CS442_DSA_Practical_File

CS442: DATA SCIENCE AND ANALYTICS ID: 21DCS029
Practical 1
Date: 30/06/2023
Aim:
To perform data pre-processing of IBM Churn dataset from
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/yeanzc/telco-customer-churn-ibm-dataset.
 Load data
 Find missing values
 Clean data
 Find co-relations between attributes.
 Remove redundant attributes.
 Normalize data
 Visualize the data
Use numpy, pandas, and matplotlib.
Code:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Load the dataset

url = "WA_Fn-UseC_-Telco-Customer-Churn.csv"
df = pd.read_csv(url)
# Display basic information about the dataset

print("Dataset Info:")
print(df.info())
# Find missing values

missing_values = df.isnull().sum()
print("\nMissing Values:")
print(missing_values)
# Handle missing values (e.g., replace with mean, median, or drop columns)
# For this example, let's drop rows with missing values
df.dropna(inplace=True)
# Find correlations between attributes

correlation_matrix = df.corr()
print("\nCorrelation Matrix:")
print(correlation_matrix)
# Visualize the correlation matrix using a heatmap

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
plt.imshow(correlation_matrix, cmap='coolwarm', interpolation='nearest')
plt.colorbar()
plt.xticks(range(len(df.columns)), df.columns, rotation='vertical')
plt.yticks(range(len(df.columns)), df.columns)
plt.title('Correlation Matrix')
plt.show()
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# Remove redundant attributes (e.g., drop highly correlated columns)

# You may want to customize this based on your analysis
df = df.drop(['TotalCharges'], axis=1)
# Normalize data
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
df[['tenure', 'MonthlyCharges']] = scaler.fit_transform(df[['tenure', 'MonthlyCharges']])
# Visualize the data

df.hist(bins=20, figsize=(12, 8))
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Output Screenshot:
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we performed data pre-processing of IBM Churn dataset from
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/yeanzc/telco-customer-churn-ibm-dataset.
Student Signature & Date Marks: Evaluator Signature & Date

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Practical 2
Date: 08/07/2023
Aim: To install Hadoop framework, configure it and setup a single node cluster. Use web based
tools to monitor your Hadoop setup.
Code:
THEORY:
Hadoop:
 The Apache™ Hadoop® project develops open-source software for reliable,

scalable, distributed computing.
 The Apache Hadoop software library is a framework that allows for the
distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of computers using simple
programming models.
 It is designed to scale up from single servers to thousands of machines, each
offering local computation and storage. Rather than rely on hardware to deliver
high- availability, the library itself is designed to detect and handle failures at the
application layer, so delivering a highly-available service on top of a cluster of
computers, each ofwhich may be prone to failures.
 First install Docker on windows machine from official website.
 Besides this parallelly also download WSL2 with ubantu from Microsoft store.
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 After downloading all the above-mentioned requirements run and install

the docker on your windows machine.Then after download Hadoop from
github as the link given here
https://github.com/big-data-europe/docker-hadoop
 On the completing all the download simply run this command.
 docker-compose up -d
 This will automatically downloads all the requirements and make a docker
container.
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 Then click on NameNode Cli.
 Now open up a browser and go to localhost:9870
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learned about how to install Hadoop.
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Practical 3
Date: 14/07/2023
Aim: To implement file management tasks in Hadoop HDFS and perform Hadoop commands.
Code:
There are many more commands in "$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs" than are

demonstrated here, although these basic operations will get you started. Running
./bin/hadoop dfs with no additional arguments will list all the commands that can be run with
the FsShell system.
Furthermore, $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs -help commandName will display a
short usage summary for the operation in question, if you are stuck.
 Start the docker and run the Hadoop in it.
 Open the NameNode Cli from docker and navigate to the localhost:9870.
 Here given Cli is for performing command on the NameNode.
Commands :-
1.) Ls :-
This command is use to list all the files which is been present is the hadoop file sys.
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2.) Mkdir:-
To make new directory use this command.
3.) Touchz:-
4.) Hadoop version :-
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5.) Hadoop find :-
6.) copyToLocal :-
7.) rmdir :-
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Conclusion/Summary: In this practical, we performed various basic commands on

Hadoop to create and remove or copy files into system.
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Practical 4
Date: 21/07/2023
Aim: To implement Map, reduce, filter and lambda in python.
Code:
1. Map Function:
The map() function is used to apply a given function to each item of an iterable (e.g., a list) and
returns a new iterable with the results.
# Example: Doubling each element of a list using map
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
doubled = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, numbers))
print(doubled)
2. Reduce Function:
The reduce() function is used to apply a given function cumulatively to the items of an iterable,
reducing it to a single accumulated result.
# Example: Summing up all elements of a list using reduce
from functools import reduce
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, numbers)
print(total)
3. Filter Function:
The filter() function is used to filter elements of an iterable based on a given function's condition.
# Example: Filtering even numbers from a list using filter
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print(evens) # Output: [2, 4, 6, 8]
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4. Lambda Function:
Lambda functions are anonymous functions defined using the lambda keyword. They are often used
for short, simple operations.
# Example: Using a lambda function to square a number
square = lambda x: x ** 2
result = square(5)
print(result) # Output: 25
Conclusion/Summary: In this practical we learnt about some basic example of how to use map,
reduce, filter, and lambda functions in Python.
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Practical 5
Date: 22/07/2023
Aim: To implement a word count application using the MapReduce programming model.
Code:
# Create a sample text file

sample_text = """
Hello world
This is a sample text file
For word count example
Hello again
"""
with open("new.txt", "w") as file:

