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SQL Commands- Reference

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SQL Commands- Reference

Uploaded by

tvsaacademy6off
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TVS ACADEMY, HOSUR – Grade 12

COMMANDS in SQL
DDL (Data Definition Language) COMMANDS
CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE, RENAME
DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
DQL (Data Query Language) commands
SELECT
DCL (Data Control Language) commands
GRANT, REVOKE
TCL (Transaction Control Language) commands
COMMIT, ROLLBACK

DDL COMMANDS
WORKING WITH DATABASE
1. CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE <database_name>;
Ex:
create database employee;

2. OPENING DATABASE/ MAKING DATABASE ACTIVE


USE <database_name>;
Ex:
use employee;

3. DISPLAYING THE TABLES AVAILABLE


SHOW tables;

4. REMOVING DATABASE
DROP DATABASE <database_name>;
Ex:
drop database employee;

WORKING WITH TABLES

1. CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE <tb_name> (<col1> <dtype> size, <col2> <dtype> size,….)
Ex: create table empdet(empno int, empname varchar(10),dept varchar(10));

2. VIEWING TABLE STRUCTURE


DESC <tb_name> or DESCRIBE <tb_name>
Ex: desc employee;

3. DROPPING TABLE
DROP TABLE <tb_name>
Ex : drop table employee;
4. ALTER TABLE
Let's consider a table sample with the following statement
create table sample(rno int, sname varchar(10),marks decimal(5,2));
ALTER command is used to
4.1. ADD a COLUMN to the existing table
4.2. DELETE a COLUMN from an existing table
4.3. MODIFY the definition of EXISTING COLUMN
4.4. RENAME EXISTING COLUMN
4.5. ADD a CONSTRAINT to the existing table
4.6. DROP a CONSTRAINT from the existing table

4.1 ADD COLUMN/CONSTRAINT:


4.2 DELETE COLUMN/CONSTRAINT:

Ex: ALTER TABLE abc ADD CONSTRAINT rno_pk PRIMARY KEY(sno);


ALTER TABLE abc DROP PRIMARY KEY;

ALTER TABLE abc ADD CONSTRAINT sno_unique UNIQUE(sno);


ALTER TABLE abc DROP INDEX sno_unique;

ALTER TABLE abc ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_sno CHECK (sno>=1);


ALTER TABLE abc DROP CHECK chk_sno;
ALTER TABLE abc ALTER sname SET DEFAULT "noname";
ALTER TABLE abc ALTER sname DROP DEFAULT;
ALTER TABLE abc MODIFY sname varchar(10) NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE abc MODIFY sname varchar(10);

4.3 MODIFY DATA TYPE OR SIZE


ALTER TABLE <tablename> MODIFY <columnname> <col definition>;
Ex :
Modify size
ALTER TABLE abc MODIFY COLUMN sname VARCHAR(20);
Modify type
ALTER TABLE abc MODIFY COLUMN sname char(5);

4.4 CHANGE THE NAME OF THE COLUMN


ALTER TABLE abc RENAME COLUMN sname TO studname;

DML (Data Manipulation Language) COMMANDS


UPDATE command:
UPDATE <tablename> SET <columnname>=<newvalue>;
UPDATE <tablename> SET <columnname>=<newvalue> WHERE <condition>;
UPDATE <tablename> SET <columnname>=<newvalue>,<columnname>=<newvalue> WHERE <condition>;

DELETE Command:
Delete command is used to delete the rows from the table.
It will not delete the structure of the table.
DELETE FROM <tablename> WHERE <condition>;

ORDER BY:
Select * from <tablename> order by <columnname1>[ASC|DESC][,<columnname2> [ASC|DESC]];

GROUP BY:
The GROUP BY clause combines all those records that have identical values in a particular field
Grouping can be done with aggregate functions.
Select <columnname> Aggregatefunction from <tablename> GROUP BY <columnname>;

HAVING clause
The having clause places conditions on groups in contrast to where clause that places conditions on individual rows.
SELECT <columnname>, Aggregate function FROM <tablename> GROUP BY <columnname> HAVING <condition>;
SELECT <columnname>, Aggregate function FROM <tablename> GROUP BY <columnname> HAVING aggregate function<condition>

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