Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Smart Battery Health Monitoring Using Digital

Twin and AI/ML Technologies
Adithi M
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE, PESITM Shivamogga,
Karnataka, India

Damodar G N Jesmin K Joseph

Department of ECE, PESITM Shivamogga, Department of ECE, PESITM Shivamogga,
Karnataka, India Karnataka, India

Nayana S Shivalingamurthy A G
Department of ECE, PESITM Shivamogga, Department of ECE, PESITM Shivamogga,
Karnataka, India Karnataka, India

Abstract:- This project involves integrating a A key innovation of the project is the introduction of
sophisticated battery health monitoring system that the concept of a Digital Twin, which involves creating a
leverages Digital Twin (DT) and AIML technologies in virtual model of the physical battery within software. This
conjunction with an Arduino Uno. The system digital replica remains up-to-date with real-time sensor data,
incorporates current, voltage, and temperature sensors to facilitating simulations and predictive assessments of the
continuously track battery metrics, while employing battery's performance. Through the utilization of advanced
machine learning algorithms to identify any AIML algorithms, including regression models and neural
irregularities. Furthermore, a DC load is utilized to networks, the system can scrutinize historical data and
mimic battery usage, and notifications are dispatched forecast future trends in performance, anticipate potential
through LCD, GSM, and a buzzer. Ultimately, the system failures, and recommend optimal maintenance or
guarantees effective battery supervision and timely replacement schedules for the battery. These predictive
detection of potential failures. insights play a vital role in optimizing battery utilization,
averting damages, and prolonging the battery's lifespan. The
Keywords:- Digital Twin, Artificial Intelligence and Machine inclusion of a motor driver and DC load enables dynamic
learning, GSM Model. evaluation of the battery's performance under diverse
operational conditions.
I. INTRODUCTION
Furthermore, the project incorporates a buzzer for
The project Smart Battery Health Monitoring using prompt alert notifications, ensuring immediate user
Digital Twin and AIML Technologies aims to revolutionize awareness of any irregularities such as elevated temperature,
battery health monitoring and management through the over-voltage, or under-voltage situations. To simulate real-
strategic application of digital twin technology and Artificial world scenarios, a motor driver is integrated to apply actual
Intelligence/Machine Learning (AIML). An Arduino Uno loads, offering a comprehensive assessment of the battery's
microcontroller serves as the central component, collecting performance. By amalgamating essential components—
real-time data from diverse sensors—such as current, sensors, GSM communication, AIML algorithms, and a
temperature, and voltage sensors—connected to a 12V digital twin—this project presents an intelligent, real-time
battery. Through the analysis of crucial parameters like solution for proactive battery health monitoring. It empowers
battery voltage, temperature, and current consumption, the users to optimize battery performance, mitigate risks, and
system can evaluate the battery's condition and efficiency make informed decisions based on data-driven insights
across different time frames. The user interface provided by regarding battery management.
the LCD display facilitates the visualization of essential
metrics like battery status, remaining capacity, and health
indicators. By incorporating GSM modules, the system
enables remote monitoring through the transmission of
instant updates and alerts to a mobile device, ensuring
constant user awareness even from a distance.

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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