file.write(sample_text)
# Mapper function
def mapper(line):
words = line.strip().split()
for word in words:
print(f"{word}\t1")
# Reducer function
def reducer(word, counts):
total = sum(map(int, counts))
print(f"{word}\t{total}")
# Use Hadoop Streaming to perform word count
!cat "new.txt" | python -m mapreduce.pipes \
--map "/usr/bin/python mapper" \
--reduce "/usr/bin/python reducer" \
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--input-format org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat \
--output-format org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextOutputFormat \
--input /content/drive/My\ Drive/sample.txt \
--output /content/drive/My\ Drive/wordcount_output
# View the word count output
with open("new.txt") as result_file:
wordcount_result = result_file.read()
print(wordcount_result)
Output Screenshot:
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we implemented a word count application using the MapReduce programming
model.
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Practical 6
Date: 28/07/2023
Aim:
To design and implement MapReduce algorithms to take a very large file of integers and produce
as output:
a) The largest integer
b) The average of all the integers.
c) The count of the number of distinct integers in the input.
Code:
//Reducer.java
import java.io.IOException;
import
org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
import
org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;
public class Reducer
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IllegalStateException,
IOException, ClassNotFoundException, InterruptedException
{Configuration conf = new Configuration();
Job job = Job.getInstance(conf,"Practicle 4");job.setJarByClass(Reducer.class);
job.setMapperClass(BDA_Mapper.class);
job.setReducerClass(BDA_Reducer.class); job.setMapOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setMapOutputValueClass(LongWritable.class);
job.setOutputKeyClass(LongWritable.class);job.setOutputValueClass(Text.class);
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job,new Path(args[0]));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job,new Path(args[1]));
System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true)?0:1); } }
//BDA_Mapper.java
import
java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import
org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
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import org.apache.hadoop.io.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
public class BDA_Mapper extends Mapper<LongWritable,Text,Text,LongWritable>
{ private TreeMap<String,Integer>
tmap; @Override
public void setup(Context context) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{tmap = new TreeMap<String,Integer>();}
public void map(LongWritable key,Text value,Context context)
throws IOException,InterruptedException
{if(tmap.containsKey(value.toString().trim()))
{int
count=tmap.get(value.toString().trim());tmap.put(value.toString().trim(),count+
1);} else {tmap.put(value.toString().trim(),1);}}
@Override
public void cleanup(Context context) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{ for(Map.Entry<String,Integer> entry:tmap.entrySet())
{String number = entry.getKey();int count = entry.getValue();
context.write(new Text(number),new LongWritable(count));}}}
//
BDA_Reducer.java
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import
org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
import
org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
import
org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;
public class BDA_Reducer extends Reducer<Text,LongWritable,Text,LongWritable>
{private TreeMap<String , Long> tmap2;
private int max =
Integer.MIN_VALUE,unique=0,cnt=0; private long
sum=0;
@Override
public void setup(Context context) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{tmap2 = new
TreeMap<String,Long>();} @Override
public void reduce(Text key,Iterable<LongWritable> values,Context context)
throws IOException,InterruptedException
{String number = key.toString();long
count=0; for(LongWritable
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val:values)
{count+=val.get();sum+=((int)val.get())*Integer.parseInt(number.trim());}
tmap2.put(number,count);cnt+=count;
if(max<Integer.parseInt(number.trim()))
max=Integer.parseInt(number.trim()); unique++;}
@Override
public void cleanup(Context context) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{ for(Map.Entry<String,Long> entry:tmap2.entrySet())
{Long count = entry.getValue();String name = entry.getKey();
context.write(new Text(name),new LongWritable(count));}
context.write(new Text("MAX NUMBER = "),new
LongWritable(max)); context.write(new Text("AVERAGE = "),new
LongWritable(sum/cnt));
Content.write write(new Text("Total Unique Numbers =
"),new LongWritable(unique));} }
OUTPUT:
 MyProject -> then select Build Path-> Click on Configure Build Path and select
Add External jars…. and add jars from it’s download location then click -> Apply
and Close.
 Now export the project as jar file. Right-click on MyProject choose Export.. and go
to Java -> JAR file click -> Next and choose your export destination then click ->
Next. choose Main Class by clicking -> Browse and then click -> Finish -> Ok.
 In Eclipse go to export
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learnt about the mapReduce Paradigm in detail and also executed
a simple operations on large integers file in MapReduce in Python Language.
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Practical 7
Date: 04/08/2023
Aim: To implement basic functions and commands in R Programming. Use R-Studio and build
WordCloud and data visualization using R for easy to understand and better visualization than a data
table.
Code:
install.packages("tm")
install.packages("SnowballC")
install.packages("wordcloud")
install.packages("RColorBrewer")
library("wordcloud")
library("RColorBrewer")
# To choose the text file text =
readLines(file.choose()) # VectorSource() function #
creates a corpus of
# character v ectors docs =
Corpus(VectorSource(text)) # Text transformation
toSpace = content_transformer(
function (x, pattern)
gsub(pattern, " ", x))
docs1 = tm_map(docs, toSpace, "/") docs1 =
tm_map(docs, toSpace, "@") docs1 =
tm_map(docs, toSpace, "#")
strwrap(docs1)
# Cleaning the Text docs1 = tm_map(docs1, content_transformer(tolower))
docs1 = tm_map(docs1, removeNumbers) docs1 = tm_map(docs1,
stripWhitespace) # Build a term-document matrix dtm =
TermDocumentMatrix(docs) m = as.matrix(dtm) v
= sort(rowSums(m), decreasing = TRUE)
d = data.frame(word = names(v), freq =
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v) head(d, 10)
# Generate the Word cloud wordcloud(words =
d$word, freq = d$freq, min.freq = 1, max.words = 200, random.order = FALSE, rot.per
= 0.35, colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
Output Screenshot:
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learnt about R and implemented wordCloud using R.
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Practical 8
Date: 11/08/2023
Aim: To implement supervised learning algorithms (linear regression and logistic regression) using
R.
Code:
 Install Required Packages:
To install R packages, use the following code cell in your Colab notebook:
# Install and load necessary libraries
install.packages("tidyverse")
library(tidyverse)
install.packages("glmnet")
library(glmnet)
 Load and Preprocess Data
You'll need a dataset for your regression tasks. You can upload a dataset directly to
Google Colab or load it from an online source. Here, I'll provide an example using a built-
in R dataset.
# Load a built-in dataset (example using mtcars dataset)

data(mtcars)
 Linear Regression Example:

