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EE 8208 Lecture 1

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42 views25 pages

EE 8208 Lecture 1

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lawrence
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MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(MUST)

EE 8208
Electrical Circuit Analysis

Course facilitator: Mr. Malamla


Title: Assistant Lecturer

Email: [email protected]
Phone No. +255716771718

1
Lecture: 1
Fourier series
The Fourier series is named after Jean Baptiste Joseph
Fourier (1768–1830). In 1822, Fourier’s genius came
up with the insight that “any practical periodic
function can be represented as a sum of sinusoids”.
Such a representation, along with the superposition
theorem, allows us to find the response of circuits
to arbitrary periodic inputs using phasor
techniques.
 The Fourier series , is a technique for expressing a
periodic function in terms of sinusoids. Once the
source function is expressed in terms of sinusoids,
we can apply the phasor method to analyze circuits.
FOURIER SERIES
 We will discuss the trigonometric Fourier series and
exponential Fourier series.
 We then apply Fourier series in circuit analysis.
Finally, practical applications of Fourier series in
spectrum analyzers and filters are demonstrated.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
Recall that a periodic function is one that repeats every
T seconds. In other words, a periodic function f (t)
satisfies
 …….. (1.1)
 where n is an integer and T is the period of the
function.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
According to the Fourier theorem, any practical periodic
function of frequency ω0 can be expressed as an
infinite sum of sine or cosine functions that are
integral multiples of ω0.
Thus, f (t) can be expressed as
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
where ω0 = 2π/T is called the fundamental
frequency in radians per second.
The sinusoid sin nω0t or cos nω0t is called the
nth harmonic of f (t).
It is an odd harmonic if n is odd and an even
harmonic if n is even.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
The constants an and bn are the Fourier coefficients.

Conditions on f (t) to yield a convergent Fourier series


are as follows:
1. f (t) is single-valued everywhere.
2. f (t) has a finite number of finite discontinuities in any one
period.
3. f (t) has a finite number of maxima and minima in any
one period.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
The following trigonometric integrals are very helpful
in Fourier analysis. For any integers m and n.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
 The plot of the amplitude An of the harmonics versus
nω0 is called the amplitude spectrum of f(t)
 The plot of the phase φn versus nω0 is the phase
spectrum of f(t).
 Both the amplitude and phase spectra form the
frequency spectrum of f(t).
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
From The f(t) the, a0, an and bn can be calculated
Be aware that since f (t) is
1. periodic, it may be more
convenient to carry the
integrations from −T/2 to
T/2 or generally from t0 to
2.
t0 + T instead of 0 to T .

3.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
The amplitude-phase form of the f(t) is given as

Or we can apply the trigonometric identity to get

Then, and

In complex form,
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
The frequency spectrum of a signal consists of the
plots of the amplitudes and phases of the harmonics
versus frequency.
To evaluate the Fourier coefficients a0, an, and bn, we
often need to apply the following integrals:

and
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
 Values of cosine, sine, and exponential functions for
integral multiples of π.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
Example 1: Determine the Fourier series of the waveform
shown in Fig below. Obtain the amplitude and phase
spectra.

,
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
Solution.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
Answer: Case 1.

,
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

Answers: Case 2.
TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES
The plots of An and φn for different values of nω0 = nπ
provide the amplitude and phase spectra is given in
figure below.

(a) Amplitude and (b) phase spectrum


CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Steps for Appllying Fourier Series
1. Express the excitation as a Fourier series.
2. Find the response of each term in the Fourier series.
3. Add the individual responses using the superposition
principle
CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Example 1: Find the response v0(t) in the circuit in
Fig1. below if the input voltage vs(t) has the Fourier
series expansion of

Figure 1
CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Answer,

The first three terms (k = 1, 2,3 or n = 1, 3, 5) of the


odd harmonics in the summation give as
CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Example 2
Find the response io(t) in the circuit in Figure 2 below, if
the input voltage v(t) has the Fourier series
expansion.

Figure 1
CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
Ploblem 1. If the input voltage in the circuit of Fig 3
below

Figure 3.
End of Lecture 1

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