Assistant Professor, VIPS Analog Communication • In analog communication the data is transferred with the help of analog signal in between transmitter and receiver. • Data is converted into electric form first and after that it is passed through communication channel. • Analog communication uses a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property with time in proportion to that of a variable. Digital Communication • The digital signal consists of discrete values rather than continuous values. • In digital communication physical transfer of data occurs in the form of digital bit stream i.e 0 or 1 • In digital communication the digital transmission data can be broken into packets as discrete messages which is not allowed in analog communication. Difference Between Analog and Digital Communication S.No. Analog Communication Digital Communication 1 In analog communication analog signal is In digital communication digital signal is used for information used for information transmission. transmission. 2 Analog communication uses analog signal Digital communication uses digital signal whose amplitude is of whose amplitude varies continuously with two levels either Low i.e., 0 or either High i.e., 1. time from 0 to 100 or infinite.
3 In analog communication only limited It can broadcast large number of channels simultaneously. number of channels can be broadcasted simultaneously. 4 In analog communication noise immunity is In digital communication noise immunity is good. poor. 5 In analog communication coding is not In digital communication coding is possible. Different coding possible. techniques can be used to detect and correct errors.
6 Analog communication system is having Digital communication system is having less complex hardware complex hardware and less flexible. and more flexible. 7 Analog communication system is low Digital communication system is cost. high cost. 8 It requires low bandwidth. It requires high bandwidth. 9 Power consumption is high. Power consumption is low. 10 It is less portable. Portability is high. 11 Not assures an accurate data It assures a more accurate data transmission. transmission. 12 Synchronization problem is hard. Synchronization problem is easier. Digital modulation techniques • The modulating wave consists of binary data or an M-ary encoded version of it and the carrier is sinusoidal wave. • Different Shift keying methods that are used in digital modulation techniques are : 1. Amplitude shift keying [ASK] 2. Frequency shift keying [FSK] 3. Phase shift keying [PSK] Amplitude Shift Keying • In ASK each symbol in the message signal gives a unique amplitude to the carrier wave. • There are two types of ASK : 1. Binary - In Binary ASK, logic 1 is associated with certain amplitude of carrier wave e.g. 12V and logic 0 is associated with different amplitude other than 12V e.g. 0V. 2. M-ary - In M-ary ASK, a group of log2M bits are considered together rather than 1 bit at a time and the amplitude level is associated with this group of bits. Frequency Shift Keying • In Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), each symbol in the message signal gives a unique frequency to the carrier wave. • There are two types of FSK : 1. Binary - In Binary FSK, logic 1 is associated with certain frequency of carrier wave e.g. 50MHz and logic 0 is associated with different frequency other than 50MHz e.g. 25MHz. 2. M-ary – In M-ary FSK, a group of log2M bits are considered together rather than 1 bit at a time and the frequency is associated with this group of bits. Phase Shift Keying • In Phase Shift Keying (PSK), each symbol in the message signal gives a unique phase shift to the carrier wave. • There are two types of PSK : 1. Binary - In Binary PSK, logic 1 is associated with certain phase shift of carrier wave e.g. 90° and logic 0 is associated with different phase shift other than 90° e.g. 0°. 2. M-ary - In M-ary PSK, a group of log2M bits are considered together rather than 1 bit at a time and the phase shift is associated with this group of bits. Applications of Digital Modulation Techniques
• Military Communication Systems, where security and accuracy of the signal plays a crucial role. Digital Modulation can provide confidential and error free communication. • Mobile Communication Systems, where the number of users are daily increasing and Digital Modulation can provide high capacity and less interference. Long distance communication can be easily done with the help of Digital Modulation. • Digital Broadcasting, Digital modulation techniques are used in digital broadcasting standards such as Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), and Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB) for transmitting audio, video, and data content efficiently. • Radar Systems, In radar systems, digital modulation techniques like phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM) are used for transmitting radar pulses and modulating radar signals to detect and track objects accurately in various applications such as air traffic control, weather monitoring, and military surveillance. Advantages of Digital Modulation Techniques
• High Immunity to noise
• High Security - Since the message signal is digital in Digital Modulation, encryption techniques can be employed to improve authenticity, confidentiality and integrity of data. • Efficient Usage of Bandwidth - By using compression techniques we can reduce the number of bits of the message signal without affecting the data content in it. • High Accuracy of Data - With the help of error detection and error correction techniques we can find the presence of errors in the demodulated wave at the receiver side and correct it accordingly to get the original message signal. • High Capacity - capacity can be increased by letting the users access the channel for certain time period one after the other. Disadvantages of Digital Modulation Techniques
• Additional Circuitry - Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) must be connected before modulating the signal to convert analog message signal to digital signal at the transmitter side and Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) must be connected after demodulating the signal to convert digital signal back to analog wave. This can increase the cost of communication system.
• Synchronization - For proper detection and demodulation of received signal synchronization is required. This requires oscillator circuitry which must be present at both transmitter and receiver.
• High Power Consumption - While Shift Keying Modulation may consume less power than Analog Modulation, it still consumes more power as compared to Pulse Modulation techniques such as PAM, PWM and PPM where the message signal is analog but the carrier is rectangular wave. Elements of Digital Communication
• Source One possible source for signal transmission is an analog signal, such as sound waves.
• Input Transducer The signals that are received are transformed into an electrical signal by the input transducer. A microphone, for instance, transforms sound into energy.
• Encoder The encoder reduces the number of bits in the data. This procedure will aid in making efficient use of the bandwidth, or available frequency range. • Modulator The modulator will modulate the data before transporting it on the carrier. Once these signals have been converted to analog signals, they are sent into the medium, or channel, for transmission. A digital sequence is converted into analog signals for transmission through various channels or media.
• Channel After leaving the transmitter, the analog signals need a channel or medium to go to the receiver.
• Demodulator This is the initial phase from the receiver's perspective. The signal that the receiver has received is demodulated.
• Decoder The decoder re-digitizes the demodulated signals that it has received. It eliminates any potential mistakes in the final output signals.
• Output Transducer The original physical signal that was delivered through the source is transformed back into the decoded signals. It converts electrical impulses into tangible results. A speaker, for instance, transforms current into sound.
• Output Signal The end outcome of the entire signal transmission procedure is explained. For instance, sound waves are the result of sending sound waves from a source for transmission.
