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Class 12 Physics 2023 Set-1

Hiii

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6 views8 pages

Class 12 Physics 2023 Set-1

Hiii

Uploaded by

pradhanaditya850
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENTS

 CERTIFICATE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION

 THEORY

 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

 OBSERVATION

 CONCLUSION

 PRECAUTION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aditya, a student of class XII-? of
DOON SCHOOL has completed the project titled
Electric Motor during the academic year 2024-25 towards
partial fulfilment of the physics practical examination
conducted
by CBSE

…………………… ……………………
(Teacher signature) (External Examiner
Signature)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to express my special gratitude to my teacher, Mrs.
Swarnamayee Samantray, and our principal, who gave me a
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
Electric Motor. This project also helped me do a lot of
research, and I learned many new things.
I’m thankful to them,

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and


friends who helped me finish this project within a limited
time.

I am doing this project not only for marks but also to


increase my knowledge.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.


INTRODUCTION
The electric motor is a machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electric
motor is based on Lorenz Force. Force caused on moving
charges due to a magnetic field, the magnetic field of the
motor produces torque to rotate the shaft and convert the
electricity to mechanical energy.
An electric motor is an electrical device used to
move mechanical components using electricity. Electric
motors can be powered by DC sources like batteries or AC
sources like power grids. Electric motors are of different
sizes, ranging from the largest used for ship propulsion
(Power output upwards of 100 MW) to the smallest used in
household appliances like fans, grinders, etc. (Power output
as low as a few watts).

In an electric motor, the magnetic field interacts


with the electric currents flowing through wires which in
turn produces force to create torque on mechanical parts
to rotate it.
Electric motors are, therefore, an essential piece
for all types of circuits that involve mechanical parts and
movements.
To investigate: -
1. How motors work
2. The relation between input current, magnetic field and
work output

The working of an electric motor is based on


magnetic force on current. An electric conductor in a magnetic
field experiences a force if current flowing through the
conductor has a component perpendicular to the magnetic
field.
An electric motor consists of, a DC power supply, a
magnetic field, a rotor which rotates the coil, a commutator or
split rings and an axle or brushes.
When current flows through the coil which is
placed between 2 magnets, it experiences torque. According to
Fleming’s Right-Hand rule, since the current is perpendicular
to the magnetic field the coil starts to rotate. When the coil
completes half rotation, the DC gets reversed, causing torque
in the opposite direction. This cycle continues.
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬԦ x 𝐵
𝑑𝐹 = I (𝑑𝑙 ሬԦ) [where I is current
B is the magnetic field]
On one side of the loop force:
F1 = IaBsin(90-)𝑖Ƹ
On side 3 of loop force:
F3 = -IaBsin(90-)𝑖Ƹ
The currents in sides 2 and 4 are perpendicular to B:
F2 =IbB𝑘̂ and F4 =IbB𝑘̂
The Fnet is equal to zero but τnet is not zero:
∑ 𝜏 = τ1 + τ2 + τ3 + τ4 = F2 xsin𝑖መ – F4 (a-x)sin𝑖መ
= -IbBxsin𝑖መ - IbB(a-x)sin𝑖መ
That simplifies to  τ = -IABsin𝑖መ {A = ab is the area}
Efficiency of an electric motor is the measure of its ability to
convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The formula is
η = (Output Power) / (Input Power)
In an ideal electric motor the output power is equal to its input
power i.e. efficiency is 1. But in actual/real electric motors the
efficiency is never 1 due to external energy losses.

1.Ohmic Loss: The energy loss due to resistance of copper


loop in the motor, higher the current, more is the ohmic loss.

2.Iron Loss: These losses occur in the lamination steel of


motor caused by hysteresis and eddy currents.

3.Friction and Windage Loss: These losses occur due to


motor bearings and lubrication, as well as the rotor spinning in
air, creating drag.

4.Stator Resistance Loss: This loss occurs due to resistance of


the stator winding.

5.Rotor Resistance Loss: This loss occurs due to the


resistanceof rotor bars.

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