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 Five-Star
Trails

Tucson
Your Guide to the Area’s Most Beautiful Hikes

ROB RACHOWIECKI MENASHA RIDGE PRESS

Your Guide to the Outdoors Since 1982
Five-Star Trails: Tucson

a c l e Road
Mount

Or
CATALINA
10 STATE Lemmon
Tangerine Road PARK
17, 18 16 15 14 13
CORONADO t
un n
NATIONAL Mo mo ay
m
20 FOREST Le ighw
H
21 8
Ina Road 77
19, 22 23
Orange Grove Road
10
Sunrise Drive 12
SAGUARO Oracle Road 7, 9, 11
NATIONAL
PARK WEST 25, 26
10
24
Grant Road Tanque Verde Road
TUCSON
Speedway Boulevard
MOUNTAIN 2, 4
28 PARK Broadway Boulevard
27 Tucson 1
Sandario Road

29 K SAGUARO
in NATIONAL
Ro ney PARK EAST
ad
86
5
3
Kolb Road

86

Ol
d
an
Sp
is h
Tra
il
Wilmot Road

19
ad

10
Houghton Road
Ro
ion

6
ss
Mi

Sahuarita Road
Sahuarita

W 83
Green Valley hit
e
Ho
us
e
Ca
ny
on
Ro
ad
Madera
Canyon
Road
N 19
35a
CORONADO
31 NATIONAL
35b FOREST
0 5 10 15 miles 30
32 34
0 5 10 15 kilometers 33
 Directional arrows Off-map pointer

Featured trail Alternate trail National park/forest

Interstate Major road Minor road

Dirt road Ridge/cliff Railroad

Water body River/creek/ Wash

intermittent stream

Amphitheatre General point Picnic area

of interest
Bench Radio tower
Grave site
Bridge Restroom
Mine
Campground Scenic view
Overlook
Dam Spring
Park office
Drinking water Trailhead
P Parking
Gate Waterfall
Peak
 overview-Map Key

Saguaro National Park east 19 Finger Rock Trail to Mount Kimball

(p. 147)
and eastern Tucson
20 Linda Vista Loop (p. 153)
1 Saguaro National Park East:
Cactus Forest–Mica View Loop (p. 32) 21 Pima Canyon Trail to Mount Kimball
(p. 158)
2 Saguaro National Park East:
Douglas Spring and 22 Pontatoc Ridge Trail (p. 164)
Bridal Wreath Falls Trails (p. 38) 23 Ventana Canyon to Maiden Pools
3 Saguaro National Park East: and The Window (p. 170)
Freeman Homestead Trail (p. 45)
4 Saguaro National Park East: Saguaro National Park West
Garwood Dam Loop (p. 52)
and Tucson Mountains
5 Saguaro National Park East:
24 Saguaro National Park West:
Tanque Verde Ridge Trail (p. 59)
Hugh Norris Trail to Wasson Peak
6 Zimmerman Trailhead to Three Bridges (p. 178)
(p. 65)
25 Saguaro National Park West:
Sweetwater Trail to Wasson Peak
Sabino Canyon (p. 185)
7 Blackett’s Ridge Trail (p. 74) 26 Saguaro National Park West:
8 Hutch’s Pool (p. 79) Thunderbird Loop (p. 190)

9 Phoneline Trail (p. 85) 27 Sentinel Peak (p. 196)

10 Sabino Canyon Road (p. 91) 28 Tucson Mountain Park:

Brown Mountain Loop (p. 202)
11 Seven Falls on Bear Canyon Trail
(p. 97) 29 Tucson Mountain Park: Yetman Trail
(p. 208)

Mount lemmon
Madera Canyon Area
12 Babad Do’ag Trail (p. 106)
30 Bog Springs–Kent Spring Loop
13 Incinerator Ridge Trail (p. 111)
(p. 218)
14 Marshall Gulch Loop (p. 116)
31 Dutch John Spring Trail (p. 225)
15 Meadow Trail Loop (p. 123)
32 Nature Trail and Madera Creek Trail
16 Wilderness of Rock Loop (p. 128) (p. 230)
33 Old Baldy Trail to Mount Wrightson
Santa Catalina Foothills (p. 236)
17 Catalina State Park: 34 Super Trail to Mount Wrightson
Nature and Birding Loops (p. 136) (p. 242)
18 Catalina State Park: Romero Canyon 35 Madera Canyon:
Trail to Romero Pools (p. 141) Wheelchair-Accessible Loops (p. 249)
Five-Star
Trails

Tucson
Your Guide to the Area’s Most Beautiful Hikes

Rob Rachowiecki
Five-Star Trails: Tucson
Copyright © 2014 by Rob Rachowiecki
All rights reserved
Published by Menasha Ridge Press
Distributed by Publishers Group West
Printed in the United States of America
First edition, first printing
Editors: Susan Haynes and Tim W. Jackson
Project editor: Ritchey Halphen
Cover design: Scott McGrew
Text design: Annie Long
Cover and interior photos: Rob Rachowiecki except where noted
Cartography and elevation profiles: Rob Rachowiecki and Scott McGrew
Proofreader: Julie Hall Bosché
Indexer: Ann Cassar / Cassar Technical Services
Frontispiece: Rappel Rock from the upper reaches of the Wilderness of Rock Loop (see Hike 16, page 128)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rachowiecki, Rob, 1954–
Five-star trails, Tucson : your guide to the area’s most beautiful hikes / Rob Rachowiecki
pages cm.
Summary: “Tucson lies in a saguaro-studded desert basin surrounded by four mountain ranges and book-
ended by two national parks. In an hour you can drive from an arid canyon in the Arizona–Sonora desert to
a pine-forested mountain at 9,000 feet. Hiking trails are plentiful and as varied as the terrain. Five-Star Trails:
Tucson by Rob Rachowiecki guides hikers to diverse trails suitable for anyone from wheelchair-using nature-
lovers to those looking for an all-day workout. Sized to fit in a pocket, this guide is convenient to keep in the
car or toss into a backpack. Driving directions steer hikers to the nearest trailhead parking areas, including GPS
trailhead coordinates to get them to the start of the trail. Each trail has been thoroughly researched and recently
hiked and includes detailed descriptions, trail profiles, and maps. At-a-glance categorical ratings, such as scenery,
trail condition, difficulty, solitude, and kid-friendliness, let you quickly select a trail that fits your tastes and
ability. Other key information such as fees, restrictions for dogs, and advice on when to visit, offers you the best
information so you can plan your trip with ease.” —Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-0-89732-442-7 (pbk.) — ISBN 0-89732-442-0
eISBN 978-0-89732-443-4
1. Hiking—Arizona—Tucson Region—Guidebooks. 2. Trails—Arizona—Tucson Region—Guidebooks.
3. Tucson Region (Ariz.)—Guidebooks. I. Title.
GV199.42.A72T8357 2014
917.91'77—dc23
            2013045417
Menasha Ridge Press
An imprint of Keen Communications, LLC
P.O. Box 43673
Birmingham, AL 35243
menasharidgepress.com

Disclaimer
This book is meant only as a guide to select trails in and around Tucson, Arizona, and does not guarantee hiker safety
in any way—you hike at your own risk. Neither Menasha Ridge Press nor Rob Rachowiecki is liable for property loss
or damage, personal injury, or death that may result from accessing or hiking the trails described in this guide. Be
especially cautious when walking in potentially hazardous terrains with, for example, steep inclines or drop-offs. Do
not attempt to explore terrain that may be beyond your abilities. Please read carefully the introduction to this book, as
well as safety information from other sources. Familiarize yourself with current weather reports and maps of the area
you plan to visit (in addition to the maps provided in this guidebook). Be cognizant of park regulations, and always
follow them. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this guidebook, land and
road conditions, phone numbers and websites, and other information are subject to change.
 contents

