(a) Draw and label sketch if IPv4 packet format. ns. P-1 4 bits) | length (4 bits) Type of service Total length (16 bits) (8 bits) Identification (16 bits) Flags | Fragment offset (13 bits) G bits) Time to live (8 bits) Protocol Header checksum (16 bits) (8 bits) Source address (32 bits) Destination address (32 bits) Options and padding (if any)WhatisMobile IP? List and explain components of Mobile IP. Mobile IP: Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending Internet Protocol, IP) that allows the users to move from one network to another with the same IP address. It ensures that the communication will continue without the user’s sessions or connections being dropped. Mobile IP is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a permanent IP address. ‘Components of Mobile IP 1, Mobile Node(MN); - Mobile Node (MN) is the hand-held communication device that the user carries. There are devices such as cell phones, PDA or laptops whose software enables network roaming capabilities. 2. Home Agent (HA): - It is a router on the home network serving as the anchor point for communication with mobile nodes. It tunnels packet from a device on internet, called a correspondent node to a roaming mobile node. 3. Foreign Agent (FA): - It is a router that may function as the point of attachment for MN when. it roams to a foreign network delivering packets from the Home agent to mobile nodes. 4. Correspondent Node (CN); - Correspondent Node (CN) is a device on the internet communicating to the mobile node. End host to which MN is corresponding (e.g. web server).(g) Ans. Stateith@@oiicept of fragmentation in IPv4. Fragmentation: When the maximum size of datagram is greater than maximum size of data that can be held a frame then the network layer divides the datagram received from x-port layer into fragments. OR Fragmentation is the division of a IP datagram into smaller units. After fragmentation, each fragment will have its own header with few fields changed and few fields remaining same. In fragmentation, a datagram is divided into smaller units. Most of the fields of the original header are copied into the fragment header. The three fields Flags, Fragmentation offset and Total length are altere.a. BPorthedP Addresses given below: 1. Identify the classes to which the following IP numbers belong to 2. Identify Network Address section. 3. Identify Host Address section. 4, Calculate number of hosts that can be assigned with each network i, 122,34.45.133 ii, 12.12.12.12 iii, 192.0.233.26 iv. 126.123.16.87 i) 1 122. 34.45.133 belongs to class A. i) 2. Network Address: 122.0.0.0 i) 3 Host Address: 0. 34.45.133 i) 4 Number of hosts: 224 - 2 = 16,777,214 ii) 1 12. 12.12.12 belongs to class A. ii) 2 Network Address: 12.0.0.0 ii) 3 Host Address: 0.12. 12.12 ii) 4 Number of hosts: 2424 - 2 = 16,777,214 iii) 1 192.0.233.26 belongs to class C. iii) 2 Network Address: 192.0.233.0 3 Host Address: 0,0.0.26 iii) 4 Number of hosts; 28 - 2 = 254 iv) 1 126.123.16.87 belongs to cla: iv) 2 Network Address: 126.0.0.0 iv) 3 Host Address: 0.123.16.187 iv) 4 Number of hosts: 2*24 - 2 = 16,777,214Explain{I@MP protocol. Describe the header format of ICMP: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) supports the unreliable and connectionless Internet Protocol (IP). e ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams. There are two categories of ICMP messages: error-reporting and query messages. The error-reporting messages report problems that a router or a host (destination) may encounter when it processes an IP packet. The query messages, which occur in pairs, help a host or a network manager get specific information from a router or another host. ® The checksum for ICMP is calculated using both the header and the data fields of the ICMP message. e There are several tools that can be used in the Internet for debugging. We can find if a host or router is alive and running. Two of these tools are ping and traceroute. Header Format: 8 bits 8bits Sbits 8 bits ‘Type Code Checksum Rest of the header Data section An ICMP message has an 8-byte header and a variable-size data section. Although the general format of the header is different for each message type, the first 4 bytes are common to all. As Figure shows, * The first field, ICMP type, defines the type of the message. * The code field specifies the reason for the particular message type. © The last common field is the checksum field for checking errors e — The rest of the header is specific for each message type. * The data section in error messages carries information for finding the original packet that had the error. In query messages, the data section carries extra information based on the type of the query.