Here's an example of implementing linear regression in R:
# Linear regression
model_lm <- lm(mpg ~ cyl + hp, data = mtcars)
# Summary of the linear regression model

summary(model_lm)
 Logistic Regression Example:

Here's an example of implementing logistic regression in R:
# Logistic regression
model_logistic <- glm(vs ~ cyl + hp, data = mtcars, family = binomial)
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# Summary of the logistic regression model

summary(model_logistic)
 Evaluate and Visualize Results
After fitting the models, you can evaluate them using appropriate metrics and visualize the
results.
# Evaluate linear regression model
linear_predictions <- predict(model_lm, newdata = mtcars)
linear_mse <- mean((mtcars$mpg - linear_predictions)^2)
linear_mse
# Evaluate logistic regression model

logistic_predictions <- predict(model_logistic, type = "response", newdata = mtcars)
logistic_predictions_binary <- ifelse(logistic_predictions > 0.5, 1, 0)
logistic_accuracy <- mean(logistic_predictions_binary == mtcars$vs)
logistic_accuracy
Output Screenshot:
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we implemented supervised learning algorithms (linear regression and logistic
regression) using R.
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Practical 9
Date: 18/08/2023
Aim: To implement unsupervised learning algorithms (k-means) using R.
Code:
1. Install Required Packages:
To install R packages, use the following code cell in your Colab notebook:
install.packages("ggplot2")
2.
Generate or Load Data:
You can generate synthetic data or upload your own dataset. Here's an example of generating
random data:
set.seed(123) # For reproducibility
data <- data.frame(
x = rnorm(100, mean = 0, sd = 1),
y = rnorm(100, mean = 0, sd = 1)
)
3.
Perform K-Means Clustering:
Use the k-means clustering algorithm as shown in the previous response:
k <- 3 # Number of clusters
set.seed(123) # For reproducibility
kmeans_result <- kmeans(data, centers = k)
4.
View the Cluster Assignments:
Check the cluster assignments for each data point:
cluster_assignments <- kmeans_result$cluster
5.
Visualize the Clusters:
Create a scatter plot to visualize the clusters:
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data, aes(x = x, y = y, color = factor(cluster_assignments))) +

geom_point() +
geom_point(data = as.data.frame(kmeans_result$centers), aes(x = x, y = y), color =
"black", size = 3, shape = 4) +
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labs(title = "K-Means Clustering", color = "Cluster") +

theme_minimal()
Output Screenshot:
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we implemented unsupervised learning algorithms (k-means) using R.
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Practical 10
Date: 25/08/2023
Aim: To install and implement basic database operations in MongoDB. To implement basic CRUD
operations (create, read, update, delete) in MongoDB.
Code:
THEORY:
MongoDB:
 MongoDB is a source-available cross-platform document-oriented database program.

Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with
optional schemas. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and licensed under the
Server Side Public License (SSPL).
 Main Features:
o Ad-hoc queries
 MongoDB supports field, range query, and regular-expression searches.
Queries can return specific fields of documents and also include user-
defined JavaScript functions. Queries can also be configured to return a
random sample of results of a given size.
o Indexing
 Fields in a MongoDB document can be indexed with primary and
secondary indices or index.
o Replication
 MongoDB provides high availability with replica sets. A replica set
consists of two or more copies of the data. Each replica-set member may
act in the role of primary or secondary replica at any time. All writes
and reads are done on the primary replica by default. Secondary replicas
maintain a copy of the data of the primary using built-in replication.
When a primary replica fails, the replica set automatically conducts an
election process to determine which secondary should become the
primary. Secondaries can optionally serve read operations, but that data
is only eventually consistent by default.
 If the replicated MongoDB deployment only has a single secondary
member, a separate daemon called an arbiter must be added to the set. It
has a single responsibility, which is to resolve the election of the new
primary.[30] As a consequence, an idealized distributed MongoDB
deployment requires at least three separate servers, even in the case of
just one primary and one secondary.
o Load balancing
 MongoDB scales horizontally using sharding. The user chooses a shard
key, which determines how the data in a collection will be distributed.
The data is split into ranges (based on the shard key) and distributed
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across multiple shards. (A shard is a master with one or more replicas.).

Alternatively, the shard key can be hashed to map to a shard – enabling
an even data distribution.
 MongoDB can run over multiple servers, balancing the load or
duplicating data to keep the system up and running in case of hardware
failure.
o File storage
 MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load
balancing and data replication features over multiple machines for
storing files.
 This function, called grid file system, is included with MongoDB
drivers. MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content
to developers. GridFS can be accessed using mongofiles utility or
plugins for Nginx and lighttpd. GridFS divides a file into parts, or
chunks, and stores each of those chunks as a separate document.
o Aggregation
 MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation: the aggregation
pipeline, the map-reduce function, and single-purpose aggregation
methods.
 Map-reduce can be used for batch processing of data and aggregation
operations. But according to MongoDB's documentation, the
Aggregation Pipeline provides better performance for most aggregation
operations.
 The aggregation framework enables users to obtain the kind of results
for which the SQL GROUP BY clause is used. Aggregation operators
can be strung together to form a pipeline – analogous to Unix pipes. The
aggregation framework includes the $lookup operator which can join
documents from multiple collections, as well as statistical operators such
as standard deviation.
o Server-side JavaScript execution
 JavaScript can be used in queries, aggregation functions (such as
MapReduce), and sent directly to the database to be executed.
o Capped collections
 MongoDB supports fixed-size collections called capped collections.
This type of collection maintains insertion order and, once the specified
size has been reached, behaves like a circular queue.
o Transactions
 MongoDB claims to support multi-document ACID transactions since
the 4.0 release in June 2018. This claim was found to not be true as
MongoDB violates snapshot isolation.
PRACTICAL:
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We can download MongoDB with the help of following tutorials.