OVerVieW MAP inside front cover

OVerVieW-MAP key i

dediCATiON vii

ACkNOWledgMeNTS viii

PreFACe ix

reCOMMeNded HikeS xi

iNTrOduCTiON 1

Saguaro National Park east and eastern Tucson 31

1 Saguaro National Park East:
Cactus Forest–Mica View Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 Saguaro National Park East:
Douglas Spring and Bridal Wreath Falls Trails . . . . . . 38
3 Saguaro National Park East: Freeman Homestead Trail . 45
4 Saguaro National Park East: garwood Dam Loop . . . . 52
5 Saguaro National Park East: Tanque Verde Ridge Trail . 59
6 Zimmerman Trailhead to Three Bridges . . . . . . . . . . 65

Sabino Canyon 73
7 Blackett’s Ridge Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8 Hutch’s Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9 Phoneline Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10 Sabino Canyon Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
11 Seven Falls on Bear Canyon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Mount lemmon 105

12 Babad Do’ag Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
13 incinerator Ridge Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
14 Marshall gulch Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
15 Meadow Trail Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
16 Wilderness of Rock Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

v
fi ve-star t r ails

Santa Catalina Foothills 135

17 Catalina State Park: Nature and Birding Loops. . . . . . . 136
18 Catalina State Park:
Romero Canyon Trail to Romero Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . 141
19 Finger Rock Trail to Mount Kimball.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
20 Linda Vista Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
21 Pima Canyon Trail to Mount Kimball. . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
22 Pontatoc Ridge Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
23 Ventana Canyon to Maiden Pools and The Window. . . . 170

Saguaro National Park West and Tucson Mountains 177

24 Saguaro National Park West:
Hugh Norris Trail to Wasson Peak.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
25 Saguaro National Park West:
Sweetwater Trail to Wasson Peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
26 Saguaro National Park West: Thunderbird Loop. . . . . . 190
27 Sentinel Peak.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
28 Tucson Mountain Park: Brown Mountain Loop. . . . . . 202
29 Tucson Mountain Park: Yetman Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Madera Canyon Area 217

30 Bog Springs–Kent Spring Loop.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
31 Dutch John Spring Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
32 Nature Trail and Madera Creek Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
33 Old Baldy Trail to Mount Wrightson. . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
34 Super Trail to Mount Wrightson.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
35 Madera Canyon: Wheelchair-Accessible Loops. . . . . . . 249

Appendix A: Outdoor Retailers  255

Appendix B: Map resources  256

Appendix C: Hiking Clubs  256

Index 257

About the Author 264

Map Legend inside back cover

vi
Dedication
For Audrey Gambach, who shares the trails and trials of life
with unflagging optimism, good humor, loving support, and
the occasional kick in the pants.

vii
 acknowledgments

Without knowing I was researching a guidebook, many hikers

I met provided me with friendly tips and valuable insights. It’s
remarkable how the whole hiking community looks out for one
another on the trails.
I’m equally indebted to the volunteers, rangers, and staff of
Saguaro National Park, Coronado National Forest, and Catalina State
Park, who likewise were a fine source of information. Again, I rarely
revealed my authorship, preferring to receive the same kind of sup-
port any other hiker would.
Firefighter David Medford at the Lemmon Rock Lookout cheer-
fully pointed out some of the highlights of Mount Lemmon. Pima
County officials researched my questions about trailheads; in particu-
lar, I recognize Regina Nassen and Gregoria Tucker for their service.
I’ve hiked almost all of these trails more than once, some
numerous times. Usually I hike alone, but my daughter Julia joined
me on a summit hike of Mount Lemmon, and Audrey Gambach
accompanied me at least once on half of these routes. Todd Jones
joined us a few times, including on our infamous “pair of drowned
rats” hike. (Yes, it does rain in the desert.) Thanks, guys!
Lastly, I thank my editors, Susan Haynes, Tim Jackson, and
Ritchey Halphen, and my cartographer, Scott McGrew, for putting
up with my rants about GPS units—though I still don’t know why
my parked car was 30 feet lower at the end of my hike than it was
when I started.
—Rob Rachowiecki

viii
 preface

The highlights of my earliest visits to Tucson in the 1970s were

sweeping views of stands of saguaro cactus, those many-armed
icons of the desert Southwest. I never took those initial trips in
summer, so when the vagaries of life brought me to settle perma-
nently in Tucson in 1989, I discovered that seemingly endless days
of 100-degree weather were as much part of the picture as the fabu-
lous desert scenery.
Having been born and raised in England and then having spent
a good chunk of my 20s and 30s hiking and climbing in the Andes, I
was not very much prepared for blistering summers. Happily, I dis-
covered I could escape into the mountain ranges surrounding Tuc-
son, where lovely forests and temperatures in the 70s provided ideal
conditions for enjoying the outdoors.
Perhaps the area’s greatest attraction is being able to hike year-
round in superb scenery, with gorgeous desert in winter and nearby
temperate mountains in summer always providing close-to-perfect
weather. Although it is dry in the lowlands, with Tucson averaging
a total annual rainfall of barely 12 inches, the mountains form their
own microclimates and typically attract two to three times as much
rainfall, thus supporting thriving forests.
Mount Lemmon is one of the “sky islands” of southern Ari-
zona. Driving from Tucson to the summit in the Santa Catalina
Mountains is the equivalent of driving from the Mexican border to
the Canadian border in terms of ecosystems. It takes just an hour to
drive Mount Lemmon Road (also known as the Catalina Highway or
General Hitchcock Highway) from saguaro cactus lowlands through
high desert grasslands and on to oak and mesquite woodlands, end-
ing in pine, fir, and spruce highlands. Meanwhile, the temperature
drops by 20°–30°F. It’s no wonder, then, that Tucsonans enjoy pic-
nicking and hiking in the mountains to get away from 100°F summer
temperatures in the city.
ix
fi ve-star t r ails

This guidebook includes detailed descriptions of all the best-

known routes, ranging from relaxing jaunts of a couple of hours to
tough all-day ascents, as well as a number of lesser-known hikes,
some of which are rarely described in other books. By no means is
this an exhaustive list: Avid hikers are encouraged to discover more
possibilities. No overnight backpacking trips are included, although
I’ve suggested a few as extensions or combinations of the day hikes.
I’ve also provided details about campsites that you can use as a base
for hiking without having to carry a full pack. But every hike in this
book can be accomplished from your home or hotel room in one
day or less.

x
 recommended Hikes

All the hikes in this book are recommended on some level; the
following list merely serves as a starting point. There is much overlap
among categories, and many hikes could easily fit in several of them.
I haven’t included a Best for Scenery category—every hike in the
Tucson area has great scenery in abundance. Enjoy it!

Best for City Views, Far and Near

5 Saguaro National Park East: Tanque Verde Ridge Trail (p. 59)
9 Phoneline Trail (p. 85)
22 Pontatoc Ridge Trail (p. 164)
27 Sentinel Peak (p. 196)

Best for geology

16 Wilderness of Rock Loop (p. 128)
23 Ventana Canyon to Maiden Pools and The Window (p. 170)

Best for Historical remnants

1 Saguaro National Park East: Cactus Forest–Mica View Loop (p. 32)
4 Saguaro National Park East: Garwood Dam Loop (p. 52)
26 Saguaro National Park West: Thunderbird Loop (p. 190)
29 Tucson Mountain Park: Yetman Trail (p. 208)

Best for kids

1 Saguaro National Park East: Cactus Forest–Mica View Loop (p. 32)
3 Saguaro National Park East: Freeman Homestead Trail (p. 45)
4 Saguaro National Park East: Garwood Dam Loop (p. 52)
9 Phoneline Trail (p. 85)
10 Sabino Canyon Road (p. 91)
14 Marshall Gulch Loop (p. 116)
15 Meadow Trail Loop (p. 123)
20 Linda Vista Loop (p. 153)
31 Dutch John Spring Trail (p. 225)

xi
fi ve-star t r ails

Best for Mountain Summits

19 Finger Rock Trail to Mount Kimball (p. 147)
21 Pima Canyon Trail to Mount Kimball (p. 158)
25 Saguaro National Park West: Sweetwater Trail to Wasson Peak (p. 185)
28 Tucson Mountain Park: Brown Mountain Loop (p. 202)
33 Old Baldy Trail to Mount Wrightson (p. 236)
34 Super Trail to Mount Wrightson (p. 242)

