Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms

Subject: Science (Biology)

Class: X

SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)
CHAPTER 07: DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
(Notes)

Evolution - It is a process by which a new species is developed from an old species with gradual
changes. Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution in his book ‘The Origin of species’ in the
year 1839. More complex organisms develop from the simpler organisms. The older, simpler organisms
are called primitive or lower organisms while the younger, complex organisms are called advanced or
higher organisms.

Classification – It is the method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of similarities
and differences.
• It makes the study of wide variety of organisms easy and in systematic manner.
• It helps to understand how the different organisms have evolved with time.
• It helps to understand the inter‑relationships
among different groups of organisms.
• It forms a base for the study of other
biological sciences, like biogeography.

Evolution and classification is somehow related, as

classification of organism is done considering how
evolution has occurred. While organisms classified in
same group are likely to have evolved in similar ways.

Basis of Classification - There are the certain features

or properties used for the classification of living
organisms which are known as characteristics.
Organisms with same characteristics are placed in
same groups.
1. Two Kingdom classification – Plants and
animals (Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 classified
the living organisms)
2. Five Kingdom classification (by Whittaker,
1959):
a. Kingdom Monera
b. Kingdom Protista
c. Kingdom Fungi
d. Kingdom Plantae
e. Kingdom Animalia

3. Hierarchy:

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

The major characteristics considered for classifying all organisms into five major kingdoms are:
1. Type of cellular organization:
a) Prokaryotic cells: These are primitive and incomplete cells without well-defined nucleus.
b) Eukaryotic cells: These are advanced and complete cells with well-defined nucleus.
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

2. Body organization:
a) Unicellular organisms: These are organisms made up of single cell with all activities
performed by the single cell.
b) Multicellular organisms: These are organisms made up of large number of cells with different
functions performed by different cells.

3. Mode of obtaining food:

a) Autotrophs: These are the organisms that make their own food by photosynthesis.
b) Heterotrophs: These are the organisms which depend on other organisms for food.

Species: A species is a group of living beings which can reproduce among themselves and keep their
population alive.

Kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Number of Unicellular Unicellular Mostly Multicellular but Multicellular Multicellular
Cell sometimes Unicellular
(Yeast)
Mode of Autotrophs or Autotrophs or • Mostly Saprophytes Autotrophs Parasitic,
Nutrition Heterotrophs Heterotrophs (use decaying Heterotrophic
materials for food)
• Parasitic – inside
living organism to
have food and can be
disease causing
• Symbiotic Relation –
Relation b/w 2
organisms for each-
others’ benefits
Body Lacks well-defined May have Cell-wall is made of Cell wall present • Differentiated
nucleus & cell cilia or chitin body structure
organelles pseudopodia • Cell
for • Generally
locomotion motile
(except-
porifea)
Example Blue-green algae, Plants – algae, • Lichens are symbiotic Details given below Details given
Cyanobacteria diatoms; relations b/w Fungi below
Animals – and cyanobacteria
Amoeba, • Mushroom, Green-
Paramesium mold

Video Links:
(i) Kingdom Monera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtaATIC0S3E
(ii) Kingdom Protista and Fungi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ttl1iAVVSjQ
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

Plantae
Evolution of plants since ancient times:

Following are the basic features of kingdom Plantae:

• Eukaryotic, Multicellular
• Autotrophs
• Cell wall present
Basis of division in Kingdom Plantae
1. Differentiated body parts: Body is differentiated into leaves, stems, roots, flower, etc.
2. Presence of vascular tissue: There are two types of vascular tissues present in the plants:
• Xylem: helps in transport of water.
• Phloem: helps in transport of food.

Kingdom Plantae
(Classification within Plantae)

Differential Vascular Reproduction

Seeds
Body parts Tissue Seeds/Spores

Phaerogamae Angiosperma
Leaves Phloem
(Seeds) e

Crotogamae Gymrosperma
Stems Xylem
(Spores) e

Roots
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

3. Reproduction through seeds or spores:

• Phanerogamae: Plants with seeds are called phanerogamae. They contain embryo with stored
food and are multicellular.
• Cryptogamae: Plants with spores are called cryptogamae. They contain only naked embryo and
are generally unicellular.
4. Seeds are inside the fruit or naked:
• Angiospermae: these are plants with seeds inside the fruit and bears flowers.
• Gymnospermae: these are plants with naked seeds and do not bear flowers.
Note: If xylem and phloem are absent the plants would be small as transport of food and water will be
difficult.

