Journal iof iScience iand iTechnology i

ISSN: i2456-5660 iVolume i4, iIssue i3, iMay-June i2019, iPP i26-36
www.jst.org.in

A New Passive Islanding Detection Method under Balanced

i i i i i i i

Islanding Condition i i

For Hybrid Distributed Generation System i i i i

i

A.Pandian
(EEE iDepartment, iKLEF, iVaddeswaram, iGuntur iDistrict, iIndia) i

Abstract i: i iTo isolve ithe ienergy iconsumption idemand iof ithe iworld iand ienvironmental iproblems iin ithe ifuture ithe
idistributed igeneration iis iconsidered ian ialternative iapproach. iIn ithis ipaper ia inew ipassive iislanding idetection
itechnique iwas iproposed ifor ithe iHybrid idistributed igeneration i(HDG) isystem ibased ion ichanges iin inegative
isequence ivoltage i(NSV) iand icurrents iduring ian iunintentional iislanding. iIslanding iis icaused iin ithe idistributed

igeneration isystem idue ito ifailures iin ithe ipower igrid. iAs iper idistribution ienergy iresources iinterconnection

istandards, iit ishould ibe idetected iwithin i2 isec iwith ithe iequipments iconnected ito iit. iIt iis idifficult ito idetect

iislanding iduring izero ipower iimbalance icondition. iSequence ianalyzer iwill iseparate ithe ipositive, inegative iand

izero isequence icomponents iof ivoltages iand icurrents ifrom ithe ivoltages iand icurrents iobtained iat ithe ipoint iof

icommon icoupling i(PCC). iDuring ia iwide irange iof ipower iimbalance iconditions ithe ichange iin inegative isequence

ivoltage iand icurrents iare iexamined ifor iislanding idetection. iThe isimulation ishows ithat ithis imethod iis ifree ifrom

iNon idetection izone, ieven iat izero ipower iimbalances ibetween iload iand idistribution igeneration. iThe icomputer

isimulations imade iin iMatlab/ iSimulink ilaboratory ishow ithe ieffectiveness iof ithis imethod.

Keywords i: iIslanding idetection, iHybrid idistributed igeneration i(HDG), iNegative isequence ivoltage i(NSV),
iBalanced iIslanding, iNon idetection izone.

I. Introduction i
Nowadays, ithe iglobal ienergy idemand iis isupplied iby ithe icombustion iof ifossil ifuel iresources. iDue ito
icontinuous icombustion iof ifossil ifuels ithe ienvironment iis iaffecting iand ifossil i fuels iare idecreasing. iSo ithe

ialternate isolution ifor iglobal ienergy iconsumption idemand iand ipollution ifree icountry iis ithe iuse iof irenewable

ienergy iresources ilike isolar, iwind, ietc. iDistributed igeneration iis ithe ismallest iscale ipower igeneration isource

i which iis iconnected iat ithe iconsumer ilevel iof ipower isystem i[1]. iMost iof ithe iDG isystems iare iusing irenewable

ienergy iresources iand iinterfaced ito ithe igrid iwith isuitable ipower iconverters. iDepending ion ithe inature iof ithe

isource ithe ienergy i may ibe igenerated iin iAC ior iDC iforms. iThe imain iproblems i with isuch irenewable ipower

igeneration iare ian iunintentional iislanding. iDue ito ifailures iin ithe igrid, iif ithe iDG iis idisconnected ifrom ithe imain

igrid, ithe iDG ialong i with ilocal iload iforms ian iislanding i[2]. iThe iislanding iis iunsafe ito ifield ipersons iand

iequipments iconnected ibecause ithe iservicing ipersons iare inot imindful ithat ithe iframe iup iis iconnected iand

isupplying i with iDG inear. iThe imain icauses iof isuch iunintentional iislanding iare idue ito ithe ifailures idetected iby ithe

igrid, iaccidental iopening iof icircuit ibreakers iat ithe igrid, iintentional iopening iof iCB ifor imaintenance, ihuman

ierrors iand ian iact iof inature i[3]. iThe ibasic igrid iinterfacing irules isuch ias iIEEE i1547 iand iUL i1741 ineeds ithat, iit iis