Best for Nature

3 Saguaro National Park East: Freeman Homestead Trail (p. 45)
17 Catalina State Park: Nature and Birding Loops (p. 136)
20 Linda Vista Loop (p. 153)
32 Nature Trail and Madera Creek Trail (p. 230)

Best for Railroad Views

6 Zimmerman Trailhead to Three Bridges (p. 65)

Best for Ridge Hiking

5 Saguaro National Park East: Tanque Verde Ridge Trail (p. 59)
7 Blackett’s Ridge Trail (p. 74)
13 Incinerator Ridge Trail (p. 111)
22 Pontatoc Ridge Trail (p. 164)
24 Saguaro National Park West: Hugh Norris Trail to Wasson Peak (p. 178)

Best for Seasonal Water Features

2 Saguaro National Park East: Douglas Spring and
Bridal Wreath Falls Trails (p. 38)
8 Hutch’s Pool (p. 79)
10 Sabino Canyon Road (p. 91)
11 Seven Falls on Bear Canyon Trail (p. 97)
18 Catalina State Park: Romero Canyon Trail to Romero Pools (p. 141)
23 Ventana Canyon to Maiden Pools and The Window (p. 170)
30 Bog Springs–Kent Spring Loop (p. 218)

Best for Wheelchair Adventurers

10 Sabino Canyon Road (p. 91)
35 Madera Canyon: Wheelchair-Accessible Loops (p. 249)

xii
 Introduction

about This Book

Tucson lies within the Basin and Range Province, a physiographic
region that covers much of the western United States and is distin-
guished by lowland areas alternating with abrupt, high ridges. It’s
tough country, with vast deserts, precipitous canyons, and steep
mountains challenging the original native settlers, early pioneers,
and today’s travelers.
At an elevation of roughly 2,500 feet, Tucson sits in a basin
surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east, and west, some
of which rise to more than 9,000 feet and many of which are pro-
tected within the Coronado National Forest. In addition, Tucson’s
fabulous desert scenery earns it two national-park sectors on its
doorstep, with Saguaro National Park’s east and west districts book-
ending either end of town. Each district has a visitor center, a scenic
driving loop, picnic sites, and numerous desert and mountain trails,
but no lodges or drive-in campgrounds.
With more than 500,000 inhabitants and a metro-area
population of more than a million, “The Old Pueblo” is a casual
city where shorts or jeans and T-shirts or cowboy hats are seen in
restaurants, casinos, and theaters. Tucson’s cultural quotient is
high, however: It’s home to the acclaimed University of Arizona;
a world-class outdoor museum; thriving arts districts; and more
than 20 performing-arts organizations, including both the Arizona
Opera and the Arizona Theatre Company. It also consistently ranks
atop “best places for bicycling” lists and enjoys 350 days of sun-
shine a year—perfect for hiking.
The hikes in this book are arranged in roughly doughnut-fashion
around The Old Pueblo, beginning on the east side and circling
counterclockwise:

1
fi ve-star t r ails

Saguaro National Park East and Eastern Tucson The city’s east side
is bounded by the Rincon Mountains, which rise to more than 8,000
feet. Much of this range lies within Saguaro National Park East,
the site of numerous lowland hikes. Two trails that climb into the
mountains are described in this book. (The highest peak, 8,666-foot
Mica Mountain, is reached by an approximately 26-mile in-and-out
hike, not included here.)

Sabino Canyon This is Tucsonans’ favorite canyon. Lying at the

northeastern end of the city and the southeastern part of the Santa
Catalina Mountains, it merits its own recreation-area designation
within the Coronado National Forest. The many trails here include
some of the best views and most favored water destinations near
Tucson. Note that the large parking area can fill early on spring and
fall weekends.

Mount Lemmon This 9,157-foot peak is the highest in the Santa

Catalina Mountains, which abut Tucson’s north side and are the city’s
favored highland-recreation site. The paved 27.6-mile Santa Catalina
Highway leaves from Tucson’s far northeast side and goes almost to
the summit, giving access to numerous hiking trails, picnic areas,
campgrounds, a ski area, and the village of Summerhaven. This is the
highest road in the Tucson area.

Santa Catalina Foothills Locals simply call this area “The Foothills.”
Upscale, view-filled housing covers the acreage up to the border with
the Coronado National Forest. To the north of this boundary lie
some of Tucson’s steepest and most difficult trails, climbing beautiful
canyons high above the city and into the Pusch Ridge area of the
Santa Catalina Mountains.

Saguaro National Park West and Tucson Mountains The city’s western
horizon comprises the low Tucson Mountains, dominated by
Wasson Peak, a panoramic 4,687-foot hiking destination reached by
various trail combinations within Saguaro National Park West. My

2
 int roduc t ion

two favorite routes are described in complete detail, and two others
are referenced with enough information for hikers to be able to find
and follow them to the summit. This range stretches southeast into
Tucson Mountain Park, with outlying hills, such as Sentinel Peak,
overlooking downtown.

Madera Canyon Area The Santa Rita Mountains on the far south side
are the highest and most distant from Tucson. The best and easiest
way to explore them is to drive to Madera Canyon, which has a wide
variety of trails as well as picnic sites and places to stay. Trails vary
from wheelchair-accessible routes to ascents of Mount Wrightson,
which, at 9,453 feet, is the highest peak in southern Arizona. This
canyon also is a favored spot for bird-watchers who come to see the
elegant trogon and other species.

How to Use This Guidebook

The following section walks you through this book’s organization,
making it easy and convenient to plan great hikes.

Overview Map, Map Key, and Map Legend

The overview map on the inside front cover shows the primary trail-
heads for all 35 hikes. The numbers on the overview map pair with
the map key on the facing page. A legend explaining the map symbols
used throughout the book appears on the inside back cover.

Trail Maps
In addition to the overview map on the inside cover, a detailed map
of each hike’s route appears with its profile. On each of these maps,
symbols indicate the trailhead, the complete route, significant fea-
tures, facilities, and topographic landmarks such as creeks, over-
looks, and peaks.
To produce the highly accurate maps in this book, I used a
handheld GPS unit to gather data while hiking each route, then sent
that data to Menasha Ridge Press’s expert cartographers. Be aware,

3
fi ve-star t r ails

though, that your GPS device is no substitute for sound, sensible

navigation that takes into account the conditions that you observe
while hiking.
Further, despite the high quality of the maps in this guidebook,
the publisher and myself strongly recommend that you always carry
an additional map, such as the ones noted in each profile opener’s
“Maps” entry.

Elevation Profile (Diagram)

This graphical element accompanies hikes with significant changes
in elevation. Each entry’s key information lists the elevation at the
trailhead, along with elevations such as the high or low points of the
trail, trail ends, or summits.
The elevation profile represents the rises and falls of the trail
as viewed from the side, over the complete distance of that trail in
miles. On the diagram’s vertical axis, or height scale, the number
of feet between each tick mark lets you visualize the climb. Varying
height scales provide an accurate image of each hike’s climbing chal-
lenge. For example, the Sentinel Peak hike (see page 196) begins west
of downtown Tucson at 2,499 feet, while the Old Baldy and Super
Trails (pages 236 and 242, respectively) reach the summit of Mount
Wrightson at 9,453 feet, the highest elevation in southern Arizona.

The Hike Profile

Each profile opens with the hike’s star ratings, GPS trailhead coor-
dinates, and other key at-a-glance information—from the trail’s
distance and configuration to contacts for local information. Each
profile also includes a map (see “Trail Maps,” above). The main text
for each profile includes four sections: Overview, Route Details,
Nearby Attractions, and Directions (for driving to the trailhead area).