https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/install-mongodb-on-windows/
MongoDB:
We can start the MongoDB service using “mongo” command.
We can check available databases using “show dbs” command.
We can create database using “use” keyword easily.
We can insert the data in database using “insertOne” command.
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We can check all the records of database using “find” and “pretty()” to format the output.
We can also update our record using “updateOne”.
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learnt about mongoDB and Cassandra and performed basic CRUD
operations in both the databases.
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Practical 11
Date: 01/09/2023
Aim: To design a dashboard using Google data studio.
Code:
Step 1: Login & Create A Blank Report

The first step is to visit datastudio.google.com and sign in with the account that is the same account
as the Google Analytics & Google Search Console you want to create the dashboard for.
Sign in to Google Data Studio with your Google Analytics account
Once you have signed in and accepted any Terms of Service notices, we are now ready to create our
blank report. Simply click on “+” for the “Blank” report template. There are other pre-built
templates you can check out, however, for this tutorial, we are going to create a new blank report.
Create a blank dashboard

Finally, let’s rename this dashboard so it is easy to find. This is an important step. Google will auto-
save your dashboard as you go, however, if you leave the name as the default, it will be difficult to
find later.
Rename your dashboard
Step 2: Add Your First Data Source

For this dashboard, we will need two data sources. We will need to connect to Google Analytics &
Google Search Console.
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First, click the “Create New Data Source” button.
Click Create New Data Source
Next, find the Google Analytics connector and select Google Analytics. You will notice there are
many other connectors you can choose from. These are all the different data sources that can be
pulled into a report. For now, let’s stick to our current dashboard.
Find and select the Google Analytics connector
We now need to authorize our connection to Google Analytics. You will need to select “Allow
Access” on the authorization popup that follows.
Authorize the Google Analytics connector
Our next step is to rename this connector to make it easier to find. In this example, “Demo Google
Analytics” is being used.
Now we must choose our Google Analytics account, then the property followed by the view. This
should be your main view that you use when viewing your data in Google Analytics.
To finish this step, click the connect button to connect to this data source.
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Rename, select account/property/view, and connect
The final stage to adding the data source is to click “Add to Report”. At this state, you are able to
modify fields and add calculated fields if needed. This is more advanced and will be covered in a
later article. For now, all the fields are setup perfectly fine for our dashboard.
Click “Add to Report”
Step 3: Add Your Second Data Source

Now that we have already added one data source, the screen has changed and we no longer have the
“Create Data Source” button in the lower right of the screen. To add a second data source, we will
need to go to “Resource” and select “Manage added data sources”.
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Under “Resource” select “Manage added data sources”
This is the panel where you can manage your data sources for each report/dashboard. You will see
our first data source we added. To add a second, just click on “Add A Data Source”.
Click “Add A Data Source”
This will take you back to the connector gallery. Simply find the “Search Console” connector and
select it. You may need to authorize once again.
Select “Search Console”
As we did before, rename this data source to something you can identify easily later. (See #1)
Next, select your site and for this dashboard we are going to focus on “Site Impression” table.
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Finally, click the connect button to connect this to your dashboard.
Rename, select site and table, connect to your dashboard
Step 4: Adding Elements

Now that we have setup all our data sources, it’s time to build out our dashboard. Google Data
Studio comes with several types of elements that can be added to your report. These elements
include line graphs, pie charts, tables, geo maps, scorecards and many more.
Elements you can add to your dashboard
Line Graphs / Time Series
Update your data source, dimension and metrics
Pie Charts
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Stylize your element
Scorecards
Tables
Add a second table & setup dimensions and metrics
Step 5: Adding Date Range Filter

Currently, all the elements added to our dashboard are set to pull “Auto” as our date. By default this
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is pulling the last 28 days, but, what if you wanted to view a different date range?
Google Data Studio as an element known as a “Date Range” filter. This is added the same way as all
other elements. Just select it from the menu bar and drag out a date range filter at an appropriate
size.
Add date range filter
View date range filter
Step 6: Add Text Headers & Images

Once elements have been added, you may have noticed that there are no headings. This can be
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confusing to anyone using your dashboard. Also, we may want to add some branding or images to
help others make better sense of our newly created dashboard.
Text Headers
Google Data Studio makes adding text headers very simple with their “Text” element. Simply drag
out a text box and add your text. Under text properties, update the size, color, and font-weight to
achieve your desired look.
Add text
Adding Images
There are several reasons as to why you may want to add images to your dashboard. The most
common is to add your company’s branding.
Select the image element from the menu bar, drag a box onto your dashboard then click on “select a
file” button on your “Data” tab. Browse you computer and find the image file you want to add.
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Add image
Our added image
Step 7: Styling
Our dashboard has all the data we want to see, however, it doesn’t look amazing. With Google Data
Studio, it is very simple to make style edits.
Global Styles
When you don’t have any elements selected, you should see the Layout and Theme sidebar. In this
sidebar, we have the ability to control the overall layout and theme for our entire dashboard and all
elements.
Layout & theme tabs

