEK( ) – This function returns the day of week. Return the weekdayindex for
date. (1=Sunday, 2=Monday,……., 7=Saturday)
SELECT DAYOFWEEK( ‘2016-12-14’) ;

Output
 DAYOFWEEK( ‘2016-12-14’)
4

8. DAYOFYEAR( ) – This function returns the day of the year. Returns the
value between 1 and 366. E.g. SELECT DAYOFYEAR(‘2016-02-04) ;
Output
DAYOFYEAR( ‘2016-02-04’)
35

9. NOW( ) – This function returns the currentdate and time.

It returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute.

e.g. SELECT NOW( );

10. SYSDATE( ) – It also returns the current date but it return the time at which SYSDATE( ) executes. It
differs from the behavior for NOW( ), which returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the
statement began to execute.
e.g. SELECT SYSDATE( ) ;
 JOINS
- A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables. In a join- query,
more than one table are listed in FROM clause.

Table : empl

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

8369 SMITH CLERK 2985 10
8499 ANYA SALESMAN 9870 20
8566 AMIR SALESMAN 8760 30
8698 BINA MANAGER 5643 20

Table : dept

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

10 ACCOUNTING NEW DELHI
20 RESEARCH CHENNAI
30 SALES KOLKATA
40 OPERATIONS MUMBAI

CARTESIAN PRODUCT/UNRESTRICTED JOIN/CROSS JOIN

- Consider the following query :

SELECT * FROM EMPL, DEPT ;

This query will give you the Cartesian product i.e. all possible concatenations are formed of all
rows of both the tables EMPL and DEPT. Such an operation is also known as Unrestricted Join.
It returns n1 x n2 rows where n1 is number of rows in first table and n2 is number of rows in
second table.

EQUI-JOIN

- The join in which columns are compared for equality, is called Equi- Join. In
equi-join, all the columns from joining table appear in the output even if they are
identical.
e.g. SELECT * FROM empl, dept
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno ;
 Q

Q: with reference to empl and dept table, find the location of employee SMITH.
ename column is present in empl and loc column is present in dept. In order to obtain the result, we
have to join two tables.

SELECT ENAME, LOC

FROM EMPL, DEPT
WHERE EMPL.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND ENAME=’SMITH’;

Q: Display details like department number, department name,

employee number, employee name, job and salary. And order the
rows by department number.

SELECT EMPL.deptno, dname,empno,ename,job,sal

FROM EMPL,DEPT
WHERE EMPL.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO
ORDER BY EMPL.DEPTNO;

QUALIFIED NAMES

Did you notice that in all the WHERE conditions of join queries given so far, the field(column) names
are given as: <tablename>.<columnname>

This type of field names are called qualified field names. Qualified field names are very useful in
identifying a field if the two joining tables have fields with same time. For example, if we say deptno
field from joining tables empl and dept, you’ll definitely ask- deptno field of which table ? To avoid
such an ambiguity, the qualified field names are used.
 TABLE ALIAS

- A table alias is a temporary label given along with table name in FROM clause.

e.g.

SELECT E.DEPTNO,
DNAME,EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,SAL FROM
EMPL E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO
= D.DEPTNO
ORDER BY
E.DEPTNO;
In above command table alias for EMPL table is E and for DEPT table , alias is D.

Q: Display details like department number, department name,

employee number, employee name, job and salary. And order
the rows by employee number with department number.
These details should be only for employees earning atleast Rs.
6000 and of SALESdepartment.

SELECT E.DEPTNO, DNAME,EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMPL E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND DNAME=’SALES’ AND SAL>=6000
ORDER BY E.DEPTNO;

NATURAL JOIN
By default, the results of an equijoin contain two identical columns. One of the two
identical columns can be eliminated by restating the query. This result is called a Natural
join.

e.g. SELECT empl.*, dname, loc FROM empl,dept

WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno ;

empl.* means select all columns from empl table. This thing can be used with any table.

LEFT JOIN
- You can use LEFT JOIN clause in SELECT to produce
left join i.e.
 - When using LEFT JOIN all rows from the first table will be returned whether there
are matches in the second table or not. For unmatched rows of first table, NULL is
shown in columns of second table.

S1 S2
Roll_no Name Roll_no Class
1 A 2 III
2 B 4 IX
3 C 1 IV
4 D 3 V
5 E 7 I
6 F 8 II
SELECT S1.ROLL_NO, NAME,CLASS
FROM S1 LEFT JOIN S2 ON S1.ROLL_NO=S2.ROLL_NO;

RIGHT JOIN
- It works just like LEFT JOIN but with table order reversed. All rows from the
second table are going to be returned whether or not there are matches in the
first table.
- You can use RIGHT JOIN in SELECT to produce right join i.e.

e.g SELECT S1.ROLL_NO, NAME,CLASS

FROM S1 RIGHT JOIN S2 ON S1.ROLL_NO=S2.ROLL_NO;

Assignment 5:
Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module and add records of student and
display all the record.
Ans:
import os
import platform