Star Ratings
Each hike in this book was assigned a one- to five-star rating in each
of the following categories: scenery, trail condition, suitability for

4
 int roduc t ion

children, level of difficulty, and degree of solitude. This being Tucson,

none of these hikes have one- or two-star ratings for scenery—most
rate four or five stars. Equally, with trails surrounding a metropolitan
area of more than a million inhabitants, it’s rare to find a five-star
(positively tranquil) rating for solitude. If I can go for an hour without
seeing another hiker, I’ll rate the hike four stars (spurts of isolation),
which is usually as good as it gets. Other categories tend to have more
variety among the hikes, but whichever hike you choose, you’ll find
that it gets four or five stars in at least one and usually two or more
ratings groups.
For Scenery:
HHHHH Unique, picturesque panoramas
HHHH Diverse vistas
HHH Pleasant views
HH Unchanging landscape
H Not selected for scenery

For Trail Condition:

HHHHH Consistently well maintained
HHHH Stable, with no surprises
HHH Average terrain to negotiate
HH Inconsistent, with good and poor areas
H Rocky, overgrown, or often muddy

For Children:
HHHHH Babes in strollers are welcome
HHHH Fun for anyone past the toddler stage
HHH Good for young hikers with proven stamina
HH Not enjoyable for children
H Not advisable for children

For Difficulty:
HHHHH Grueling
HHHH Strenuous
HHH Moderate: won’t beat you up—but you’ll know you’ve been hiking
HH Easy, with patches of moderate
H Good for a relaxing stroll

5
fi ve-star t r ails

For Solitude:
HHHHH Positively tranquil
HHHH Spurts of isolation
HHH Moderately secluded
HH Crowded on weekends and holidays
H Steady stream of individuals and/or groups

GPS Trailhead Coordinates

As noted in “Trail Maps” (page 3), I used a handheld GPS unit to

obtain geographic data and sent the information to the cartographers
at Menasha Ridge. In the opener for each hike profile, the coordi-
nates—the intersection of latitude (north) and longitude (west)—
will orient you from the trailhead. In some cases, you can drive within
viewing distance of a trailhead. Other hiking routes require a short
walk to the trailhead from a parking area. (One trail is reached by a
motorized shuttle.)
This guidebook expresses GPS coordinates in degree–decimal
minute format. The latitude–longitude grid system is likely quite
familiar to you, but here’s a refresher, pertinent to visualizing the
coordinates:
Imaginary lines of latitude—called parallels and approximately
69 miles apart from each other—run horizontally around the globe.
The equator is established to be 0°, and each parallel is indicated by
degrees from the equator: up to 90°N at the North Pole, and down to
90°S at the South Pole.
Imaginary lines of longitude—called meridians—run perpendic-
ular to lines of latitude and are likewise indicated by degrees. Starting
from 0° at the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England, they continue
to the east and west until they meet 180° later at the International
Date Line in the Pacific Ocean. At the equator, longitude lines also are
approximately 69 miles apart, but that distance narrows as the merid-
ians converge toward the North and South Poles.
To convert GPS coordinates given in degrees, minutes, and sec-
onds to degrees and decimal minutes, divide the seconds by 60. For
more on GPS technology, visit usgs.gov.

6
 int roduc t ion

Distance and Configuration

Distance indicates the length of the hike round-trip, from start to

finish. If the hike description includes options to shorten or extend
the hike, those round-trip distances are also factored here. Where the
distances shown on maps and trail signs differ from those I’ve mea-
sured by GPS, I usually favor the former and mention the latter in
“Comments” (see next page).
Configuration defines the type of route—for example, an out-
and-back (which takes you in and out the same way), a point-to-point
(or one-way route), a figure-eight, or a balloon.

Hiking Time

This book was published as the author celebrated his sixth decade on
the planet. Throw in a couple of back and knee surgeries, and I find
myself taking 10 hours to hike a trail that was a 6-hour workout a
couple of decades ago. Therefore, the hiking times here are geared to
my slow pace. Many of you will undoubtedly find my times easy to
beat—go for it!
My general rule of thumb for hiking these trails is 1.5 miles per
hour, a pace that typically allows time for taking photos, for dawdling
and admiring views, and for tackling alternating stretches of hills and
descents. Flatter, easier trails can be hiked at 2-plus miles per hour,
while some of the steepest, rockiest routes might drop to less than
1.5 miles per hour.
I don’t see the point of hiking much faster than 2 or so miles an
hour: I prefer to look at the scenery rather than constantly keep my
eyes on my feet. I recently hiked off-trail about 10 yards to watch a
deer that was munching on a shrub. Several hikers breezed past with-
out noticing me or the deer—their eyes were on the trail. Of course,
you don’t want to fall, but there is a sweet spot between keeping your
eyes on the trail and looking around the trail.
Finally, when planning to hike a particular trail, consider your
general physical condition, experience, expectations, weather, and
energy level on a given day.

7
fi ve-star t r ails

Highlights

Lists features that draw hikers to the trail: mountain or forest views,
water features, historic sites, and the like.

Elevation

In each hike’s key information, you will see the elevation (in feet) at
the trailhead and another figure for the high (or low) point on the trail;
where appropriate, a third elevation, such as the trail’s end, is also listed.
Most hikes also include an elevation diagram (see page 4).

Access

Trail-access hours are also listed here, along with any fees or permits
required to hike the trail.

Maps

Resources for maps, in addition to those in this guidebook, are listed

here. As noted earlier, we recommend that you carry more than one
map—and that you consult those maps before heading out on the
trail in order to resolve any confusion or discrepancy.

Facilities

Includes visitor centers, restrooms, water, picnic tables, and other

basics at or near the trailhead. In a few cases, facilities may be limited
to just a small parking area.

Wheelchair Access

Notes paved sections or other areas where one can safely use a
wheelchair.

Comments

Here you’ll find assorted nuggets of information, such as whether or

not dogs, horses, or mountain bikes are allowed on the trails. I also
mention here whether hiking distances listed on maps or signs differ
from my GPS measurements.

Contacts

Listed here are phone numbers and websites for checking trail condi-
tions and gleaning other day-to-day information.

8
 int roduc t ion

Overview, Route Details, Nearby Attractions,

and Directions
These four elements compose the heart of the hike. “Overview” gives
you a quick summary of what to expect on that trail; “Route Details”
guides you on the hike, from start to finish; and “Nearby Attractions”
suggests appealing adjacent sites, such as restaurants, museums, and
other trails (note that not every hike profile has these). “Directions”
will get you to the trailhead from a well-known road or highway.

Weather
When Tucson gets rain, it tends to be in the form of scattered show-
ers or focused thunderstorms, and one of the numerous weather
stations throughout the city may report twice the daily rain total of
another station a few miles away. Tucson’s main rainfall occurs dur-
ing the monsoon season, officially June 15–September 30. Realis-
tically, it rarely rains in June, and the first of numerous monsoon
thunderstorms usually falls in the first week of July. These storms
can wreak brief havoc on roadways, which rarely see rain and have
poor drainage, and some are closed for a few hours. Don’t attempt to
drive across a closed road. Every year, foolish drivers are swept away
by monsoon floods—not all of them survive, and those who do incur
hefty fines and rescue fees.
Streams in the lowlands often have water flowing during and
after the monsoon, and also in the spring as the snow melts in the
highlands. Ski Valley, just above Summerhaven, is the southernmost
ski area in the United States; it receives an average of 65 inches of
snow in winter. Snowmelt can keep Sabino Creek running into May.
Summer temperatures average 100°F in June and July, but
many days are much hotter. Tucson’s record high of 117°F was
recorded June 26, 1990, and June is considered the area’s hottest
and driest month. Many Tucsonans escape the heat by driving up
nearby Mount Lemmon, but they should be prepared for violent
thunderstorms, especially in July and August. Fortunately, these