inecessary ito idisconnect ithe iDG isource iwithin i2 iseconds iafter iislanding, ibecause iit ileads ito ivariations iin ithe

ivoltage, ifrequency, icurrent, iTHD, iactive, ireactive ipowers ioutside ithe istandards, iwhich imay ihazardous ito

icustomers iand i iloads iconnected ito iit i[4-5]. iDifferent icontrol isystems iand iinverters iare iimplemented ito iconnect

iDG isources ito igrid iwith iproper isynchronization iand ito iinject ihigh iquality ipower iinto ithe igrid i[6-7]. iThe

iislanding idetection i methods iare iclassified ias ilocal iislanding idetection imethods iand iremote iislanding idetection

imethods. iPLCC iand iSCADA iare ithe iremote iislanding i detection itechniques; ithey idetect ithe iislanding iby

igathering iinformation ifrom iDG iside iand iutility iside. iUtility iside isignals iare imonitored iby ithe iPLCC i[8-9]. iIf

ithese isignals iare inot iappearing ithen iislanding iis idetected. iOn ithe iother ihand, iislanding i was idetected iby

iSCADA i with iinformation ifrom icircuit ibreaker iauxiliary icontacts. iThe iimplementation iof ithese imethods iis ivery

idifficult ibecause ithe icost iand iimplementation iof iother imonitoring idevices isuch ias itransmitters iand ireceivers iare

imore i[10]. i iThe ilocal iislanding idetection i methods iare iagain iclassified ias ipassive, iactive, iand iHybrid iislanding

idetection imethods i[11-12]. iBy iinjecting isome isignal iat iPCC ifor isome icycles iand iobserving ithe ideviations iin

ithe ioutput isignal iactive i methods iwill idetect ithe iislanding. iIn ithe igrid iconnected isystem, ithe isystem iabsorbs ithe

ilocal idisturbance iand iconsiderable ideviations iare inot iobserved. iHowever, i more ideviations iare iobserved iin ithe

ioutput isignal iif ithe isystem iis iislanded i[13-17]. iBy iobserving ithese ideviations ithe iislanding iis idetected iby iactive

imethods. iThe iactive imethods iare imore iefficient ithan ipassive imethods, ibut ithey ireduce ithe ipower iquality i[18-

19] iThe ilow ifrequency icurrent iinjected ithrough ithe iDQ icontroller iof iinverter ibased idistributed igeneration
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i www.jst.org.in i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i26 i|

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ipresented iwill iwork iinside ithe iNDZ iof ia iconventional ifrequency irelay i[20-23]. iLarge isamples iof idata icollected
ifrom inon-islanding iand iislanding ievents isuch ias ivoltage, icurrent, ipower, iP.f, ietc. iand iprocessing iit iwith ithe
ilearning ialgorithms, ithe iislanding iis idetected iby i machine ilearning idetection itechniques. iSome ipopular

ialgorithms isuch ias i Artificial iNeural iNetworks i(ANN) i[24], iDecision iTree iModels i(DT) i[25], iand iSupport

iVector iMachines i(SVM) i[26] iare iused ito idifferentiate ibetween iislanding iand inon iislanding iincidents. iIn

ipassive itechniques, iregional iparameters isuch ias ivoltage, ifrequency, icurrent, iphase ijump, iactive ipower, ireactive

ipower iand iother iare imonitored iat ithe iPCC, iif itheir ichanges iare ibeyond ia icertain ithreshold ilevel, ithen iislanding

iis idetected i[27-32] iThe iover/ iunder ifrequency irelay i works iwhen ithe ifrequency iis i more ior iless ithan i50.5 iand

i49.5 ias iper iIndian istandards i[28]. iHybrid imethods iuse ithe icombination iof iactive iand ipassive i methods. iIf ithe

iislanding iis isuspected iby ipassive i method, ithe iactive i method iwill iconfirm ithe iislanding. iThese imethods ihave

iless iNDZ ibut ithey iare iaffected iby ipoor ipower iquality i[33-47]. iThe ipassive itechniques iare isuffering i with ilarge

