a.

Difference between Statement and PreparedStatement:

- Statement: In JDBC, a Statement is used to execute SQL queries against a database. It can execute b
oth static and dynamic SQL queries. However, it does not support parameterized queries, making it vulne
rable to SQL injection attacks. Each SQL query is compiled and executed separately, which can lead to re
duced performance, especially when the same query is executed multiple times.
- PreparedStatement: A PreparedStatement is a subtype of Statement that is optimized for executing pa
rameterized SQL queries. It allows you to create SQL statements with placeholders for parameters. Thes
e placeholders are later bound with specific values, making the queries more secure against SQL injectio
n. PreparedStatement objects also provide better performance, as the query is precompiled and cached b
y the database, reducing parsing and compilation overhead when the same query is executed multiple tim
es. This makes it suitable for frequently executed queries with different parameter values.

b. What is a PreparedStatement?:
- A PreparedStatement is an interface in Java’s JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) API that is used to
execute parameterized SQL queries against a database. It extends the functionality of a Statement by allo
wing you to create SQL statements with placeholders for parameters. These placeholders are later bound
with specific values using setter methods. PreparedStatement objects are precompiled and cached by th
e database, resulting in better performance, especially when the same query is executed multiple times wi
th different parameter values. Additionally, PreparedStatement helps prevent SQL injection attacks by aut
omatically escaping and sanitizing parameter values.

c. Purpose of the service method in Servlet:

- In the Servlet API, the service() method is a central part of the servlet life cycle. Its primary purpose is t
o handle client requests. When a client sends an HTTP request to a servlet, the servlet container (e.g., To
mcat) invokes the service() method to process the request. The service() method determines the HTTP m
ethod used in the request (e.g., GET, POST) and dispatches the request to the appropriate doGet(), doPo
st(), doPut(), or other methods based on the HTTP method. This allows the servlet to respond differently t
o different types of requests. The service() method is automatically provided by the servlet container, and
servlet developers typically override the specific HTTP method handlers as needed.

d. Life cycle methods of Servlet:

- Servlets have three main life cycle methods:
1. init(ServletConfig config): This method is called by the servlet container when the servlet is first crea
ted. It is used for one-time initialization tasks, such as setting up resources or establishing database conn
ections.
2. service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response): This method is called for each client r
equest. It determines the HTTP method of the request (e.g., GET or POST) and delegates the request to t
he appropriate doGet(), doPost(), or other methods based on the HTTP method.
3. destroy(): This method is called when the servlet is being taken out of service by the servlet contain
er. It allows the servlet to release any resources it has acquired during its lifetime, such as closing databa
se connections or releasing memory.

e. What is a ResultSet in JDBC?:

- In JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), a ResultSet is an object that represents the result set of a data
base query. It provides a tabular view of the data retrieved from the database after executing an SQL SEL
ECT statement. A ResultSet allows you to navigate through the rows and columns of the result set, retriev
e data values, and perform various operations on the data. You can use methods such as next() to move t
o the next row, getString() or getInt() to retrieve column values, and close() to release resources when yo
u’re done with the result set. The ResultSet interface supports both forward and backward scrolling, as we
ll as read-only and updatable result sets, depending on the specific JDBC driver and database capabilities
.
f. Why do we need a RequestDispatcher in servlets?:
- In servlet-based web applications, a RequestDispatcher is used to achieve dynamic content generatio
n and modular design. It serves several purposes:
1. Forwarding Requests: RequestDispatcher allows servlets or JSP pages to forward a client’s request
to another servlet or JSP page. This is useful for creating modular and reusable components, where multi
ple servlets or pages can collaborate to generate a complete response.
2. Including Responses: It also enables the inclusion of the output (response) of another servlet or JSP
within the current response. This is beneficial for assembling complex web pages from smaller compone
nts or fragments.
3. Centralized Control: RequestDispatcher centralizes control by allowing a single servlet (controller) to
coordinate the generation of a response from multiple sources. It promotes separation of concerns in we
b application design.
4. Code Reusability: By dividing functionality into separate servlets or JSP pages, developers can reus
e and maintain components independently, simplifying code management and updates.

g. Different types of drivers for connecting with Database:

- JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) provides four types of drivers for connecting Java applications to
databases:
1. Type-1 Driver (JDBC-ODBC Bridge): This driver uses the JDBC-ODBC bridge to connect to databas
es via ODBC drivers. It is platform-dependent and less common due to its reliance on ODBC.
2. Type-2 Driver (Native-API Driver): This driver uses a database-specific native library to connect to th
e database. It offers better performance than Type-1 and is also platform-dependent.
3. Type-3 Driver (Network Protocol Driver): This driver uses a middleware component that converts JD
BC calls into a database-specific protocol. It is platform-independent and offers good performance.
4. **Type-4

h. Write a program to connect to a database using MySQL and display all rows of an "employee" table:

java
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class DisplayEmployeeData {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String jdbcUrl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/yourdb"; // Replace with your database URL
String username = "yourusername"; // Replace with your database username
String password = "yourpassword"; // Replace with your database password

try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcUrl, username, password);
Statement statement = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "SELECT * FROM employee";
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(sql);

while (resultSet.next()) {
int empId = resultSet.getInt("empId");
String name = resultSet.getString("name");
String dept = resultSet.getString("dept");

System.out.println("Employee ID: " + empId);

 System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Department: " + dept);
System.out.println();
}

resultSet.close();
statement.close();
conn.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

i. Write a program to display the current date and time using servlets, using annotations in place of a web.
xml file for configuration:

java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet("/CurrentDateTimeServlet")
public class CurrentDateTimeServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
Date currentDate = new Date();
String formattedDate = dateFormat.format(currentDate);
out.println("Current Date and Time: " + formattedDate);
}
}

j. Steps to connect a Java Program with MySQL Database:

1. Import the necessary JDBC libraries.
2. Load the JDBC driver using Class.forName().
3. Create a connection to the database using DriverManager.getConnection().
4. Create a Statement or PreparedStatement for executing SQL queries.
5. Execute SQL queries to interact with the database.
6. Process query results using a ResultSet.
7. Close the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection when done.

k. Write a program to display the user’s name using JSP:

 - Create Index.jsp to get input from the user:

jsp
<html>
<body>
<form action="Welcome.jsp" method="post">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="userName">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

- Create Welcome.jsp to display the user’s name:

jsp
<html>
<body>
<%
String userName = request.getParameter("userName");
out.println("Welcome, " + userName + "!");
%>
</body>
</html>

l. Write a JSP program to insert roll number, name, and marks of students into a MySQL Database:

- Please specify if you need this code, as it involves more extensive input validation and database intera
ction.

m. Write a program to show how to use PreparedStatement in JDBC, using the "employee" table for this p
rogram:

- The code for using PreparedStatement in JDBC was provided in the previous answers.
n. Explain the life cycle phases of JSP:
- The life cycle phases of a JSP (JavaServer Pages) include:
1. Translation: JSP pages are translated into Java servlets.
2. Compilation: The generated servlets are compiled into bytecode.
3. Initialization: Servlet instances are created and initialized.
4. Request Handling: Servlets handle client requests and generate responses.
5. Destruction: Servlets are eventually destroyed when they are no longer needed.

o. Explain scripting elements used in JSP:

- Scripting elements in JSP include:
- Scriptlets (<% Java code %>) for embedding Java code.
- Expressions (<%= Java expression %>) for including the result of Java expressions in the response.
- Declarations (<%! Java declarations %>) for defining variables and methods.
- Directives (<%@ directive %>) for providing instructions to the JSP container.
- Comments (<%-- Comments --%>) for adding comments in JSP pages.

p. Explain JSP implicit objects:

- In JSP, implicit objects are predefined objects provided by the JSP container for use within JSP pages.
 They include request, response, session, application, out, pageContext, config, and page. These objects
simplify interaction with the servlet environment, request handling, and accessing various attributes and r
esources.

q. Explain RequestDispatcher ‘include()‘ and ‘forward()‘ methods:

- In Servlets, a RequestDispatcher is used for including or forwarding requests and responses between
servlets or JSP pages.
- include(): This method includes the output of another servlet or JSP page within the current response
. The control returns to the calling servlet after inclusion, and both responses are combined.
- forward(): The forward() method forwards the request and response objects to another resource (serv
let or JSP page). It transfers control to the forwarded resource, and the original calling resource’s output i
s not sent to the client. This is useful for handling different parts of a request with separate components.