9
fi ve-star t r ails

usually occur in the afternoon, making a pleasant hike possible in

the morning.
Tucson rarely gets snow, and when it falls it rarely settles, usu-
ally melting within minutes. Every few years, conditions might be
right to “bury” the city in 2 or 3 inches of snow. Snow-laden branches
break, happy schoolchildren get a snow day, and bewildered drivers
slide around.
When it comes to avoiding heat, lowland-desert hiking is best
from October to April, although nature is somewhat subdued dur-
ing late fall and into winter. Desert wildflowers are best from late
February to mid-April, and depending on winter weather patterns, a
spectacular bloom may occur every few years, with golden, white, and
blue flowers literally carpeting the ground. Cacti flower reliably from
April through early June. Trees noted for their blooms include palo
verdes, which are covered in tiny yellow blossoms in April and May.
Migrant birds boost avian populations around April, and lizards and
other reptiles begin to appear around then.
During the summer, desert hikers need to make very early
starts to avoid the heat. “It’s a dry heat” is Tucson’s summer mantra,
and it is true that dry desert air doesn’t hold heat as well as moist
air does: There is often a temperature difference of 30°F between
4 p.m. and 4 a.m. If pre-dawn wake-ups aren’t your thing, drive into
the mountains, where flowers bloom well into the summer.
Fall in the mountains brings splashes of color, with the aspens
at the bottom of Ski Valley providing one of several reliable shows
during the annual Oktoberfest held there. By Thanksgiving, the first
snows may have fallen in the high mountains, and it’s time to hike in
the desert again.
The following charts illustrate the huge variation in climate
between Tucson in the lowland deserts and Summerhaven near the
summit of Mount Lemmon. For each month, “Hi Temp” shows the
average daytime high, “Lo Temp” gives the average nighttime low,
and “Rain” lists the average precipitation.

10
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adamson, A. Sea-borne Traffic. (Paper read before the Institute
of Marine Engineers.)
Aisbitt, M. W. Shipbuilding Ancient and Modern.
American “Fall River” and “Hudson River Day” Lines,
publications of.
American “Merchants’ Magazine.”
American Report of the Merchant Marine Commission.
Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1887-9.
Bates, Captain W. The American Marine.
Bourne, John, C.E. Treatise on the Screw Propeller, Screw
Vessels, and Screw Engines.
Brassey’s Naval Annual.
Buckwell, G. W. The History of the Newhaven and Dieppe
Service. (Paper read before the Institute of Marine Engineers,
1891.)
“Cassier’s Magazine.”
“Century Magazine.”
Channing, E., and Lansing, M. F. The Story of the Great Lakes.
“Chamber’s Journal.”
Clark, Lyonel E., M.I.N.A. Floating Docks.
Colden, Cadwallader C. Life of Fulton.
Cunard Line, History of. 1886.
“Daily News.”
Dictionary of National Biography.
Dictionnaire Universel.
Drewry, T. Propellers.
Encyclopædia Britannica.
“Engineering.”
“Engineer,” The.
Furman, Franklin de R., M.E., and Humphreys, A. C., M.E.,
Sc.D., LL.D. A History of the Stevens Institute of Technology.
1905.
Goodeve, T. M., M.A. The Elements of Mechanism.
—— Text-book on the Steam-engine.
Haldane, J. W. C. Atlantic Liners and their Engines.
—— Steam-ships and their Machinery. 1893.
Hall, Henry. American Navigation.
—— Shipbuilding Industry of the United States.
Holmes, Sir George, C.V., K.C.V.O., C.B. Ancient and Modern
Ships. 1906.
Hulls, J. H. Lecture on the Introduction of Steam Navigation.
(Delivered before the Institute of Marine Engineers, February
6, 1906.)
“Illustrated London News.”
“Illustrated Times.”
Inman Line Official Guide.
“International Marine Engineering.”
Johnson, R. W. The Making of the River Tyne.
Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers.
Kennedy, John. History of Steam Navigation. 1903.
Knight’s Encyclopædia.
Latrobe, J. B. A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat.
Lindsay, W. S. A History of Merchant Shipping.
—— Our Merchant Shipping.
Link of Empire, A: or Seventy Years of British Shipping.
(Souvenir of the Seventieth Year of Incorporation of the Royal
Mail Steam Packet Company.) 1909.
“Liverpool Journal of Commerce.”
“Liverpool Courier.”
Macfarlane. History of Propellers.
Maginnis, A.J., M.Inst.C.E. The Atlantic Ferry: Its Ships, Men,
and Working. 1900.
Marvin, W. L. The American Merchant Marine.
“Master, Mate, and Pilot.” (New York.)
Mechanic’s Register.
Morrison. American Steam Navigation.
Morse, J. T., jun. Benjamin Franklin.
Murray, Robert, C.E. Rudimentary Treatise on Marine
Engines and Steam Vessels; together with Practical Remarks
 on the Screw and Propelling Power as used in the Royal and
Merchant Navy. 1852.
“Nautical Gazette.”
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Nimmo, J., jun. American Treasury Department’s Report, 1870.
Orient Line Guide.
Palmer’s Shipbuilding and Iron Company. Some Account of the
Works of. 4th edition, 1909.
Parsons, Hon. C. A. The Development of the Marine Steam
Turbine. (Paper read before the Institute of Marine Engineers.
Sept. 29, 1906.)
P. & O. Company’s Handbook.
“Penny Magazine.”
Phillips, Sir R. A Million of Facts.
Renwick, James. Robert Fulton. 1845.
Seaton, A. E. A Manual of Marine Engineering. 1890.
“Scientific American.”
Semmes, Captain Raphael. Voyages of the Sumter and
Alabama.
Sennet, R., and Oram, H. J. The Marine Steam-engine. 1898.
Shaw, Savill and Albion Co.’s Guide.
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Smith, J. Russell. The Ocean Carrier.
Sparks’ Library of American Biography.
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navigate the Waters of any Country. (Reprint from the Stevens
Indicator, Vol. X., April 1893.)
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2nd edition (enlarged), 1901.
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Walliker, J. F. Twenty Years of Progress in Cargo-boat
Machinery. (Paper read before the Institute of Marine
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Its Rise and Progress during the Nineteenth Century. 1904.
 INDEX

(N.B.—All vessels are indexed under Ships named.)