Video Link:
(iii) Kingdom Plantae: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJrOATCtV-k&t=161s

Broad Classification of Plantae (on the basis of above features/ divisions):

Broad Classification of Plantae

Gymrosper Angiosperm
Thallophyta Bryophyte Pteridophyta
mae ae

1. Basic & 1. Differenciated

1. Body differentiated
elementary parts 1. Differenciated body parts 1. Differenciated
but not fully
2. Undifferentiated 2. Vascular tissue body parts, also
developed body structure
body present known as fruits/
2. No vascular tissue 2. Vascular tissue
3. No vascular tissue flowers
3. Reproduce through present 3. Naked seeds
4. Reproduce through 3. Reproduce through 2. Seeds inside fruits
spores without fruits or
spores
4. Found on land & spores flowers 3. Embryo in seeds
5. Found mainly in
water E.g. - Ferns, 4. Perennial, have structure called
water
E.g. - Liverwort, Horsetails evergreen, woody Cotyledons
E.g. - Urva, Chara,
Homwort E.g. - Pines, Cycus
Spirogyra

Monocots Dicots

(i) Thallophyta (Examples: Ulva, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara)

(ii) Bryophyte - Found on both land and water therefore known as ‘Amphibians of Plantae kingdom’.
(Examples: liverwort (Marchantia, Riccia), mosses(Funaria), hornwort (dendrocerous))
(iii) Pteridophyta (Examples‑ Marsilea, fern, horsetails)
(iv) Gymnosperms (Examples‑ Pines(deodar), Cycus, Ginkgo)
(v) Angiosperms - Embryos in seeds have structure called Cotyledons. They are also called seed
leaves because in many plants they emerge and become green when they germinate. Angiosperms
are further divided on the basis of number of cotyledons into two parts: Monocots and Dicots.
• Monocots: They have single cotyledons. Example: Wheat, Maize, Bajra and othet such.
• Dicots: They have double cotyledons. Orange, Mango etc.
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

Animalia
• Multicellular, Eukaryotic
• Parasitic, Heterotrophic
• They are generally motile (except porifera)
• Differentiated body structure, Cell
• Do not have plastids, non-green
• Generally, they have sexual mode of reproduction

Basis of classification of Animalia kingdom:

1. Symmetry:
(i) Bilateral symmetry: it is when an organism can be divided into right and left halves, identical
but mirror images, by a single vertical plane.
(ii) Radial symmetry: it is when an organism is equally spaced around a central point, like spokes
on a bicycle wheel.

2. Germ layers: In embryonic stages there are different layers of cells called germ cells. The three
different types of germ cells are ‑
• Ectoderm – It is the outermost layer which forms nail, hair, epidermis, etc.
• Endoderm ‑ It is the innermost layer which forms stomach, colon, urinary bladder, etc.
• Mesoderm – It is the middle layer between ectoderm and endoderm which forms bones,
cartilage, etc.
So, according to the number of germ layers present in embryonic stage, animal could be:
(i) Diploblastic ‑ organisms which derived from two embryonic germ layers (ecto and endo).
(ii) Triploblastic ‑ organisms which derived from all the three embryonic germ layers.

3. Coelom: Body cavity or coelom is important for proper functioning of various organs. For example,
heart which has to contract and expand needs some cavity or empty space, which is provided by the
coelom. On the basis of presence or absence of coelom, organisms are divided into:
(i) Acoelomates ‑ these are the simple organisms having no body cavity.
(ii) Coelomates ‑ these are complex organisms having true cavity lined by mesoderm from all sides.
These are further sub‑ divided into schizocoelomates or protostomes (coelom formed due to
splitting of mesoderm) and enterocoelomates or dueterostomes( coelom formed from pouches
pinched off from endoderm)
(iii) Pseudo coelomate ‑ these are organisms having false coelom. They have pouches of mesoderm
scattered between endoderm and ectoderm.
Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

4. Notochord: it is a long rod like structure, which runs along the body between nervous tissues and
gut and provides place for muscle to attach for ease of movement. Organisms could be:
• Without notochord
• With Notochord

Kingdom Animalia

Cellular Level Organisms Tissue Level Organisms

False/ Pseudo
Porifera/ Sponges No Coelom Coelomate
Coelom
• Triploblastic
• Diploblastic • Bilateral Symmetry
• Porus animals Ctenophora Nematode
• Only animal which
is non-motile • Diploblastic • Triploblastic
• Radial Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry
• Cylindrical, No real
organs
Platyhelminthes
(Flat worms)

• Triploblastic
• Bilateral Symmetry

Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda/ Insects Echinodermata

• Soft Body • 2nd largest phylum • Spiny skin, Marine

• Largest phylum
• Sometimes covered • Land & Water (80% species
with shell • Differentiated body covered)
• Segmented