II. BACKGROUND Kailong et al (2021) proposed a system used to predict

the remaining useful life (RUL) and future capacity using
The growing dependency on rechargeable batteries uncertainty quantification. Advanced machine learning
across various sectors, ranging from electric vehicles to techniques have been developed that use a reliable uncertainty
renewable energy storage solutions, underscores the critical management technique to predict battery capacities and RUL
need for vigilant monitoring and maintenance of battery for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The battery capacity is then
health. This vigilance is essential to uphold the durability, fully decomposed into the intrinsic mode function (IMF) and
performance, and safety of batteries. Over time, batteries residual value using the empirical mode decomposition
degrade due to factors like deep cycling, temperature (EMD) method. The IMF and residual are calculated using
fluctuations, and overcharging, resulting in diminished Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gaussian Process
performance or even failure. Conventional battery monitoring Regression (GPR) with the level of uncertainty. The aging is
systems typically lack the foresight to anticipate failures or calculated by applying the LSTM + GPR model which is then
optimize usage. This deficiency is where cutting-edge compared with the GPR, LSTM, GPR + EMD and LSTM +
technologies such as Digital Twin and Artificial EMD models. Accurate results are obtained in LSTM + GPR.
Intelligence/Machine Learning (AIML) play a pivotal role. The proposed system shows better results in diagnosing the
battery condition [3].
A Digital Twin signifies a virtual representation of a
physical entity, in this context, a battery, capable of emulating Carlos et al (2020) proposed to investigate the battery
its real-time state. The integration of AIML technologies condition estimation using machine learning approaches such
enhances this concept by analyzing data retrieved from as feedforward neural network (FNN), recurrent neural
sensors to offer proactive insights regarding battery network (RNN), support vector machine (SVM), radial basis
performance and health. This proactive approach aids in function (RBF), and Hamming network. The comparisons are
averting failures and maximizing the lifespan of batteries. based on input, output conditions, data quality, reported
accuracy, and battery types of ML landscapes for SOC and
In this specific initiative, the fusion of an Arduino Uno SOH estimation. The RNN, FNN algorithms are trained 50
with an array of sensors, encompassing current, temperature, times while 3000 epochs are obtained each time to improve
and voltage sensors, facilitates the instantaneous capture of the efficiency of the system [10]. The errors appear to be
vital data points from the battery. The GSM module facilitates different for the initial values of the parameters, when the
remote communication, enabling the transmission of alerts or comparison between the estimation techniques is to be made,
notifications to users upon detection of irregular conditions the same number of initial parameters should be present and
like overcharging or extreme temperatures. Furthermore, the should be trained and tested with similar data in the proposed
system incorporates a motor driver and DC load to mimic model. [13].
actual battery usage scenarios, thereby assisting in testing the
battery's response under diverse situations. By uniting IV. COMPONENTS REQUIRED
hardware elements such as the LCD display, buzzer, and
digital twin technology with AIML-driven analysis, the  Hardware
system can deliver ongoing, real-time monitoring and  Arduino UNO
projections concerning battery health. This pioneering  LCD
methodology empowers more informed battery management,  Current Sensor
furnishing users with invaluable insights and oversight  Temperature Sensor
regarding the state and effectiveness of their battery setups.  Voltage Sensor
 DC Load
III. LITERATURE REVIEW  GSM Model
 Buzzer
Prakash et al (2021) proposed a work that defines an
effective method for identifying battery aging. Battery aging  Motor driver
ensures accurate assessment of battery health status through  12v Battery
real-time simulation. This article estimates the useful life and  Jumping wires
remaining health by calculating a lithium-ion battery's state of
charge, internal resistance and capacity, and voltage transfer  Software
characteristics. Various statistical battery models and machine  Arduino IDE
learning approaches have been introduced to predict health  Python
status and RUL implemented in hardware. The overall results  AIML Algorithm
produced by the neural network approach to predict health
status are within ±5% of the error rate. RUL is predicted using
a neural network with long and short memory through which
an accuracy of ±10 cycles is achieved [2].

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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

V. METHODOLOGY

Fig 1 Hardware Implementation

A. Hardware Implementation:
The hardware setup for the Smart Battery Health Monitoring System revolves around the Arduino Uno, functioning as the
central controller. The Arduino connects to essential sensors including a current sensor (like ACS712) for tracking the current in
the 12V battery, a voltage sensor (such as ZMPT101B) for monitoring battery voltage, and a temperature sensor (like LM35 or
DHT11) to gauge battery temperature. These sensors provide continuous real-time data to the Arduino, enabling it to analyse and
oversee battery health. On the LCD display, critical battery metrics like voltage, current, temperature, and overall health status are
displayed. Additionally, the GSM module (e.g., SIM800L) sends SMS alerts to the user for abnormal scenarios like overcharging,
overheating, or undervoltage. A buzzer offers immediate auditory alerts for critical issues, while the motor driver (e.g., L298N)
manages a DC load to mimic battery use or disconnect devices upon detecting anomalies. The system operates on the 12V battery
power itself, ensuring autonomous functionality for real-time monitoring and control to optimize battery management.

