VECTORS AND

VECTOR SPACES
WHAT IS A VECTOR?

A quantity which is
described by

1.Magnitude

2. Direction
 VECTOR SPACES
➢If n is a positive integer, then an
ordered n-tuple is a sequence of n
real numbers 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , . . . 𝑎𝑛 . The set
of all ordered n-tuples is called n-
𝑛
space and is denoted by 𝑅 .
 VECTOR SPACES
1
R Set of Real numbers
R 2 Set of all 2 – tuples
 VECTOR SPACES
R 3 Set of all 3- tuples

R n Set of all n – tuples

ILLUSTRATION OF VECTOR
n
SPACES R

3
𝑅
 3 P(5,3)
2

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1

-2
Q (-5,-2)
-3
 VECTOR
➢A vector is al list of numbers that
can be interpreted in two ways:
1. a point in a space
2. a magnitude and a direction
 VECTOR 3

2
Illustrated by an arrow
1
It is defined by:
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1.Magnitude or length
-1

2. Direction -2
-3
 VECTOR 3

2
Illustrated by an arrow
1
It is defined by:
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1.Magnitude or length
-1

2. Direction -2
-3
 VECTOR 3
𝒂
2
Illustrated by an arrow
1
It is defined by:
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1.Magnitude or length
-1
1 2 3 4 𝒂
5 6

2. Direction -2
-3
COMPOSITION OF
VECTOR
 Component of vector 3

1
The component of a
vector refers to the
-5 -4(along
-6 distance -3 the-2 axes)
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
of the tail of a vector to -1
its head. 𝟑
-2 𝒂=
-3 𝟑
 A point on a space 3 𝒂 =(3,3)
2

1
When the tail of a vector
is positioned at
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 the origin 3 4
1 2 5 6
the vector can be
-1
described by a point (x,y).
-2
-3
 VECTOR COMPONENT 3
Identify the

𝒆 𝒄 2 component of each
vector.
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
𝟑
𝒃
-2
𝒅 𝒃=
-3 𝟎
 VECTOR COMPONENT 3
Identify the

𝒆 𝒄 2 component of each
vector.
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
𝟑
𝒃
-2
𝒅 𝒄=
-3 𝟑
 VECTOR COMPONENT 3
Identify the

𝒆 𝒄 2 component of each
vector.
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
𝟑
𝒃
-2
𝒅 𝒅=
-3 −𝟑
 VECTOR COMPONENT 3
Identify the

𝒆 𝒄 2 component of each
vector.
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
−𝟐
𝒃
-2
𝒅 𝒆=
-3 −𝟏
 VECTOR
dimensionality

➢ The dimensionality of the vector is

the length of the list. The length of
the list is described by components
of vector.
 VECTOR
COMPONENTS
Components
Dimensionality 𝑎Ԧ
𝑥
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑦 Measured by the
number of
components of 𝑎Ԧ
dimensionality of 𝑎Ԧ = 2
 VECTOR
COMPONENTS
Components
Dimensionality of 𝑣Ԧ
𝑥
Measured by the
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑦 number of
𝑧 components of 𝑣Ԧ
Dimensionality 𝑣Ԧ = 3
 VECTOR
COMPONENTS
Components
Dimensionality of 𝑣Ԧ
𝑣𝑥
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑦 Measured by the
number of
𝑣𝑧 components of 𝑣Ԧ
Dimensionality of 𝑣Ԧ = 3
 VECTOR
COMPONENTS
𝑣1 Vectors can be
generalized into n –
𝑣2
𝑣Ԧ = . dimensional vectors
depending on the
. number of
components.
𝑣𝑛
 EQUIVALENT
VECTORS

Two vectors 𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , . . . 𝑢𝑛 ) and 𝑣Ԧ =

𝑛
(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , . . . 𝑣𝑛 ) in 𝑅 are equal if 𝑢1 = 𝑣1,
𝑢2 = 𝑣2, . . . 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑣𝑛,
 ILLUSTRATING VECTOR
FROM ORIGIN
Draw the following vectors whose tails is at the
origin.
1. (0,5)
2. (-10,0)
3. (3,4)
 6

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2

-4
-6
 ACTIVITY 1

Draw the following vectors whose tails is indicated

in each item.
1. 𝑎Ԧ = (0,-3) (tail at the origin)
2. 𝑏 = (5,12) (tail at (3,2))
MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR
 MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR

➢ Magnitude of vector is the directed

distance from the tail to the head of the
vector. The magnitude of the vector is
expressed as 𝑣Ԧ where 𝑣Ԧ is any vector in
𝑛
𝑅 .
 MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR
Magnitude Rn

2 R1
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣1
2 2 R2
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
2 2 2 R3
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3

2 2 2 2 Rn
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 +. . . +𝑣𝑛
 6

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2

-4
-6
VECTOR OPERATIONS
 SCALAR
MULTIPLICATION
To multiply a vector v by a scalar c in
n
R , multiply each of the components
of v by c. That is,
c𝑣Ԧ = c(v1, v2,. . . vn .) = (cv1, cv2,. . . cvn .)
 examples

Let 𝑣Ԧ = (-2, 5) and 𝑢 = (3, 4, 5). Perform

the following.
1
1. 2 𝑣Ԧ
2. 3𝑢
3. −2𝑢
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 GUIDE QUESTIONS

What happens to the vector when it is

multiplied by
• a > 1?
• a = 0?
• 0 <a<1?
• a ≤ - 1?
 REMEMBER
Scalar value Effect
a>1 Grows in the same direction
a=0 Zero vector
0 <a<1 Shrinks
a≤-1 Grows in the opposite
direction
 VECTOR ADDITION

✓One basic vector operation is vector

addition. To add two vectors in the
plane, add their corresponding
components.
 VECTOR ADDITION

The sum of vectors 𝑢 and 𝑣Ԧ is

𝑢 + 𝑣Ԧ = (u1, u2,..,un) + (v1,v2,.., vn)
= (u1 + v1, u2 + v2,..., un + vn)
Geometrically, the sum of two vectors in the
plane can be represented by the diagonal of a
parallelogram having 𝑢 and 𝑣Ԧ as its adjacent
sides, as shown in figure at the right.
 EXAMPLES
Find each vector sum u + v.

a) u = (1, 4), v = (2, -2) u + v = (1, 4) + (2, -2) = (1 + 2, 4 + (-2))

u + v = (3, 2)

u + v = (3, -2) + (-3, 2) = (3 + (-3), (-2) + 2)

b)u = (3, -2), v = (-3, 2) u + v = (0, 0)

u + v = (2, 1) + (0, 0) = (2 + 0, 1 + 0)
c) u = (2, 1), v = (0, 0) u + v = (2, 1)
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF EACH SUM

u + v = (3, 2) u + v = (0, 0) u + v = (2, 1)

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR
OPERATIONS
 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR AND
VECTOR ADDITION in R n

Let u, v, and w be vectors in the Rn space, and let c and d

be scalars.