iNDZ, ibut ithey iare isimple ito iimplement. iIn ithis ipaper ia inew ipassive iislanding idetection i method iis iimplemented

i with izero iNDZ iwith ichange iin iNSV iand icurrents. iThe idifferentiated isignals iof ivoltages iand icurrents ifrom

isequence ianalyzer iare icompared iwith ipredefined ivalues iand iislanding iis idetected iif ithey iare ibeyond ia ithreshold

ivalue. iThis imethod iis isimple iand ifree ifrom iNDZ. iThis imethod idetects iislanding ieven iat ithe izero ipower

iimbalance icondition iquickly ithan iother imethods. iThe irest iof ithe ipaper iis iorganized ias ifollows. iSystem i under

ithe istudy ialong iwith icontrol isystem iis idiscussed iin iSection iII, iThe iproposed ichange iin iNSV imethod iIII, iThe

isimulated iresults, iand icomparison i with ithe iexisting i methods iare ipresented iin isection iIV, iand iconclusions iare

idrawn iin iSection iV.

II. i System iUnder iStudy

DC Bus
DC/DC
Converter P Inv+j Q Inv P + j Q
CB
PV Array PCC
DC/AC Inverter
Step up
DC/DC Transformer
Pload+ jQ Load

Converter Grid

Wind Power
Local
Load

Battery

Fig.1. iBlock idiagram iof ithe iHybrid idistributed igeneration isystem iunder istudy

The itest isystem ishown iin iFigure.1 iis isimulated iwith ithe iSim-power isystems ienvironment ito ishow ithe
iperformance iof ithe iproposed imethod. iThe itest isystem iis idesigned iwith iIEEE i1547 iand iUL i1741 i[4-5] iseries
istandards. iThis ihybrid idistributed igeneration isystem iconsisting iof ithree idifferent isources iof isolar, iwind iand

istorage ibattery. iThe iPV ipanel iis idesigned iwith isun ipower imodules i(SPR-305). iFive iseries iconnected iparallel
2
imodules iof i66 istrings iare iconnected ito iproduce ia irated ipower iof i1kw/m ias ithe itemperature iis iabnormal. iThe

ithevinions ivoltage iand iNorton’s icurrents iof ieach imodule iare i64.2 ivolts iand i5.96 iamperes irespectively. iThe

ioutput iof ithe iPV iarray iis iconnected ito iDC/DC iboost iconverter, iwhose iduty icycle iis icontrolled iby i maximum

ipower ipoint itracking i(MPPT) icontroller ito iextract imaximum ipower. iA iWind ifarm iof i9 iMW i(6*1.5 iMW) iwith

iDoubly ifed iinduction igenerator iis iconsidered. iWind iturbines iusing ia iDoubly-fed iInduction igenerator i(DFIG)

iconsist iof ia i wound irotor iInduction igenerator ifollowed iby ia iboost iconverter. iThe iDFIG itechnology iallows

iextracting i maximum ipower ifrom ithe i wind ifor ilow i wind ispeeds iby ioptimizing ithe iturbine ispeed, iwhile

iminimizing imechanical istresses ion ithe iturbine iduring igusts iof i wind. iThe ioutputs iof iboth iboost iconverters iand

ibattery iare iconnected ito ithe iDC ibus. iThe iDC ivoltage ifrom iDC ibus iis isynchronized ito ithe igrid iwith

isynchronous irotating ireference iframe icontroller ithrough ithree iphase iinverter, iLC ifilter iand istep iup itransformer.

iThe isynchronous irotating ireference iframe icontroller ishown iin iFig.2 i[6] iwill icontrol ithe iamount iof iactive ipower

idelivered ito ithe igrid, ireactive itransferring ibetween igrid iand iHybrid isystem, iDC ilink ivoltage, iand iproper

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isynchronization ito igrid iwith igood ipower iquality i[6-9]. iThe ithree iphase icircuit ibreaker i(CB) iat iPCC iis iswitched
ito icreate ithe iislanding icondition. iBefore iopening iof ithe iCB ithe ihybrid iDG isystem iis iin ithe igrid iconnected
imode. iBy iopening ithe iCB, ithe ihybrid iDG ialong ithe ilocal iload iforms ian iislanding icondition. iNow ithe iDG iitself

isupplies ithe iload idemanded ipower iunder iworst icase iof iislanding isituation i which imeans izero ipower iimbalance

ibetween igeneration iand iload icapacity.