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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

.
Fig 2 Software Implementation

B. Software Implementation:
The software implementation of the Smart Battery Health Monitoring System commences by programming the Arduino Uno
to gather sensor data from the current sensor, voltage sensor, and temperature sensor through the Arduino's analog pins. Real-time
processing of the sensor readings evaluates battery health, establishing thresholds for voltage, current, and temperature to identify
any irregularities. The system exhibits the battery's voltage, current, and temperature on the LCD for user monitoring. In the event
of abnormal conditions like overvoltage, undervoltage, or overheating, the Arduino activates a buzzer for immediate alert and
dispatches an SMS notification via the GSM module to notify the user. The motor driver is managed to disconnect or restrict the
load on the battery if it surpasses safe operational thresholds. The Arduino code encompasses functions for sensor reading,
calibration, data processing for anomaly detection, buzzer and motor driver control, and interaction with the GSM module.
Furthermore, external processing of machine learning algorithms for battery health prediction and integration with a Digital Twin
can be executed on a cloud platform, where real-time data is transmitted for analysis, facilitating predictive maintenance and
enhancing battery performance optimization. This proactive approach to battery management ensures both safety and efficiency.

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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In terms of software functionality, the implementation

seamlessly integrates sensor data processing in real-time
The Smart Battery Health Monitoring System has using the Arduino to evaluate voltage, current, and
effectively achieved its goal of real-time monitoring and temperature readings against predefined safety limits. This
managing battery health. By incorporating crucial sensors capability enables swift anomaly detection and triggers
such as current, voltage, and temperature sensors, the Arduino appropriate system responses, such as activating the buzzer or
Uno continuously tracks vital battery parameters. The system sending SMS notifications. Real-time decision-making is
prominently displays the battery's voltage, current, and paramount for preserving battery health and prolonging its
temperature on the LCD screen, allowing users to easily lifespan. Additionally, enhancing the system with machine
assess the battery's status. Upon detecting abnormal learning algorithms and Digital Twin technology through
conditions like overvoltage, undervoltage, or overheating, the cloud-based processing can provide predictive analysis and
system promptly responds. It activates a buzzer to alert users maintenance, offering detailed insights into future battery
of critical issues and sends an SMS notification via the GSM performance and optimizing its utilization. By integrating
module, enabling swift corrective action. The motor driver advanced analytics, the system evolves from reactive to
regulates the DC load, either adjusting it or disconnecting it proactive battery management, foreseeing and preventing
when the battery surpasses safe thresholds, effectively potential failures, hence enhancing overall battery efficiency
preventing potential damage from prolonged abnormal and reliability.
conditions. Operating autonomously on 12V battery power,
the system offers a consistent, self-sufficient solution for VII. APPLICATIONS
battery management.
 Real-Time Monitoring of Battery Parameters:
Regarding software functionality, the Arduino Uno is The system comprises voltage, current, and temperature
programmed to gather and process sensor data, set secure sensors that continuously assess critical battery metrics. These
operating limits, and identify anomalies in real-time. The sensors transmit data to an Arduino Uno system, which
system demonstrates high responsiveness by taking processes and showcases essential parameters like voltage,
immediate actions, such as notifying users and disconnecting current, and temperature on an LCD screen. This setup offers
loads when necessary. The incorporation of machine learning instant insights into the battery's condition.
algorithms, facilitated through a cloud platform, holds
promise for further enhancing the system by predicting future  Digital Twin Simulation:
battery performance and health trends. This sophisticated A Digital Twin is generated to replicate the battery's
feature could offer valuable insights into battery lifespan and actions using live sensor data. This virtual representation aids
maintenance requirements, transforming the system into a in forecasting performance, monitoring degradation trends,
proactive tool for battery management. The convergence of and detecting irregular patterns based on real-time
real-time monitoring, anomaly detection, and predictive information, enhancing battery lifecycle management.
analytics establishes a robust and effective approach to battery
health, optimizing battery usage, preventing damage, and  AI/ML-Powered Predictive Analytics:
ultimately prolonging the battery's operational lifespan. By merging machine learning algorithms with historical
and current sensor data, AI/ML models can anticipate battery
The Smart Battery Health Monitoring System provides a health patterns like capacity decay, probability of failure, and
holistic approach to ensuring battery safety, efficiency, and lifecycle projections. These projections are leveraged to
longevity. It leverages the Arduino Uno as the main controller enhance battery utilization and forecast potential failures or
and integrates various sensors—such as current, voltage, and declines.
temperature sensors—to continually monitor the battery's
health in real-time. This collected data is then processed and  Alert System for Battery Anomalies:
presented on an LCD screen, granting users immediate insight In cases where battery parameters (voltage, current, or
into the battery's condition. The GSM module enables remote temperature) surpass predetermined safety thresholds, an
monitoring by sending SMS alerts in cases of abnormal alarm system is activated. This setup triggers a buzzer for
conditions like overcharging, undervoltage, or overheating, audible alerts and dispatches SMS notifications via a GSM
empowering users to take prompt actions and avert potential module to the user, enabling prompt action to avert battery
battery damage. The system's responsiveness is enhanced by harm.
including a buzzer for audible alerts during critical events.
Moreover, the motor driver regulates the battery load,  Battery Load Testing & Control:
disconnecting it if unsafe situations occur to prevent further Through DC load simulation, actual usage scenarios are
harm or strain. mimicked to assess the battery's performance under various
loads. Additionally, a motor driver manages the motor or load
based on battery health and efficiency, ensuring optimal
operation and preventing overloading.