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You can control your Primary and Secondary text color and font under the theme tab.
In addition, you can also pick your chart palette. Chart palette is the order of colors that will be used
in all charts. For example, by default we have blue, red, yellow, green, etc. Notice in our pie chart
on our dashboard, we have these same colors used in descending order. If you have brand colors, I
would suggest changing these colors to your brands colors. Make sure the colors are different
enough that you can make out which color represents different data.
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Element Styles
Each element in Google Data Studio has it’s own style that can be adjusted. It will automatically
pull from the global styles, however, you can fine tune and even override the global styles on each
element.
Most elements also contain additional elements that you can style. For example, a table has the
ability to set the colors for alternating rows and to adjust headers. Pie charts allow you to change
where the legend is positioned and alignment. Each element has it’s own styles. Take some time to
explore each element.
Output Screenshot:
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we learnt to design a dashboard using Google data studio.
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Practical 12
Date: 15/09/2023
Aim: To install, deploy & configure Apache Spark. To Select the fields from the dataset using
Spark SQL.
Code:
THEORY:
Spark:
 Apache Spark is an open-source unified analytics engine for large-scale data

processing. Spark provides an interface for programming entire clusters with implicit
data parallelism and fault tolerance. Originally developed at the University of
California, Berkeley's AMPLab, the Spark codebase was later donated to the Apache
Software Foundation, which has maintained it since.
 Apache Spark has its architectural foundation in the resilient distributed dataset (RDD),
a read-only multiset of data items distributed over a cluster of machines, that is
maintained in a fault-tolerant way.
 The Dataframe API was released as an abstraction on top of the RDD, followed by the
Dataset API. In Spark 1.x, the RDD was the primary application programming
interface (API), but as of Spark 2.x use of the Dataset API is encouraged even though
the RDD APIis not deprecated. The RDD technology still underlies the Dataset API.
 Spark and its RDDs were developed in 2012 in response to limitations in the
MapReduce cluster computing paradigm, which forces a particular linear dataflow
structure on distributed programs: MapReduce programs read input data from disk,
map a function across the data, reduce the results of the map, and store reduction
results on disk.
 Spark's RDDs function as a working set for distributed programs that offers a
(deliberately) restricted form of distributed shared memory.
 Inside Apache Spark the workflow is managed as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
Nodes represent RDDs while edges represent the operations on the RDDs.
 Spark facilitates the implementation of both iterative algorithms, which visit their data
set multiple times in a loop, and interactive/exploratory data analysis, i.e., the repeated
database-style querying of data.
 The latency of such applications may be reduced by several orders of magnitude
compared to Apache Hadoop MapReduce implementation. Among the class of iterative
algorithms are the training algorithms for machine learning systems, which formed the
initial impetus for developing Apache Spark.
 Apache Spark requires a cluster manager and a distributed storage system. For cluster
management, Spark supports standalone (native Spark cluster, where you can launch a
cluster either manually or use the launch scripts provided by the install package. It is
also possible to run these daemons on a single machine for testing), Hadoop YARN, Apache
Mesos or Kubernetes.
 For distributed storage, Spark can interface with a wide variety, including Alluxio,
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), MapR File System (MapR-FS), Cassandra,
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OpenStack Swift, Amazon S3, Kudu, Lustre file system, or a custom solution can be
implemented.
 Spark also supports a pseudo-distributed local mode, usually used only for
development or testing purposes, where distributed storage is not required and the local
file system can be used instead; in such a scenario, Spark is run on a single machine
with one executor per CPU core.
PRACTICAL:
You can download spark from official download.
Then extract the file using tar command.
tar xvf spark-*
Finally, move the unpacked directory spark-3.0.1-bin-hadoop2.7 to the opt/spark directory.

sudo mv spark-3.0.1-bin-hadoop2.7 /opt/spark
Before starting a master server, you need to configure environment variables. There are a few
Spark home paths you need to add to the user profile.
Use the echo command to add these three lines to .profile:
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Now that you have completed configuring your environment for Spark, you can start a master
server.
In the terminal, type:
start-master.sh
Now that a worker is up and running, if you reload Spark Master’s Web UI, you should see it
on the list:
In this single-server, standalone setup, we will start one slave server along with the master
server.
To do so, run the following command in this format:
start-slave.sh spark://master:port
The master in the command can be an IP or hostname.
In our case it is ubuntu1:

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start-slave.sh spark://ubuntu1:7077
After you finish the configuration and start the master and slave server, test if the Spark shell
works.
Load the shell by entering:
spark-shell
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learnt about spark and installed it and configured it. We explored the spark
shell as well.
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Practical 13
Date: 22/09/2023
Aim: To implement logistic regression using IBM churn dataset with Apache Spark.
Code:
Set up Google Colab with Apache Spark
!pip install pyspark
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
# Create a Spark session

spark = SparkSession.builder.appName("LogisticRegression").getOrCreate()
Load and Prepare the IBM Churn Dataset

Download the IBM Churn dataset from Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/blastchar/telco-
customer-churn) and upload it to your Google Colab environment. Then, load and prepare the
dataset:
# Load the IBM Churn dataset (replace 'churn_data.csv' with your dataset file path)
data_path = "churn_data.csv" # Replace with your dataset file path
df = spark.read.csv(data_path, header=True, inferSchema=True)
# Show the first few rows of the dataset

df.show()
Data Preprocessing
Perform data preprocessing as needed. This may include handling missing values, encoding
categorical variables, and assembling feature vectors.
Split the Data into Training and Testing Sets

train_data, test_data = df.randomSplit([0.7, 0.3], seed=42)
# Show the number of records in the training and testing sets

print("Train data count:", train_data.count())
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print("Test data count:", test_data.count())
Build and Train the Logistic Regression Model

from pyspark.ml.classification import LogisticRegression
# Create a Logistic Regression model
lr = LogisticRegression(featuresCol="features", labelCol="label")
# Fit the model on the training data
lr_model = lr.fit(train_data)
# Show model summary and coefficients
print("Model summary:")
print(lr_model.summary)
# Show model coefficients
print("Model coefficients:")
print(lr_model.coefficients)
Evaluate the Model