UDC Ud
U *
DC DC- Link id* PI Ud* +

PWM Inverter
Controller Controller +

Modulation
- id +
Uc

and
-ωL Ub Grid
ωL ic ib ia
iq - Uq + *
Ua
Q* Q PI
Controller * Controller + + abc   dq
PLL
Q q i Uq dq abc

Ud Uq

Fig.2. iControl isystem iused ifor igrid iintegration iof iHybrid ienergy iresources

III. Proposed iIslanding iDetection iMethod i

The ihybrid ienergy isources iare iintegrated iwith ithe igrid iwith irotating ireference icontroller ishown iin
iFig.2 iwill igives ibalanced ivoltages iand icurrents iat iPCC iin ithe igrid iconnected imode. iThe ibalanced ivoltages iand
0
icurrents iat iPCC iare iequal iin imagnitude iand i120 iapart ifrom ieach iother. iDuring iislanding ithe ivoltages iand

icurrents iare iunbalanced. iThe isequence ianalyzer iwill iseparate ithe ipositive, inegative iand izero isequence

icomponents ifrom iunbalanced ivoltages iand icurrents iobtained iat iPCC. iThe izero isequence icomponents ipresent

ionly i when ithe isystem iis iassociated iwith iground. iThe inegative isequence icomponents ipresent iduring ithe

iislanding ioperation. iThe ipositive isequence icomponents i will ipresent iin iall imodes. iThe isymmetrical icomponents

iof ivoltages iare iat iPCC iare idefined ias i(1)

va 0  1 1 1  va 
 v  = 1  2    v 
1
 a1  3   b (1)
va 2  1     vc 
2
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii The isymmetrical icomponents iof icurrents iare idefined ias

ia 0  1 1 1  ia 
 i  = 1 1  2   i 
 a1  3   b (2)
ia 2  1     ic 
2
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Where i va 0 , i va1 iand i va 2 iare ithe izero isequence, ipositive isequence iand inegative isequence ivoltages. i ia 0 , i ia1 and

i ia 2 iare ithe izero isequence, ipositive isequence iand inegative isequence icurrents. iva,vb,vc and iia, ib and iic iare ithe ithree i i i

i phase ivoltages iand icurrents iat iPCC

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 α= 1120 or
0
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii cos i1200+j isin1200 (3)

and ialso i  +  +1 = 0
2
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii (4)

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii The isequence icomponents iof ivoltages iand icurrents iare

1
va1 = (va +  vb +  2 vc )
3
1
va 2 = (va +  2 vb +  vc )
3 (5)
1
va 0 = (va + vb + vc )
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
3

1
ia1 = (ia +  ib +  2ic )
3
1
ia 2 = (ia +  2ib +  ic ) (6)
3
1
ia 0 = (ia + ib + ic )
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
3
i The ichange iin inegative isequence ivoltage iand icurrents ican ibe iwritten ias

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Change iin inegative isequence ivoltage iis (7)

dia 2
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Change iin inegative isequence icurrent iis i (8)
dt
by iobserving ithe irate iof ichange iof iNSV iand irate iof ichange iof iNSC ithe iislanding iis idetected. iIn ithe igrid
iconnected imode ithese ideviations iare inot ipresent, ibut iin iislanding icondition ithese ichanges iare imore iand ian

iislanding iis idetected.