Aberdeen Line, Rennie’s, 183; Thompson’s, 296

Aberdeen schooners, 85
Accidents, steam-ship, inquiry into, 77
Adelaide Steamship Co., 347
Admiralty, the, steam packet, 102; vessels, 176; and floating docks, 356, 362;
and private shipbuilding yards, 319; and twin screws, 325; and wooden
three-deckers, 316
Æolipile of Hero of Alexandria, 9
Africa, West, mail service, 261
African Steamship Co., 261, 299
Ailsa Shipbuilding Co., 99
Alabama claims, the, 176
Albany Line, 48
Albion Co., 298
Alexandria-England, carriage of mails, 178
Alexandria-Suez, travel between, 167
Algiers, U.S.A., floating dock, 358
Allaire Works, 173
Allan Line, 254-255, 281
Allen, Dr. John, and jet-propeller, 12
Allison, Messrs. M. A., New Jersey, 50
Altona floating dock, 355
Alvarez, Don José, Chilian Agent, 128
America, steam vessels in, in 1817, 45
America, South, West Coast of, 263
American Civil War, vessels in the, 90, 98, 175, 329; blockade-runners, 327
American ice-breaking steamers, 369-371
American Line, 256, 291
American mail service, 150, 188
American Navy, the, 329, 339
American pioneers in steam navigation, 19
American river steamers, design of, 46
American Shipbuilding Co., 54
American steam-ships and foreign trade, beginnings of, 153
American subsidy to steam-ship service, 155
American train ferry-boats, 363
Amherst, Lord, 164
Anderson, Anderson & Co., 294
Anglo-French Co.’s fleet, 118
Animal-driven paddles, 2
Apcar, Messrs., Calcutta, 264
Appleton’s “Cyclopædia of American Biography,” 19, 23
Armour plates, 331 et seq.
Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., 212, 364
Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., 336, 367, 369
Armstrong, Sir William, and cupola vessels, 330
Aspinwall, C. H., 188
Atlantic cable-laying by Great Eastern, 277
“Atlantic Greyhound” title won by Alaska, 250
Atlantic Liners. See Allan, American, Beaver, Collins, Compagnie Générale
Transatlantique, Cunard, Dominion, Donaldson, Galway, Guion, Hamburg-
Amerika, Inman, National, Norddeutscher Lloyd, Red Star, State, and
White Star Lines
Atlantic records, 241, 250, 282, 288
Atlantic routes adopted, 241
Atlantic service. See Transatlantic
Australia, Cape route to, 291; discovery of gold, 232; first steam voyage to,
94; prize for fastest voyage to, 263
Australian mail service, 185, 295
Australian Royal Mail Steam Navigation Co., 263
Australian service of P. & O. Co., 180
Australian steamers, the coaling of, 256
Australian trade cargo carriers, 294, 297
Austria, Empress of, yacht of, 373
Austrian-Lloyd Steam Navigation Co., 267
Babcock and Wilcox boilers, 359
Baikal, Lake, ferry, 365
Baltic, Swedish railway ferry, 365
Banana trade, West Indies, 299
Barclay, Curle & Co., Ltd., 206, 294
Barnes, Joseph, 20
Barrow-Belfast service, 121
Barrow-Isle of Man service, 96, 121
Barrow Steam Navigation Co., 121
Batteries, floating, 312, 320
Bazin, M., invents steamer on wheels, 387
Beard, Mr., Scotch ironmaster, 115
Beaver Line, 253, 299
Bell, Henry, of Helensburgh, 61; relations with Fulton, 61; designs a
steamboat, 62
Bell indicator for steward, 143
Belt conveyors, 349
Berlin, service to, 117
Bermuda floating dock, 355-357
Bernoulli, Daniel, 207
Bessemer, Sir Henry, and gyroscope boat, 379
Bilge keel, 281
Binney, Capt, L. & N.W.R. Marine Superintendent, 120
Bird-foot propellers, 7, 27, 207
Birmingham, Eagle Foundry, 4
Bishop’s disc engine, 313
Black and Saxton Campbell, Quebec, 134
Blackett, Capt., R.N., 214
Blockade-runners, 90, 98, 174, 175, 327
Blohm and Voss floating dock, 362
Blue Anchor Line, 297
Boats driven by animals, 2
Boats for safety, 78
Boilers, 229-230, 306; without water, 39; pressure, 210; tubular, 209; in
warships, 337
Bombay floating dock, 363
Bombay, steamer launched at, 202
Borrie, Peter, 376
Boston-Liverpool trade, 288
Boulton and Watt engines, 30, 66, 81, 134, 311
Bourne, Messrs., 176
Bourne, William, proposition (1578), 6
Bows of steamers, shape of, 71
Branca, Giovanni, and steam (1629), 9
Brazil trade, 183
Bremen-New York service, 305
Bremen floating docks, 362
Brent, Mr., Deptford, 131
Bridgewater, Duke of, 61
Brighton, 106
Bristol-Waterford trade, 75
British and African Steam Navigation Co., Ltd., 299
British and American Steam Navigation Co., 138, 148
British and Foreign Steam Navigation Co., 110, 111, 177
British and Irish Steam Packet Co., 97
British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. See Cunard Line
British India Steam Navigation Co., 181, 185
British Queen Steam Navigation Co., 138
British steam-ships, beginnings of, 56
Brown, John, & Co., Clydebank, 337
Brown-Curtis turbine, 337
Brown, Mr. W. H., New York, 158
Brownne, Charles, builder of the Clermont, 36
Brunel, Isambard K., 78, 208, 236, 263; designs the Great Britain, 221; and
the Great Eastern, 269-278
Brunel, Sir Mark, 224
“Bulk freighter,” 82
Bulkheads, 230, 235
Bunker, Captain Elihu S., rivals Fulton, 36, 39
Burmese War, 165
Burns, Mr. John, and Mr. S. Cunard, 150
Bury, Curtice, and Kennedy, Liverpool, 231
Bushnell, David, designs submarines, 206, 276; and applies screw propeller,
206
Caird, Messrs., of Greenock, 119, 241, 293, 294, 305
Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Co., 181
Calcutta, steamers to, via the Cape, 184; and Suez service, 178; to Spithead,
length of passage in 1840, 167
Calcutta Steam Committee, 166
California gold rush, 188
Californian trade, 188
Callao floating dock, 360
Calliope, the, musical instrument, 50
Caloric engines, 384
Cameron, T., & Co., Messrs., 100
Cammell, Laird & Co., 338
Campbell, Johnston & Co., floating dock at Bermuda, 356
Canada, mail steam-ship line to, 254; lines to, 255
Canadian-built lake steamers, 55
Canadian claims for first steam crossing of Atlantic, 135
Canadian ice-breaking steamers, 369-371
Canadian Pacific Railway, 299
Canadian trade, 289
Canso, Straits of, railway ferry, 369
Cantilever-framed steamers, 346
Cape route to India, 167
Cape to Spithead, length of passage (1840), 169
Cape of Good Hope mail subsidy, 183
Cape Town-Durban mails, 183
Cargo-boats, 342-352
Carron Shipping Co., the, 85-87
Carron Works, 56
Cartagena floating dock, 363
Cattle steamers, 345
Caus, Salomon de, 10
Ceylon-Hong-Kong mails, 179
“Chambers’ Journal,” account of the Great Eastern, 271-275
Channel Islands service, 109-112
Chester and Holyhead Railway Co., 103; absorbed by L. & N.W.R., 119
Chili, 189
Chili coal mines, 187
Chilian Revolution, The Rising Star and the, 126
China, P. & O. Co. service to, 180; ships for, 206
China trade, 173; ships in, 265
Chinese paddle-wheels, ancient, 4
Cigar (shaped) ships, 375, 380
City of Dublin Steam Packet Co. See Dublin
Clark, Edwin, and floating docks, 363
Clark and Standfield and floating docks, 355, 361
Cleopatra’s Needle, 341
Clippers, Yankee wooden, 194
Clyde, Bell’s steamboat on the, 62; first Cunarders built on the, 151; first
steamer on the, 28; steamers on the, in 1818, 76. See also Glasgow
Clyde ferries, 366
Clyde to Liverpool, first passenger-steamer, 95
Coach fare, Scotland to London, 85
Coal at Suez, 166
Coal consumption, 229; of turbines, 309; in early voyages across Atlantic,
142
Coal, difficulty of carrying, for long voyages, 169
Coalfields, Midland, 213
Coaling for steamers, 256