from pyspark.ml.evaluation import BinaryClassificationEvaluator
# Make predictions on the test data
predictions = lr_model.transform(test_data)
# Evaluate the model
evaluator = BinaryClassificationEvaluator(rawPredictionCol="rawPrediction",
labelCol="label", metricName="areaUnderROC")
auc = evaluator.evaluate(predictions)
# Show the AUC (Area Under ROC) score
print("Area Under ROC (AUC):", auc)
Output Screenshot:
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical we implemented logistic regression using IBM churn dataset with Apache Spark.
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Practical 14
Date: 23/09/2023
Aim: To perform Graph Path and Connectivity analytics and implement basic queries after loading
data using Neo4j.
Code:
THEORY:
Neo4j:
 Neo4j is a graph database management system developed by Neo4j, Inc. Described by

its developers as an ACID-compliant transactional database with native graph storage
and processing, Neo4j is available in a GPL3-licensed open-source "community
edition", with online backup and high availability extensions licensed under a closed-
source commercial license.
 Neo also licenses Neo4j with these extensions under closed-source commercial terms.
 Neo4j is implemented in Java and accessible from software written in other languages
using the Cypher query language through a transactional HTTP endpoint, or through
the binary "Bolt" protocol.
 In Neo4j, everything is stored in the form of an edge, node, or attribute. Each node and
edge can have any number of attributes. Both nodes and edges can be labelled. Labels
can be used to narrow searches. As of version 2.0, indexing was added to Cypher with
the introduction of schemas. Previously, indexes were supported separately from
Cypher.
 Neo4j is developed by Neo4j, Inc., based in the San Francisco Bay Area, United States,
and also in Malmö, Sweden. The Neo4j, Inc. board of directors consists of Michael
Treskow (Eight Roads), Emmanuel Lang (Greenbridge), Christian Jepsen, Denise
Persson (CMO of Snowflake), David Klein (One Peak), and Emil Eifrem (CEO of
Neo4j).
 Neo4j comes in 2 editions: Community and Enterprise. It is dual-licensed: GPL v3 and
a commercial license. The Community Edition is free but is limited to running on one
node only due to the lack of clustering and is without hot backups.
 The Enterprise Edition unlocks these limitations, allowing for clustering, hot backups,
and monitoring. The Enterprise Edition is available under a closed-source Commercial
license.
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PRACTICAL:
We will use neo4j sandbox to fire different queries as shown in the screen shots below.
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Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we learnt about neo4j and used different type of queries on sandbox on movie
dataset.
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Practical 15
Date: 29/09/2023
Aim:
To perform case study of the following platforms for solving any big data analytic problem of your
choice. (1) Amazon web services,(2) Microsoft Azure, (3)Google App engine
Code:
IMPLEMENTATION:
1. AWS: OLX Autos Delivers a Seamless Online Marketplace by Running

Containers on AWS
● OLX Autos' goal is to enable people to better their life through its online
marketplace of services and used goods that offer superior consumer value.
● As part of the OLX Group, which runs more than 20 brands in 30 countries, OLX
Autos blends the versatility of a start-up with the experience of a multinational
entity.
● With a vision to shape the future of commerce, OLX Autos is excited about
leveraging state-of-the-art technologies to improve consumer service.
● India is one of the world's biggest growth markets for OLX Cars.
● The organization has a highly innovative technology team running its Panamera
Classified Marketplace, which is active in 12 countries, on the Amazon Web
Services (AWS) cloud.
● OLX Autos is committed to investing in its people and the new technologies to
unlock optimum value for its customers.
“Using AWS has kept our environment running in a stable manner in the most cost-
optimized way.” Abhishek Tomar Infrastructure Head, OLX Autos
➔ Modernizing Dynamic Architectural:

 OLX Autos suffered an outage on its platform in 2018 after its internal OpenShift
containerization program licenses expired.
 The organization used OpenShift version 3.5 to handle its resources and install
software on its Docker container site. As part of the company's pledge to provide
consumers with a seamless experience, engineers quickly found the problem and
rapidly rolled out new certificates.
 However, they had to spend a substantial amount of time rebuilding the website. The
team concluded that their staging environment was dysfunctional due to problems with
the OpenShift Control Panel and started searching for solutions to modernize their
infrastructure stack.
 Abhishek Tomar, infrastructure manager at OLX Autos, says, "Buyers and sellers
were unable to check, view new advertisements, or build new listings during the
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shutdown. We found that even though we had just one accident a year, it would
always be easier to unload the control and the guy.
➔ Seamlessly Migrating 124 Microservices:

 OLX Autos launched a conversation with the AWS team a year before the migration
began. "First, we reached out to AWS Business Support to provide guidance on the
right migration approach," says Sharma. At the same time, OLX Autos revamped its
operating system, Kubernetes, and Docker versions, and the difficulty of its OpenShift
architecture, in addition to software version limitations, made migration especially
difficult.
 The OLX Autos SRE team prepared a relocation approach and began shifting their
staging environment to AWS in January 2020. "We received immediate assistance
from AWS to address any problems in the staging area that helped us move seamlessly
to the production environment," says Sharma.
 The AWS team proposed a plan for future new capabilities of Panamera using Amazon
EKS in addition to other AWS offerings. OLX Autos then began constructing an
Amazon EKS cluster and migrating selected workloads from OpenShift, which will be
finished in only a few weeks.
 OLX Autos has now migrated all 124 of its microservices to Amazon EKS, which has
improved efficiency and scalability while unlocking cost savings.
➔ Achieving Efficiency:
● After relocation, OLX Autos infrastructure teams have now become well prepared to
meet crucial internal product delivery deadlines.
● The organization originally used the Puppet Setup Tool to handle its OpenShift
program.
● Engineers wanted to focus on their Puppet expertise and spent three to four days a
month applying and tracking big improvements to the OLX Autos infrastructure.
● Through the migration to AWS, the organization removed Puppet from its design and
switched container control to AWS.
● By operating on Amazon EKS, the OLX Autos website benefits from increased
performance and scalability, and engineers may redirect their time to higher value-
added activities.
➔ Scaling in Minutes and Improving Uptime:

 When OLX Autos was running an old version of OpenShift, the company faced
autoscaling difficulties, which triggered interruptions to its applications. "Now with
Amazon EKS, our Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) fleet can be auto-
scaled in a few minutes if some marketing plan triggers a surge or a rapid surge in
traffic.
 If online traffic declines, the fleet will be scaled down — something we haven't
been able to do with OpenShift before, "says Tomar.
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 OLX Autos has also unloaded the vital role of handling Stable Sockets Layer
(SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates to AWS Credential Manager.
Previously, teams had to manually buy and instal new certificates each year, but with
AWS, new certificates are deployed with a few quick API calls.
 "It's a relief that AWS is now going to take care of that," says Tomar. "We don't
have to spend a single minute in testing and upgrading certificates that may have an
effect on crucial deadlines for our company."
➔ Unlocking savings with a reserved instance:

 OLX Autos had reserved a number of Amazon EC2 reserved instances for form C5
instances but was unable to use them for the older version of OpenShift. "As a part of
this conversion and version update, we have transferred all of our C4 instances to C5
and will leverage the price of reserved instances.
 That eventually saved us 33% of the cost of computation, "says Tomar.
 OLX Autos have benefited from the AWS Container Network Interface (CNI) plug- in,
which was blocked by its previous OpenShift setup.
 Not only has the CNI plug-in increased device latency, but OLX Autos now hopes to
save at least 10% of its average monthly AWS bill for more efficient applications.
Tomar says, "Using AWS has kept our climate secure in the most cost-optimized way."
2. Microsoft Azure:
Health data analytics company accelerates critical data insights with SQLServer 2019
Big Data Clusters.
● Vital responses to overall health care patterns, such as COVID-19 test outcomes,
demand consistency, and quick delivery times. That's why businesses like the
Telstra Health affiliate Dr. Foster are so important to transforming care.
● Headquartered in London, the healthcare analytics organization responded to the
need to make large databases accessible to various teams, to offer analytics to its
healthcare clients quicker with the Microsoft SQL Server 2019 Big Data Clusters,
and to secure confidential data.
● These benefits translate into improved customer service, increased competitive
edge, and improved health insurance for all.
We’re building next-generation services that cut through complexity to surface actionable
insights to customers and pinpoint potential areas of concern. We needed a data analytics
platform to accelerate that goal and when I learned about SQL Server 2019 Big Data
Clusters, it aligned with everything we were trying to achieve.
George Bayliffe: Head of Data
Dr Foster
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● Digitized patient records are replacing dog-eared paper files, driving the rapid growth
of the health care analytics field. Leading UK health analytics company Dr Foster
helps hospitals understand the factors influencing the quality of care. To deliver value,
Dr Foster must aggregate and analyze vast amounts of data.
➔ Stepping up to diverse demands:

● Dr Foster is creating a 'one-stop shop' for data through a single access point. To
surface vital insights quickly, up to five different teams will touch a given data store.
● Dr Foster has relied on the same technology stack for a long time, making minimal
changes. "We're building next-generation services that cut through complexity to
surface actionable insights to customers," says George Bayliffe, Head of Data at Dr
Foster.
● Dr Foster operates in a highly regulated space with stringent customer requirements
and regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
● To help ensure high-velocity service delivery, his teams require tools that foster
agility, says Bayliffe, who works to create a DevOps culture across all aspects of
delivery.
● "We're custodians of other people's data, and we never lose sight of that," he says,
adding: "We treat it with the acute care and attention it deserves"
➔ Staying ahead of the curve with big data technology:

 Reimagining the architecture at Dr Foster was never going to be an overnight job. The
engineering team needed to expand its expertise to containerized storage.
 The company needed persistent and non-volatile storage, and containers aren't
designed to persist after being rebuilt and moved.
 "Despite any concerns we had about making such a big change, the perceived
benefits outweighed all the risks," says Dr Foster's engineer.
 "With those initial challenges behind us, we're now in a strong position," he says. Dr
Foster runs on Dell EMC PowerEdge R630 servers with embedded Integrated Dell
Remote Access Controller (iDRAC) to easily update, monitor, and maintain each
server.
➔ Fixing on future needs:

 Many customers require Dr Foster to maintain their data on-premises, precluding the
public cloud. The company prefers the cloud for its own data and for answering the
needs of some of its international customers.
 "We're cloud-ready with our hybrid model, and we can transition to Microsoft Azure
when the need arises," says Bayliffe. Dr Foster aspires to a scalable platform that
responds to peak and fast-growing demand.
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➔ Lowering storage costs even as performance rises:

 The combination of SQL Server 2019 Big Data Clusters and Pure Storage FlashArray
creates a performance advantage. Core data processing cycle times are 45 percent
lower, according to Dr Foster.
 The data reduction in the array gives the company 50–60 TB of storage from a
purchase of 30–40 TB. "If we'd embarked on this project five years ago, we'd probably
have had to buy double or triple that amount of storage," says Bayliff.
 Dr Foster says it can answer any need that comes up in the next three to four years
with the new technology.
➔ Responding to a pandemic:
● When COVID-19 forced lockdowns all over the world, the re-engineered Dr Foster
landscape eased the sudden transition for its employees.
● The company continues to meet via Microsoft Teams, using the whiteboarding
functionality to collaborate. Dr Foster is beginning to process 60,000 test results from
parent company Telstra Health in Australia each morning. The solution allows the
company to react as the market requires, says Bayliffe. "Because of the SQL
Server 2019 Big Data Clusters solution and the architecture we've put into place, we
can react to the market," he says.
We’re cloud-ready with our hybrid model, and we can transition to Microsoft Azure when
the need arises.
George Bayliffe: Head of Data
Dr Foster
3. Google App Engine: Travlytix: Turns to Google Cloud to run a