Mesodermal Cell Endodermal Cell

No notochord Proper notochord

Protochordata Vertebrates

Pisces Amphibians Reptiles Aves/ Birds Mammalia

• Fish • Land & Water • Crocodile • Warm • Warm

• Cold blooded • Cold blooded • Cold blooded blooded blooded
animals animals animals animals
animals
• Lay eggs • 4-chambered • 4-chambered • 4-chambered
• 3-chambered
heart heart heart
heart (ex-frog)
• Mammary
glands

• Warm blooded organism: these are organisms which maintain same body temperature irrespective
of outside temperature. Example – humans. Human’s body temperature is approximately 37.
 Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

• Cold blooded organisms: these are organisms which changes their body temperature as per
surrounding temperature. Example – frog

Video Links:
(iv) Vertebrata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=529mXVmvQ_E
(v) Phylum Porifera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfROrUE-xEE
(vi) Phylum Arthropoda and Echinodermata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2An7rV8JSIA
(vii) Phylum Platyhelminthes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWVMKLsRE6s
(viii) Phylum Nematoda and Phylum Annelida: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZdz05_aH1o
(ix) Phylum Coelenterata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WBZGe2_OzM
(x) Phylum Mollusca: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRPJavxrxRo

Phylu Phylum Organi

Symmetry Coelom Body Characteristics Example/s
m No. Particulars zation
1. Porifera or Cellular Assymetrical; ✓ • Holes on body which led to a canal system Sycon, Spongilla,
sponges Cellular for circulation of water and food. Euplectelia
organization • Hard outside layer called as skeletons.
(neither • Non-motile
Diploblastic
nor
Triploblastic)
2. Coelenterata Tissue Radial ✗ Hollow gut hydra, sea
symmetry, anemone, jelly
Diploblastic fish( solitary) ;
corals (colonies)
3. Ctenophores Tissue Radial ✗ Have Comb plates for locomotion; Pleurobrachia
symmetry, Aquatic
Diploblastic
4. Platyhelminthes Organ Bilateral ✗ • Free living or parasite; Planaria (free
(Flat worms) system symmetry, • Digestive cavity has one opening for both living), Liver
Triploblastic ingestion and egestion. fluke (parasitic).
 Chapter: Diversity in Living Organisms
Subject: Science (Biology)
Class: X

Phylu Phylum Organi

Symmetry Coelom Body Characteristics Example/s
m No. Particulars zation
5. Nematode Organ Bilateral ✗ • Cylindrical Ascaris,
system symmetry, • Many are parasitic worms living inside Wulchereria
Triploblastic human body, and can cause various
diseases, like
• Filarial worm causes elephantiasis, Round
worms and Pin worms live in human
intestine.
6. Mollusca Organs Bilateral ✓ • Soft bodies sometimes covered with shell Chiton, Octopus,
derived symmetry, • Generally not segmented Pila, Unio.
from Triploblastic • No appendages present
three • Muscular foot for movement
tissue • Shell is present
layers • Kidney like organ for excretion
7. Annelida Bilateral ✓ • Second largest phylum Earthworm,
symmetry, • Segmented (segments specialized for Leech, Nereis
Triploblastic different functions)
• Water or land
• Extensive Organ differentiation
8. Arthropoda/ Bilateral ✓ • (Largest phylum (consist of 80% of Prawn, Scorpio,
Insects symmetry, species)) Cockroach,
Triploblastic • Segmented, sometimes fused Housefly,
• Tough exo‑skeleton of chitin Butterfly, Spider
• Joint appendages like feet, antenna
9. Echinodermata Bilateral ✓ • Spiny skin, Marine Antedon, Sea
symmetry • No notochord cucumber, Star
before birth • Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate. fish, Echinus
and radial • Water vascular system for locomotion
symmetry
after birth.,
triploblastic
10. Hemichordata Organ Bilateral ✓ • Small group of marine animals Balanoglossus
system symmetry, • Gills for respiration
triploblastic
11. Chordata Organ Bilateral ✓ • Notochord Prochordata‑
system symmetry, • Gills present at some phase of life. Herdemania,
Triploblastic • Dorsal nerve chord Amphioxus
• Post anal tail present at some stage of life,
For example, present in humans in Vertebrata –
embryonic stages. humans (4
• Subdivided into two chambered), frog
(a) Prochordata ‑ Notochord at some stage (3 chambered),
of life Marine fishes (2
(b) Vertebrata ‑ Notochord converted to chambered)
vertebral column 2,3,4 chambered heart
Organs like kidney for excretion Pair
appendages.
• Vertebrates are divided into five classes
namely Pisces, Amphibia, Reptillia, Aves
and Mammalia