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Lec 09

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8 views39 pages

Lec 09

Uploaded by

Trisha trisha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier series

• powerful tools for representing any


periodic function as a sum of sine and
cosines series.

• Means it has infinite Bandwidth


(BW)

• Provide inside information of the real


time signal in frequency domain or
reciprocal domain
Fourier Series:
Orthogonality conditions

If n and m are different, then

Cos n Sin m =0

Cos n Cos m =0

Sin n Sin m =0
Replace sin and cos with complex function
More than 25 harmonic fn
required to rectangular wave

Each circle represent a


sinusoidal function and
together (in fact you require
infinite numbers) makes a
rectangular function

You all can try to verify by writing series of sinusoidal functions on this link
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
1. sin function

1. Rectangular function

Each single line represent a frequency


Dirichlet Conditions

» A periodic signal x(t), has a Fourier series if it satisfies the


following conditions:
1. x(t) is absolutely integrable over any period, namely

a +T

∫ | x(t ) | dt < ∞,
a
∀a ∈ 

2. x(t) has only a finite number of maxima and minima over


any period

3. x(t) has only a finite number of discontinuities over any


period
Fourier Transform

» We have seen that periodic signals can be represented with the


Fourier series

» Can aperiodic signals be analyzed in terms of frequency


components?

» Yes, and the Fourier transform provides the tool for this analysis

» The major difference w.r.t. the line spectra of periodic signals is


that the spectra of aperiodic signals are defined for all real
values of the frequency variable 𝜔 not just for a discrete set of
values
Properties of the Fourier Transform

» Linearity: x(t ) ↔ X (ω ) y (t ) ↔ Y (ω )

α x(t ) + β y (t ) ↔ α X (ω ) + β Y (ω )

− jω t0
» Left or Right Shift in Time: x(t − t0 ) ↔ X (ω )e

1 ω 
» Time Scaling: x(at ) ↔ X  
a a
Properties of the Fourier Transform

» Time Reversal: x(−t ) ↔ X (−ω )

» Multiplication by a Power of t:
n
d
t x(t ) ↔ ( j )
n n
X (ω )
dω n

» Multiplication by a Complex Exponential:


jω 0 t
x(t )e ↔ X (ω − ω 0 )
Examples
Fourier transform time and frequency domain
Correction: At t=0, it should cross 1 in the y-axis. You may consider some kind of
normalization
6 terms of the series
10 terms of the series
20 terms of the series

Sawtooth wave
6 terms of the series
10 terms of the series
20 terms of the series
Triangular wave

Correction: At t=0, it should cross 1 in the y-axis


Oscillations 2
7
8 terms of the series
Wave packets and pulses
Wave packet Pulses
Short burst/envelope Non-sinusoidal waveform

Displacement Displacement

x x
Wave packet propagation
Let us synthesize a wave train by superposing
a number of sinusoidal oscillations spanning a
continuous of frequencies.

Spectral density :
Spectral density :
Displacement

Consider a pulse (here, Gaussian and Rectangular)

Time
Rectangle
Gaussian

Where,
t

At the nodes :

Uncertainty product :
For non-dispersive waves

Signal emitted over a time interval

Travels a distance

Uncertainty product :

= 4π

The value of the product of Δω and Δt depends on the choice of ρ (ω)


Physical significance of uncertainty product

1. For wave packet which last long has very little spread in
frequency
2. A short sharp burst with a small spread in time has within it
a large range of frequencies
eg. Radio and TV signal

Wave packet describe the signal received at a certain point in


space as a function of time
Model of dispersive medium y

x
0,0
k0is spring constant per unit ∆x
T
length

The vertical restoring force


∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
T k0
= c − ω 2
0 y ; where c =
2
&ω =
2

∂t ∂x µ µ
2 s 2 s 0

y = A e i (ω t − k x ) ω
⇒ ω 2 = cs2 k 2 + ω02
Wave with large k almost non-dispersive propagation ω0
Wave with small k curve deviate from linear behavior
0 k
Cut-off frequency ω0 below which no wave can propagate

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