IV. i Simulation iResults iAnd iDiscussion i

The iHybrid idistribution igeneration isystem ishown iin iFig.1 iis iimplemented iusing iMATLAB i2017/ iSimulink
imodel. iDifferent iislanding iand inon iislanding ievents istudied iare i1. iGrid iconnected imode i2. iIslanding i mode i with

idifferent iactive ipower imismatches, iand i3. iA inon iislanding icase iof iload iswitching i

4.1 Grid iconnected imode

The iC.B iis iclosed iin ithe igrid iconnected imode. iThe isimulated iresults iof ivoltages, icurrents, iactive ipower iand
ireactive ipower iunder isteady istate ias ishown iin iFig.3. iThe iDC ilink ivoltage, ifrequency iis ishown iin iFig.4. iThe
ipositive, inegative iand izero isequence ivoltages iin ithe igrid iconnected ioperation iare ishown iin iFig.5, ithe inegative

isequence iand izero isequence ivoltages iare izero iand ionly ipositive isequence icomponent i is ipresent iin ithe igrid

iconnected imode. i

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 Fig.3. iVoltages, icurrents, iActive ipower iand iReactive ipower iin igrid iconnected ioperation

Fig.4. iDC ilink ivoltage iand ifrequency iin igrid iconnected ioperation

Fig.5. i iPositive, inegative iand izero isequence ivoltages iin igrid iconnected ioperation

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4.2 iNSV iand irate iof ichange iof iNSV iduring igrid iconnected, iislanding, iload iswitching iand iat idifferent iactive
ipower iimbalance iconditions

During ithe igrid iconnected imode ionly ithe ipositive isequence icomponent iof ivoltages iis ipresent, inegative
iand izero isequence icomponents iare izero. iIn ithe iislanding icondition iand ifault iconditions inegative isequence
ivoltages iare ipresent. iThe inegative isequence ivoltages iat iPCC iduring igrid iconnected iand iislanding i modes iare

ishown iin iFig.6, iat it= i0.5 ithe iislanding iis iinitiated iby iopening ithe iC.B iand ishows ithat ithe ichanges iin inegative

isequence ivoltages iare imore icompared ito izero iin ithe igrid iconnected imode. iThe inegative isequence ivoltage iat

iPCC iwith iload iswitching iand iislanding i modes iare ishown iin iFig.7, ishows ithat ithe ioscillations iin inegative

isequence ivoltages iduring iload iswitching iare inil icompared ito ithe isystem i working iin iislanding i mode. iThe irate iof

ichange iof iNSV iduring igrid iconnected, iislanding, iand iload iswitching iare ishown iin iFig.8. iThe ideviations iin ithe

irate iof ichange iof iNSV iduring igrid iconnected iand iload iswitching iis ivery iless iand imore iin iislanding icondition.

iSo iby isetting ia ithreshold ivalue iof ithe irate iof ichange iof iNSV iat i5 ip.u/ isec, ithe iislanding iis ismoothly idetected

iand itripping isignal iis iforwarded ifor ithe iprotection iof ihybrid idistributed igeneration isystem. iThe imost ipassive

iislanding idetection itechniques icannot idetect iislanding iif ithe ipower iimbalance iis iless ithan i15%. iThe irate iof

ichange iof iNSV iwith idifferent ipower iimbalances iis iFrom iFig.9, ithe iproposed imethod ican idetect iislanding iat

ivery ilow iand izero ipower iimbalance isituations i within i80 ims iand ioscillations iat idifferent ipower iimbalance

iconditions iare inearly isame, iand iit iis ithe imost ieffective i method ito idetect iislanding iat izero ipower iimbalance

icondition.

Fig.6. iNSV iduring igrid iconnected iand iislanding imodes

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 Fig.7. iNSV iduring iLad iswitching iand iislanding imodes

Fig.8. iRate iof ichange iof iNSV iDuring igrid iconnected, iislanding iand iload iswitching icondition

Fig.9. iRate iof ichange iof iNSV iat idifferent iactive ipower iimbalances

4.3 iNSC iand irate iof ichange iof iNSC iduring igrid iconnected, iislanding, iload iswitching iand iat idifferent iactive
ipower iimbalance iconditions