(f Ans. List types of ICMP v4 messages. ICMP Messages are of two types:- 1. Error reporting messages: If a host or router encounter a problem after processing an IP problem, then it was a error reporting message for reporting the problem. 2. Query Messages: A host or a network manager can used the query messages to get some specific information from a router to another host.b) | For the IPV4 addresses given below, calculate subnet mark, CHP-1 | broadcast addresses and number of host possible. i)10.0.199,237/22 ii) 192.168.14.87/26 Pag MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) SUMMER - 2022 EXAMINATION MODEL ANSWER ject: Advanced Computer Network (Elect) Subject Code i| Ans 4 100.199.2372 Subnet Mask 10.0.199.237= 00001010.00000000.1 10001 11.11101101 AND 255.255.2520=1111 1111-11111111.11111 100.000 10.0.196.0 =00001010.00000000. 11000100.00000000 No of host 2-2-1022 Broadcast Address 10.0.199.255 Range IP Address 10.0.196.1 - 10.0.199.254 fi, 192.168.14.87/26 ‘Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 Network Address 192.168.14.87= 11000000, 10101000, 00001 110.01010111 AND 255.295.255.192 11 ITNT LIT1LL.LMI1E111.1 1000000 192.168. 14.64 =1 1000000, 10101000. 0000111 10.01000000 No of host 22-62 Range Of IP 192,168. 14,65 - 192.168.14.126(d) Find out the error, if any in the following IPv4 addresses. a. 111.56.054.78 b. 222.34.7.8.20 ce. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100101.23.14.67 Question Answer 111.56,054.78 There must be no leading zero (054) 222.34.7.8.20 4 octets only in IPv4 address 75.45.301.14 Range of each octet is between o and 255 11100101.23.14.67 A mixture of binary and dotted decimal notation is not allowed1. Define Home Agent and Foreign agent with respect to mobile IP. Home Agent (HA): - It is a router on the home network serving as the anchor point for communication with mobile nodes. It tunnels packet from a device on} internet, called a correspondent node to a roaming mobile node. Foreign Agent (FA): - It is a router that may function as the point of attachment for MN when it roams to a foreign network delivering packets from the Home agent! to mobile nodes.ry) For the IP address given below, find the range of addresses in the following blocks: ‘a, 123,56.77.3229 b. 200.17.21.128/27 €. 17.34.16.0/23 4d. 180,34.64.64/30 a. 123.56.77.3229 * The subnet mask */29” means the first 29 bits are network bits, and the remaining 3 bits are host bits. © The network address can be obtained by setting the host bits to ero: 123.56.77.32 The broadcast address can be obtained by setting the host bits t one: 123.56.77.39 The range of addresses in this block is from 123.56.77.32 t 123.56.77.39 © Range of addresses: 123,56,77.32 to 123.56,77.39 b, 200.17.21.128/27 © The subnet mask "/27" means the first 27 bits are network bits, and the remaining 5 bits are host bits © The network address can be obtained by setting the host bits to zero: 200.17.21.128, © The broadcast address can be obtained by setting the host bits to one: 200,17.21.159. © Range of addresses: 200.17.21.128 to 200.17.21.159 .17.34.16.0/23: The subnet mask "/23" means the first 23 bits are network bits, ‘and the remaining 9 bits are host bits. ‘The network address can be obtained by setting the host bits to zero: 17.34.16.0, ‘The broadcast address can be obtained by setting the host bits to one: 17.34.17.255. © Range of addresses: 17.34.16.0 to 17.34.17.255, MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIO! (Autonomous) (ISOAEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) © 180.34.64.64730 '* The subnet mask "/30" means the first 30 bits are network bits, and the remaining 2 bits are host bits '* The network address ean be obtained by setting the host bits to zero: 180.34.64.64, '* The broadcast address can be obtained by setting the host bits to one: 180.34.64.67. ‘* Range of addresses: 180.34.64.64 to 180.34.64.67