Coastal steam-ship service, development of, 80; British, 71
Coasting trade of the United Kingdom in 1822-39, 76, 77
Cochrane, Hon. William E., 127, 129
Cockerill (Belgian firm), 321
“Coffin brigs,” 149
Colden, Cadwallader D., on Robert Fulton, 26
Coles, Capt., and cupola vessels, 330; tripod masts, 332; drowned, 334
Collier belt conveyors, 349
Colliers, screw, 214
Collier, steam, with a screw, first, 213
Collingwood Shipbuilding Co., Ontario, 55
Collins, Mrs., and children drowned, 160
Collins, Mr. K. Edward, New York, 155
Collins Line, 153, 155 et seq.; construction of ships, 158; secures premier
position, 159; extravagances and losses, 159; subsidy reduced and line
ceased, 161; service, 240
Collisions, intentional, 53
Colon, service to, 191
Commercial Steam Packet Co., 111
Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo, 299
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, 267
Compañia de Vapores Correos Interinsulares Canarios, 299
Confederate States of America, steamers, 90, 98, 174; commissioners, 262
Connecticut River, Morey’s steamboat on, 24
Continental passenger traffic, 105
Cootes, Mr., Walker-on-Tyne, 211, 213
Cork Steamship Co., 97, 139
Corrugated steam-ship, 349
Craggs, R., & Sons, Ltd., 348, 349
Cramp, Messrs., Philadelphia, 256, 291, 340
Crimean War, 98; iron vessel in the, 316; and shipbuilding yards, 319;
floating batteries, 312, 320; P. & O. steamers employed, 180; steam-ships
in the, 312; transports, 183, 239, 262
Cruisers, armed mercantile, 287, 291
Cunard Line, 281-287; first Cunarder based on Manx steamer, 87;
beginnings, 150; sizes, &c. of first steamers, 151; increase of business,
152; builds iron ships, 153; rivalry with Inman Line, 240; first iron steamer,
243; last paddle-steamer, 246; adopt screw-steamers, 246
Cunard, Mr. Samuel, 134, 149
Curling, Young & Co., Messrs., 138, 146, 187
Curtis turbines, 338
Cutters in Channel Islands service, 109
Cutwaters, straight, 158
Dalswinton, 58
Davey, Mr. W. J., 299
Dawson’s steamer, London-Gravesend, 70
Day Line, 49, 51
Day, Summers & Co., 114
Decks for passengers, 42
Delaware River, early steamboats on the, 25, 29
Dempster, John, 299
Denny Bros., Dumbarton, ships by, 96, 105, 281, 310
Dent & Co., 203
Destroyers, 336
Dewey floating dock, 362
Dicey, Capt., 377
Dickenson, Robert, and iron ships, 195
Dieppe-Honfleur route, 108
Displacement, theory of, 30, 193
Ditchburn and Mare, Blackwall, ships by, 233, 234, 260, 313, 371, 372
Dixon, Sir Raylton, & Co., Ltd., 346
Docks, dry, difficulties of, 353; floating, 352-363
Dod, Daniel, 123
Dodd, Capt., of the Thames, 67
Dominion Line, 243, 288
Donaldson Line, 255
Dover-Calais service, 72, 105; designs to prevent sea-sickness, 377-379;
race, paddle v. screw, 259; proposed railway ferry, 366
Doxford, Messrs., and the rolling of ships’ plates, 345; and shifting cargo in
bulk, 346, 351
Dramatic Line, 155
Dublin and Liverpool Steam Navigation Co., 73, 74
Dublin and London Steam Packet Co., 176
Dublin, City of, Steam Packet Co., 72, 74, 89; service to London, 97; Irish
mail service, 102-104; and transatlantic service, 144
Dublin-London service, 97
Dublin-Wexford service, 98
Duck-foot paddles, 7, 27, 207
Dudgeon, Messrs. J. & W., ships and engines by, 108, 184, 186, 234, 264,
265, 322; expansion engines and screw propellers, 256; first apply twin-
 screws, 325
Duncan, R. (shipbuilder), 151
Dundas, Lord, 28, 57, 59
Dundee, Perth, and London Shipping Co., 87
Dundonald, Lord, 127, 129
Dundrum Bay, Great Britain ashore, 225
Dupuy de Lome, M., 320
Durham, Capt., 264
Dutch steamers, 76
Dynamite gun, 339
East, communication between England and the, 164
East India Co. and steamers to India, 166; inefficiency of service, 176;
services, 180, 181; iron ships for, 317
East Indiamen with auxiliary steam, 167
Eastern Archipelago Co., 235
Eastern Navigation Co., and the Great Eastern, 270 et seq.
Eckford, Henry, naval architect, 42
Edinburgh and Leith Shipping Co., 84
Edinburgh-London service, 81; by sea, 84
Edward VII., yachts of, 371
Egyptian royal yachts (Khedive’s), 372, 374
Elbing-Schichau Works, 303
Elder, Alexander, 299
Elder, Dempster & Co., 262, 298, 299
Elder, John, 229
Elder, John, & Co., Govan, 108, 109, 249, 250, 251, 282, 306
Electric lighting on steamers, 242; incandescent lamps, 281
Ellerman Line, 291
Ellice, Mr. Edward, and Chilian independence, 128
Emigrant traffic to America, 238
Engines: compound, 185, 187, 261; of earliest boats, 199 et seq.; gas
vacuum, 211; Ogden’s, 219; multiple-expansion, 229, 256, 306;
reciprocating, 286; triple-expansion, 296; high-pressure, 306; turbine, 307;
reciprocating and turbine, 310; hot-air, 384; piston engine development,
387
English Channel Steamship Co., 377
English river steamers, construction of, 46
Ericsson, John, hot-air engines, 384; screw propellers, 170, 215, 218
Ericsson Shipping Co., 349
Ericsson’s Monitor, 329
“Etoile” engine, 210
European and Australian Steam Navigation Co., 184, 185
Excursions in early steamboats, 43
Exhibition of 1851, extra traffic from, 107
Fairfield Co., Govan, 96, 109, 301
Fall River Line, 46, 47
Falmouth-Mediterranean service, 176
Fares, passenger, under competition, 74
Faron, Mr., 158
Farragut, Admiral, 175
Fauber (American engineer) and hydroplane, 386
Fawcett & Preston, engines by, 144, 148, 177
Ferguson, Mr. John, 206
Ferry steamers for railway trains, 363-366
Ficket, Francis (Ficket and Crocker), 123
Finland ice-breaker, 369
Fishbourne, Admiral, 316
Fishguard-Rosslare service, 116
Fitch, John, as inventor of steamboats, 21; his ideas taken by Fulton, 23, 24
Fleetwood-Dublin service, 102
Fletcher, W. & A., Co., Hoboken, 51
Floating docks, 352-363
Folkstone-Boulogne service, 106
Forbes, Mr. R. B., Boston, 170
Ford’s (Edward) patent of 1646, 8
Forenade Line of Copenhagen, 117
Fortanini hydroplan, 385
Forth and Clyde Canal, 57, 59
Forwood Line, 300
France-England, first steamer communication between, 72
Franco-German War, 115
Franklin, Benjamin, 21
Freeman, Mr., of Chipping Campden, 13
French Government, experiments in warships, 338; and Crimean War
transports, 240
French steamers entering British ports, 76
French Transatlantic Co., 115
Fulton, Robert, as inventor of steamboats, 19; and drawings of John Fitch,
23, 24; financed by Livingston, 25; his career, 25; experiments with
submarines, 26; corresponds with Lord Stanhope, 27; steamboat
experiments, 28; relations with Symington, 28; the Clermont, 30; list of his
steamboats, 35; relations with Bell & Miller, 61
Funnels, four, 92; masts used as, 212, 218
Fyfe, William, of Fairlie, 66
Galley, Illyrian, propelled by oxen, 6
Galway-America service, 98; to Portland, Maine, 162; to Newfoundland,
route, 162
Galway Line to America, 161-163
Gas-lighting experiment, 253
Gas-machinery propulsion, 340
General Iron Screw-Collier Co., 233
General Screw Shipping Co., 233
General Steam Navigation Co., 81-83; joint service with G.E.R., 117
Genevois (J. A.) propellers (1759), 8
German Emperor’s yacht, 371
German Navy, 303
German shipbuilding, 302; State-developed, 303
Germania shipbuilding establishment, 303
Germanischer Lloyd, 302
Germany as a Naval Power, 339
Gibbs, Antony, & Sons, 227
Gibbs, Bright & Co., 226