In ithe iislanding icondition iand ifault iconditions inegative isequence icurrents iare ipresent iwhile iin ithe igrid
iconnected imode ithey iare inot iavailable. iThe inegative isequence icurrents iat iPCC iduring igrid iconnected iand
iislanding i modes iare ishown iin iFig.10, iat it= i0.5 ithe iislanding iis iinitiated iby iopening ithe iC.B iand ishows ithat ithe

ichanges iin inegative isequence icurrents iare imore icompared ito izero iin ithe igrid iconnected imode. iThe inegative

isequence icurrents iat iPCC iduring iload iswitching iand iislanding i modes iare ishown iin iFig.11, ishows ithat ithe

ioscillations iin inegative isequence icurrents iduring iload iswitching iare inil icompared ito ithe isystem i working iin

iislanding i mode. iThe irate iof ichange iof iNSC iduring igrid iconnected, iislanding, iand iload iswitching iare ishown iin

iFig.12, iThe ideviations iin ithe irate iof ichange iof iNSC iduring igrid iconnected iand iload iswitching iis ivery iless iand

imore iin iislanding icondition. i So iby isetting ia ithreshold ivalue iof ithe irate iof ichange iof iNSC iat i10 ip.u/ isec, ithe

iislanding iis ismoothly idetected iand itripping isignal iis iforwarded. iThe irate iof ichange iof iNSC iwith idifferent

ipower iimbalances iis ifrom iFig.13, ithe iproposed imethod ican idetect iislanding iat ivery ilow iand izero ipower

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i imbalance isituations ialso iwithin i80 ims iand ioscillations iat idifferent ipower iimbalance iconditions iare inearly
i same, iand iit iis ithe imost ieffective imethod ito idetect iislanding iat izero ipower iimbalance icondition

Fig.10. i iNSC iduring igrid iconnected iand iislanding imodes

Fig.11. iNSC iduring iLoad iswitching iand iislanding imodes

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 Fig.12. iRate iof ichange iof iNSC iDuring igrid iconnected, iislanding iand iload iswitching icondition

Fig.13. iRate iof ichange iof iNSC iat idifferent iactive ipower iimbalances

4.4Comparison iwith iexisting ipassive imethods

Table: i1. iComparison iof iexisting ipassive iislanding idetection imethods

Passive iIslanding idetection imethod NDZ Detection iTime

Large iwith ia ilarge ivalue iof

Voltage iand icurrent iharmonic idetection 200 ito i300 ims
iQ

Over iunder ivoltage/ iover iunder ifrequency iOUV/

Large i 400 ims ito i2s
iOUF

Rate iof ichange iof ifrequency i(ROCOF) Small 300ms

Rate iof ichange iof ifrequency iover ipower i(ROCOP) Smaller ithan iROCOF 250ms

Rate iof ichange iof ipower i(ROCOP) Smaller ithan iOUV/OUF 400ms

Phase iJump iDetection i(PJD) Large 100-200 ims

Voltage iUnbalance i(VU) Large 100 ims

In ithis ipart iof ithe ipaper ithe iexisting ipassive iislanding idetection imethods iare icompared iwith ithe iproposed
imethods. iAlmost iall ipassive iislanding idetection imethods ifail ito idetect iislanding iduring izero ipower iimbalance

iconditions iand ithe iNDZ iis i large isome iof i which iare ishown iin itable.1. i iThe iproposed imethod ican idetect

iislanding i within i80 ims ieven i at izero ipower iimbalance iconditions iand ithis i method iis icompletely i free ifrom ithe

iNDZ.

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 V. Conclusion i
To iovercome ithe iproblems iwith iunintentional iislanding, ia inew ipassive iislanding idetection imethod iis
i ii i ii i ii i ii

ipresented iin ithis ipaper iwith irate iof ichange iof iNCS iand irate iof ichange iof iNSV. iMost iof ithe ipassive iislanding

idetection imethods ifail ito idetect iislanding iat izero ipower iimbalance icondition. iThis imethod iis i working

iefficiently iduring izero ipower iimbalance icondition iwhich iis ithe iworst icase iof iislanding iand idetecting iislanding

i within i80 ims. ithis i method iis ifree ifrom iNDZ. i iThis imethod iclearly idifferentiating ibetween iislanding iand inon

iislanding ievents.

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