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Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE [4]. Yizhao Gao;Kailong Liu;Chong Zhu;Xi Zhang;Dong
Zhang,“Co-Estimation of State-of-Charge and Stateof-
In conclusion, The Smart Battery Health Monitoring Health for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an Enhanced
system, which integrates Digital Twin and AI/ML Electrochemical Model”, IEEE Transactions on
technologies, offers an innovative and efficient solution for Industrial Electronics, March, 2021.
overseeing and enhancing the health of a 12V battery. [5]. Yuanliang Fan; Jing Wu; Zitao Chen; Han Wu; Jianye
Through sensor-based measurements of key parameters like Huang, “Data-driven state-of-charge estimation of
voltage, current, and temperature, the system continuously lithium-ion batteries”, International Conference on
monitors the battery's performance in real time. Leveraging Power Electronics Systems and Application, February,
the Digital Twin, a virtual model of the battery is created to 2021.
simulate its behavior and anticipate potential issues, while [6]. Rasool M. Imran, Qiang Li, And Firas M. F. Flaih, “An
AI/ML algorithms analyze data to predict degradation and Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery Model for Estimating the
failures, allowing for proactive maintenance. Notifications of State of Charge and Degraded Capacity Using an
critical conditions are relayed through a buzzer, LCD display, Optimized Extended Kalman Filter”, IEEE Access,
and GSM module, prompting immediate user action. November, 2020.
Furthermore, the system's DC load and motor driver mimic
real-world battery consumption to evaluate its response in
diverse scenarios. By amalgamating cutting-edge
technologies, this project enhances battery performance,
elongates its lifespan, and bolsters reliability, rendering it
well-suited for applications in energy storage, electric
vehicles, and backup power systems.

The potential outlook for smart battery health

monitoring utilizing digital twin and AI/ML technologies
appears exceedingly promising. Through the amalgamation of
sophisticated analytics and real-time data processing, the
system has the capacity to advance into a prognostic
maintenance tool across a spectrum of applications,
encompassing electric vehicles, renewable energy setups, and
industrial automation. Improvements in sensor precision and
AI algorithms have the potential to enhance the accuracy of
health assessments and predictions regarding lifespan. The
fusion of IoT platforms and cloud connectivity might
streamline remote monitoring and management, paving the
way for scalability in extensive deployments. Furthermore,
the inclusion of renewable energy charging modules and
intelligent energy management systems could contribute
significantly to sustainable energy solutions, ameliorating
efficiency and lessening environmental footprints.

REFERENCES

[1]. Thiruvonasundari Duraisamy, Deepa Kaliyaperumal,

“Machine Learning-Based Optimal Cell Balancing
Mechanism for Electric Vehicle Battery Management
System”, IEEE Access, September, 2021.
[2]. Kailong Li, Yunlong Shang, Quan Ouyang, and
Widanalage Dhammika Widanage, “A Data-Driven
Approach With Uncertainty Quantification for
Predicting Future Capacities and Remaining Useful Life
of Lithium-ion Battery”, IEEE Transactions On
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 68, No. 4, April 2021.
[3]. Tsung-Wen Sun and Tsung-Heng Tsai, “A Battery
Management System with Charge Balancing and Aging
Detection Based on ANN”, IEEE International
Symposium on Circuits andSystems, April, 2021.

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