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31 views3 pages

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Uploaded by

Kyla Colline Osabel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STRUCTURES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION Otto Mohr – developed the conjugate-beam

method for calculation of deflections and


The Great Pyramid of Giza – constructed during
Mohr’s circles of stress and strain.
the Egyptian Civilization as the resting place of
the Pharaoh. Alberto Castigliano – formulated theorem of
least work.
The Parthenon – considered as a Holy place in
Greek Civilization. Heinrich Muller-Breslau – presented a principle
for constructing influence lines.
Roman Colosseum – major events during the
Great Roman Empire happens here. Charles Ezra Greene – developed the moment-
area method.
Notre Dame Cathedral – an example of Gothic
structures that are mostly seen in Europe. 20th CENTURY

Galileo Galilei – originator of the theory of Hardy Cross – developed the moment-
structures. distribution method in 1924.

17th – 18th CENTURY ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN


STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Robert Hooke – developed the law of linear
relationships between the force and Structural Engineering – is the science and art
deformation of materials. of planning, designing, and constructing safe
and economical structures that will serve their
Isaac Newton – formulated the laws of motion
intended purposes.
and developed calculus.

Johann Bernoulli – formulated the principle of


virtual work.

Leonhard Euler – developed the theory of


buckling columns.

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb – presented the


analysis of bending of elastics beams.

19th CENTURY

Claude-Louis-Marie Navier – published a


treatise on elastic behavior of structures in
1826.

Bernoit Paul Emile Clapeyron – formulated the Planning Phase – usually involves the
three-moment equation for the analysis of establishment of the functional requirements of
continuous beams. the proposed structure, the general layout and
dimension of the structures, consideration of
James Clerk Maxwell – presented the method
the possible type of structures that may be
of consistent deformations and the law of
feasible and the types of materials to be used.
reciprocal deflections.
Preliminary Structural Design – in this phase,
the sizes of the various members of the
structural system selected in the planning phase Arch – is a curved structure, with a shape similar
are estimated based on approximate analysis, to that of an inverted cable.
past experience, and code requirements.
Trusses – are composed of straight members
Estimation of loads – involve determination of connected at their end by hinged connections to
all the loads that can be expected to act on the form a stable configuration.
structure.
Shear Structures – are used un multistory
Structural Analysis – the values of the loads are buildings to reduce lateral movements due to
used to carry out analysis of the structure in wind loads and earthquakes excitations.
order to determine the stresses or stress
Bending Structures – develop mainly stresses
resultants in the members and the deflections
under the action of external loads.
at various points of the structure.
Different types:
Safety and Serviceability Checks – the results of
analysis are used to determine whether or not Beams – usually horizontal, and carries load
the structure satisfies the safety and lateral to its axis.
serviceability requirements of the design codes.
If these requirements are satisfied, then the Rigid Frames – composed of straight members
design drawings and the construction connected together by rigid connections or by
specifications are prepared, and the hinged connections to form stable
construction phase begins. configuration.

Revised Structural Design – if the code Slab – horizontal thick plane member connected
requirements are not satisfied, then the to the beam that carries the floor loads.
member sizes are revised, and phase 3 through Analytical model – is a simplified representation
5 are repeated until all the safety and of a real structure for the purpose of analysis.
serviceability requirements are satisfied.
STRUCTURAL LOADS
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Dead Loads – weight of the structure itself
Tension Structures – members are subjected to (beams, columns, slabs) and all fixed elements
pure tension under the action of external loads. (door, window, ceiling, flooring).
- Tension structures composed of flexible - A gravity load of constant magnitudes
steel cables are frequently employed to and fixed positions that act
support bridges and long-span roofs. permanently on the structure.
Compression Structures – develop mainly Live Loads – loads of varying magnitudes and/or
compressive stresses under the action of positions caused by the use of the structure.
external loads.
Wind Loads – result from the forces exerted by
Columns – are straight members subjected to the kinetic energy of the moving mass of air,
axially compressive loads. which can produce a combination of direct
Beam-column – straight member(s) that are pressure, negative pressure or suction, and drag
subjected to lateral loads and/or moments in forces on buildings and other obstacles in its
addition to axial loads. path.
Earthquake Load – is a sudden undulation of a
portion of the earth’s surface.

RESONANCE OF A BUILDING

Resonance – is the tendency of a system to


oscillate with greater amplitude at some
frequencies that at others.

DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGIES TO RESIST OR


REDUCE LATERAL LOADS

1. Diagonal Bracing – helps to resist the


lateral loads acting on the structure.
2. Damper – permit the structure to resist
severe input energy and reduce harmful
deflections, forces and accelerations to
structures and occupants.
3. Base Isolation - is a state-of-the-art
method in which the structure
(superstructure) is separated from the
base (foundation or substructure) by
introducing a suspension system
between the base and the main
structure.
4. Tuned Mass Damper – also known as a
harmonic absorber or seismic damper,
is a device mounted in structures to
reduce the amplitude of mechanical
vibrations.

Thermal Loads – statically indeterminate


structures may be subjected to stresses due to
temperature changes, shrinkage of material,
fabrication errors, and differential settlements
of supports.

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