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Networks Report

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11 views2 pages

Networks Report

Uploaded by

youssef mahmoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name: Youssef Mahmoud Fathy ID:211009346

Data transmission and modes

Data transmission is how computers and other devices send information to each other. Data
can be sent either as individual bits or in groups. When transmitting data between devices, the
wiring and data stream are crucial considerations.
There are two main ways to do this parallel mode, where multiple bits are sent simultaneously
with each clock tick, and serial mode, where one bit is sent per clock tick. serial transmission
has three types: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous

Parallel Transmission
Parallel Transmission involves sending many bits of data (1s and 0s) at the same. By organizing
data into groups, similar to how we use words instead of individual letters, multiple bits can be
transmitted at once. This is achieved by using n wires, with each wire carrying one bit. For
example, with 8 wires, 8 bits can be sent with each clock tick.
One of parallel transmission advantages that it is fast in comparison to Serial Transmission as it
can transfer data up to n times faster than serial transmission.
although it is unreliable and complicated since it requires more wiring and is commonly used
for short-distance communication.

Serial Transmission
Serial Transmission involves sending data bit by bit from one computer to another data at a
time using a single communication channel, unlike parallel transmission.
key advantage of serial transmission is cost-efficient as it uses only one wire, reducing
transmission costs by approximately a factor of n compared to parallel transmission
however one of its drawbacks is that devices communicate in parallel into serial at the sender's
side, and another to turn serial back into parallel at the receiver's side. which is adding
complexity to the system
Serial transmission occurs in one of three ways: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous transmission doesn’t require synchronization between the sender and receiver at the
byte level. Data is sent one byte at a time, with each byte framed by a start bit (usually 0) and stop bits
(usually 1) to indicate the beginning and end. Although the sender and receiver don't need to be
synchronized overall, the receiver synchronizes with the incoming bits within each byte. Gaps may occur
between bytes, represented by idle channels or additional stop bits, helping the receiver stay in sync.
This method is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for applications with intermittent data, like keyboard
input or low-speed communications.

Synchronous Transmission
In synchronous transmission, both the sender and receiver are synchronized with a common clock
signal, ensuring they operate at the same speed. Data is sent as a continuous stream without gaps or
extra bits like start and stop bits, making it more efficient for transferring large amounts of data. The
receiver is responsible for grouping the incoming bit stream into bytes. Synchronous transmission is
faster and more reliable than asynchronous transmission because it avoids the overhead of gaps and
extra bits. It allows full-duplex communication, meaning data can be sent and received simultaneously,
and data is transmitted in frames, which the receiver separates based on timing.

Isochronous Transmission
In isochronous transmission, data is delivered at a fixed, predictable rate, ensuring that there are no
delays between frames. This is crucial for real-time applications like audio and video, where uneven
delays between frames are unacceptable. For example, TV images are broadcast at a rate of 30 frames
per second, and they must be displayed at the same rate without interruption. Unlike synchronous
transmission, where only byte-level synchronization is required, isochronous transmission ensures the
entire data stream is synchronized. This guarantees smooth playback and prevents interruptions, making
it ideal for high-speed, continuous data delivery.

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