customer data platform and personalization engine
● With big data products running on Google Cloud Platform, Travlytix created an
intelligent customer data platform for airlines in six months with a small
engineering team.
● Travelers generate data across a range of touchpoints, presenting opportunities for
businesses to understand more about how they behave. Malaysia-headquartered
Travlytix decided to create a platform to consolidate real-time data from these
touchpoints into a single location. The business also had to ensure the data was
secured from leakage, disruption, or theft.
"Google Cloud Platform services like Cloud Pub/Sub, Cloud Dataflow, and Big Query allow
us to minimize the effort and resources needed to build data pipelines for airline customers
and focus instead on the quality, volume, and velocity of data."
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—Srinivas Sri Perumbuduru, Head of Product, Travlytix
● Airlines, online travel agents, and travel eCommerce companies face challenges in
capturing, processing and utilizing data. The business turned to the cloud to deliver its
platform. "The cloud gave us an opportunity to work with large volumes of data while
becoming more agile," says Travlytix.
● When COVID-19 forced lockdowns all over the world, the re-engineered Dr. Foster
landscape eased the sudden transition for its employees.
● The company continues to meet via Microsoft Teams, using the whiteboarding
functionality to collaborate. Dr. Foster is beginning to process 60,000 test results from
parent company Telstra Health in Australia each morning.
● The solution allows the company to react as the market requires, says Bayliff. "Because
of the SQL Server 2019 Big Data Clusters solution and the architecture we've put into
place, we can react to the market," he says.
➔ Making data transparent:

 "Over the history of the industry, people have used data to make more educated
choices," adds Srinivas Sri Perumbuduru, Product Manager at Travlytix.
 "Our goal in Travelytix is to make the data clearer."
 Travlytix needed a highly available, resilient, and secure cloud platform to deliver
what Sri Perumbuduru calls "one of the most workable customer data platforms in the
travel industry." The corporation then switched to the Google Cloud Network.
➔ Google Cloud Platform supports architecture principles:

 Travlytix's review showed that Google Cloud Platform will support its founding
principles of keeping its architecture basic, microservice-based, and highly secure.
 "The documentation and expertise of the Google Cloud Platform and simple contact
with Google's customer engineers have made this possible," states Sri Perumbuduru.
 With Google Cloud Technology, the company was able to develop consumer data
technology in just six months.
 Travlytix uses Google Cloud Platform services to collect, process, and store traveler
data.
 The platform captures data in real-time, processes it through data pipelines, and stores
it in a data warehouse.
 TravlyTix also relies on Compute Engine to provide compute resources; Google
Kubernetes Engine to manage and orchestrate Docker containers; App Engine to
develop and host its applications, and Cloud Memorystore to provide caches to enable
sub-millisecond data access.
 "Google Cloud managed services give us more time to strategize our data pipeline
Page 59 | 60
architecture and allow us to be less concerned about maintaining the infrastructure,"

says Kevin Chin, Data Engineer, Travleytix.
➔ Low-latency services:
 Travlytix also utilizes several Google Cloud Network zones to offer ongoing, low-
latencysupport to clients around the globe.
 In addition, applications such as the Cloud Key Management Service, which helps
companies to control cryptographic keys and secure confidential data on the Google
Cloud Network, facilitate compliance with global security regulations.
 These support Travlytix's own data encryption during collection and processing to
protect it from intrusion.
Conclusion/Summary:
In this practical, we perform a case study on big data analytic problems on Amazon web
services, Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine.
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CS442: DATA SCIENCE AND ANALYTICS ID: 21DCS029

# Load the dataset

# Display basic information about the dataset

# Find missing values

# Find correlations between attributes

# Visualize the correlation matrix using a heatmap

# Remove redundant attributes (e.g., drop highly correlated columns)

# Visualize the data

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 The Apache™ Hadoop® project develops open-source software for reliable,

 After downloading all the above-mentioned requirements run and install

 Then click on NameNode Cli.

 Now open up a browser and go to localhost:9870

In this practical, we learned about how to install Hadoop.

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There are many more commands in "$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs" than are

4.) Hadoop version :-

5.) Hadoop find :-

Conclusion/Summary: In this practical, we performed various basic commands on

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# Create a sample text file

with open("new.txt", "w") as file:

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In this practical, we learnt about R and implemented wordCloud using R.

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# Load a built-in dataset (example using mtcars dataset)

 Linear Regression Example:

# Summary of the linear regression model

 Logistic Regression Example:

# Summary of the logistic regression model

# Evaluate logistic regression model

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ggplot(data, aes(x = x, y = y, color = factor(cluster_assignments))) +

labs(title = "K-Means Clustering", color = "Cluster") +

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 MongoDB is a source-available cross-platform document-oriented database program.

across multiple shards. (A shard is a master with one or more replicas.).

We can download MongoDB with the help of following tutorials.

We can check available databases using “show dbs” command.

We can create database using “use” keyword easily.

We can insert the data in database using “insertOne” command.

We can also update our record using “updateOne”.

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Step 1: Login & Create A Blank Report

Sign in to Google Data Studio with your Google Analytics account

Create a blank dashboard

Rename your dashboard

Step 2: Add Your First Data Source

First, click the “Create New Data Source” button.

Click Create New Data Source

Find and select the Google Analytics connector

Authorize the Google Analytics connector

Rename, select account/property/view, and connect

Click “Add to Report”

Step 3: Add Your Second Data Source

Under “Resource” select “Manage added data sources”

Click “Add A Data Source”

Select “Search Console”