Glasgow ferries, 366
Glasgow-Inverness service, 100
Glasgow-Ireland service, 100
Glasgow-Liverpool service, 100. See also Clyde
Glasgow, transatlantic service from, 237
Glasgow and Dublin Screw Steam Packet Co., 101
Glasgow and New York Steamship Co., 240
Gordon & Co., Deptford, 165
Goudie, James, 134
Graham, Osbourne, & Co., 349
Grand Trunk Railway, 255
Gray, Wm., & Co., Ltd., West Hartlepool, 347
Gray’s (McFarlane) steam steering gear, 241
Grayson & Leadley, Liverpool, 73
Great Central Railway Co.’s steamers, 118
Great Eastern Railway Co.’s steamers, 116-118
Great Western Railway Co.’s service to the Channel Islands, 112; other
services, 116
Great Western Steamship Co. formed, 138; and American mails, 150; and
ocean screw steamer, 220
Green, F., & Co., 294
Green, R. & H., & Co., 167, 234, 295, 373
Griffiths, John Wm., 339
Griffith’s propeller, 245
Grimsby-Continent service, 118
Guion, Mr. S. B., founds the Guion Line, 247; progress of the line, 248-251;
death of Mr. Guion and line dissolved, 251
Gurley Bros., 108
Hamburg floating dock, 362
Hamburg-Amerika Linie, 267, 302, 305-306
Hamburg Reiherstieg Shipbuilding Works, 302, 303
Hamilton, William, & Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow, 348
Harland & Wolff, ships built by, 252, 289, 293, 297, 305
Harnden & Co., Boston, 155
Harroway and Dixon cantilever framed steamers, 346
Harwich-Antwerp service, 117
Harwich-Esbjerg service, 117
Harwich-Hook of Holland service, 117
Harwich-Rotterdam service, 117
Havana floating dock, 353
Hawthorn, engine by, 212
Hendersons of Glasgow, 264
Hepworth, Mr. John, 382
Hero of Alexandria and steam, 9
Heysham Harbour, 121
Heysham-Isle of Man service, 121
Hodgson, James, Liverpool, on cost of iron ships, 230; introduces tubular iron
vessels, 235
Hogg & Co., New York, 172
Hogging and sagging, 46, 194, 268
Hogging frame, Stevens’, 46, 194
Hollar’s submarine (1653), 375
Holyhead-Dublin service, 72, 103, 110
Holyhead-Greenore service, 120
Holyhead-Kingstown service, 204
Hong-Kong-Sans Francisco, White Star service, 243
Hong-Kong-Shanghai service, 203
Hook of Holland, 117
Horseley & Co., Tipton, 110
Horseley Iron Works, 195
Hough, Samuel, & Co., 100
Howden’s forced draught, 366
Howell’s “homogeneous metal,” 279
Huddart, Parker & Co. Proprietary, Ltd., 97
Hudson River steamboats, 25, 29, 30, 47; screw boats, 207
Hudson River Day Line, 49
Hulls, double, 270, 347, 375; triple, 388
Hulls, Jonathan, as inventor of the steamboat, 12
Humber, Continental service from the, 118
Hunt, Seth, of Louisiana, 45
Hydraulic propulsion, 321-325
Hydrocurve, 385
Hydroplan, 385
Hydroplane, 386
Iceberg, Guion liner’s escape from, 250
Ice-breaking steamers, 367-371
Imperial Direct West India Mail service, 299
India, first steamer built in, 202; steam communication with, 164; Government
subsidy, 164; purchase vessel, 165; mails to, 176, 177; traffic to, 184
Indian Mutiny, P. & O. steamers employed owing to, 180
Indian rivers, navigation of, 205
Indus, the, steamers on, 202
Inglis, A. & J., Glasgow, ships built by, 86, 184, 185, 206, 374
Inman and International Line, 290-291
Inman Line, 237-243; rivalry with Cunard Line, 240; absorbed by American
Line, 256
Inman, Mr. William, 237, 243
Intercolonial Railway, Canada, 255
International Navigation Co. acquires Inman steamers, 243
Ireland, early iron ships in, 196
Ireland-England, first steam communication, 71
“Irish Brigade,” 262
Irish cross-Channel service rivalry, 74
Irish mail, &c., traffic, 102, 119
Iron barge, experimental, 195
Ironclads, advent of, 320; without masts, 333
Iron ships: first on Long Island Sound, 47; first cross-Channel, 75;
introduction of screw propellers, 97; introduction of iron, 191; length of,
194; suitability, 193; saving in weight, 194; proposal to build iron ships
decided, 195; first vessel for commercial purposes, 195; first iron steamer,
195; growth of iron shipbuilding, 196 et seq.; strange vessels, 211;
developments, 230; cost of iron ships, 230; tubular type, 235; first
Cunarder, 243; Admiralty’s conservatism against iron, 316
Isherwood system of construction, 348
Isle of Man, Liverpool, and Manchester Co., 96
Isle of Man Steam Packet Co., 87-94. See also Man, Isle of
Ismay, Mr. T. H., 251
Ismay, Imrie & Co., 296
Jackson, Mr. W., 132
Jamaica fruit trade, 299
Jamson, Dougal, and the steamboat, story of, 62
Japanese engineers, story of, 203
Japanese submarines, 301
Japanese warship building, 339
Jersey fisheries guardship, 110
Jersey-France service, 112
Jesuit Fathers of Peking, “Memoires” of, 4
Johnston, Lieut., 164
Jointed Ship Co., 380
Jones, Sir Alfred L., 298, 299
Jones, Dr. P., and single screw, 209
Jordan, J., & Co., engines by, 248
Jouffroy d’Abbans, Marquis de, 15
Kiel naval harbour, 303
Kier, Mr., engineer, 130
Kirk, Dr. Alexander, and triple-expansion engines, 296, 306
Kirkaldy, David, drawings by, 243; and hardening of steel, 279
Klawitter, Dantzic, 303
Laird, Messrs., Birkenhead, ships built by, 75, 119, 262, 279, 316, 317, 332,
334
Laird, Alex., & Co., Messrs., 100
Laird, John, of Birkenhead, and iron shipbuilding, 196
Laird, Mr. Macgregor, 138, 261
Lake steamers, American, 51
Lange, Johann, shipyard, 302
Langley, Messrs. C., Deptford, 373
Langtry Co., of Belfast, 74
Lardner, Dr., and transatlantic steam navigation, 137
Launch, Indian custom at, 202
Law, George, and American mails, 188
Leith and Berwick Co., 84
Lever, Mr., of Manchester, 162
“Leviathans,” 270
Life-boats as paddle-boxes, 79
Life-buoys, belts, &c., 78
Lighting of ships, 253
Lindsay’s boiler-scaling apparatus, 203
Little, James, & Co., Messrs., 95-97
Littlehampton, 108
Liverpool and tugboats, 341; first iron screw steamer from, 235; dock to
accommodate American liners, 157; steam-ship companies, 77
Liverpool, voyage of the Elizabeth to, from Glasgow, 64
Liverpool-Bristol service, 100
Liverpool-Dublin mail service, 102
Liverpool-Isle of Man service, 87-94, 96
Liverpool-Kingstown service, 144
Liverpool-London service, 98, 99
Liverpool-New York service, 240
Liverpool-Philadelphia service, 240
Liverpool-Valparaiso service, 264
Liverpool and Philadelphia Steamship Co., 238
Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steamship Co., 240
Livingston, Chancellor R., and Morey’s steamboats, 24; finances Fulton, 25;
experiments in steam propulsion, 208
Livingstone expedition, steel steamer for, 279
Livingston’s “Historical Account of the Application of Steam for the Propelling
of Boats,” 19
Lloyd’s, first steamer entered at, 100
Lodge-Muirhead wireless telegraphy, 121
London and tugboats, 341; shipbuilding, 233-234; City Corporation
employees and the Watermen’s Co., 80; County Council steamers, 367;
river steamboat service opened, 66
London, Glasgow to, first steamer, 66
London-Hamburg service, 117
London-Margate service, 70
London and Edinburgh Shipping Co., 83-85
London and Leith Shipping Co., 84
London and North-Western Railway Co.’s steamers, 119-121
London and South-Western Railway Co.’s steamers, 109-116; Manx boat
purchased from, 93
London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway Co.’s steamers, 106-109
London, Leith, and Edinburgh Shipping Co., 74
Long Island Sound, First iron steamboat on, 47