1 Double Integrals

1y 2
Ex.1 Find   xy e  x dx dy [M.U. 2002]
00
y
 x2
1  1 2
Solution: I  y
e  dy   1   ye  y  y  dy
 
0  2  2 0 
 0
2 1
 
1  e y y2 

2  2

2 
1
  e 1  1   1   
4  
1
4e
 
 0
1 x2
Ex.2 Evaluate   e y / x dy dx [M.U. 1997, 2004]
0 0
y x 2
1 x2  1  ey /x 
y / x
Solution: I   e dy  dx     dx
0  0 
0 0 
 1/ x  0


1 ex  1 1 1
dx   x e x dx   x dx
0 1/ x 0 0
1
x 1  x2  1 1
 I  x e  ex      e1  e1  1  
 0
 2  0 2 2
1 x
Ex.3 Evaluate   xy  x  y  dy dx [M.U. 1996]
0 x2
x
1 x 1  x2 y 2 xy 3 
Solution: I    x y  xy 2 2
 dy dx  0    dx
0 x2  2 3  2
x
1
1  x4
x 4 x 6 x7   5 x 5 x7 x 8 
      dx   .   
 3 
0 2 3 2  6 5 14 24  0
1 1 1 3
   
6 14 24 56
1 1 x2 1
Ex.4 Find 0 0 1  x2  y 2
dy dx [M.U. 1999, 2002, 09]

1 1 x 2 1
Solution: I 0 0 y  1  x2
2
 
dy dx

1 x 2
1 1 y 
   tan 1  dx
0 2
 1 x 1  x2  0

Prof. Subir Rao 1 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
 1 dx
4 0

1  x2

 
1
 
  log  1  2 
2 
 I  log x  1  x
4 0 4

1 1 y2  /2 dx dy
Ex.5 Evaluate
0 0 1x  y 2 2
[M.U. 1999]

Solution: Integrating w.r.t. x, treating y constant i.e. 1  y 2  a2 say

1 1 y2  /2 dx dy
I
0 0  1  y 2   x2
   1 y2  /2
1 x
 sin 1 
  dy
0  1  y2 
  0
1  1   1
 sin 1    sin 1 0  dy  dy 
0  2  0 4

 1 
  y 0 
4 4
a 3 x 2  a2 x dy dx
Ex.6 Evaluate
0 0 y  x 2  a2
2
[M.U. 1999, 2012]

Solution: Treating x constant

a 3 x 2  a2 a
I
0 0 
y 2  x 2  a2 
dy dx

x 2  a2
a 3 1  y 

0 
 x 2  a2
tan 1 
 2
 x a
2


0
x dx

a 3 1  

0 2
x a
.   0  .x dx
2 4 

 a 3 x   2 2 a 3

4 0  x 2  a2
dx 
4 
x a
 0
 
  2 a  a  a
4 4
2
   x 1 y
2
 x dx dy
Ex.7 Evaluate 0 0 e [M.U. 2003]

Solution: 
We put x 2 1  y 2  t   
2 x 1  y 2 dx  dt 
When x  0, t  0 ; when x  , t  

Prof. Subir Rao 2 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
  t dt
 I  
0 0
e .

2 1  y2
dy

 1 t  
 0 2  1  y 2  e 0
dy

 1
 0 2  1  y 2  0  1 dy
1  dy 1  1  
  
2 0 1  y2 2 
tan y
0
1  
 . 
2 2 4
 1 x a y
Ex.8 Evaluate 0  dx
0
e dy [M.U. 1997]

Solution: Since the limits are constants and integration with respect to y first and then
with respect to x leads to a complicated integral, we reverse the order of
integration.
1  x a y
 I 0 dy 0 e dx

1 t 1/ a  1
1/a
a t
Now, put x y  t  x   dx  . 1/ a dt
y a y
When x = 0, t = 0; when x  , t  
1  1
 I  dt et . 1/ a .t  1/ a  1dt
 
0 0 a.y
1 1 1/ a 
  y dy. et .t 1/ a  1dt

a 0 0
1
1y 
 1/ a   1 
1 1/ a
   .  [By definition of n ]
a   1/ a   1  a a  1
 0

EXERCISE
Evaluate the following integrals :

0 0  x 
1 x 2
  y 2 x dy dx [M.U. 2002]

Ans. 4 /15
5 2x
 0 2 x dy dx [M.U. 2002]

Ans. 25
2 2y
1  2  y  2x
2 2
 y dx dy [M.U. 2002]

Ans. 22/45

Prof. Subir Rao 3 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

1 1 x 2 dy dx
 0 0 1  x2  y 2
[M.U. 2002]

Ans.  /4  log  1  2 
2 2y
1  2y 2x y dx dy
2 2
Ex.9 Sketch the area of integration and evaluate

[M.U. 1987, 91, 2003]

Solution: We have x   2  y

 x2  2  y i.e. y  2  x 2
The curve is a parabola with vertex at (0, 2) as shown in the figure. And y
varies from 1 to 2.
2 2y
1  2y 2x y dx dy
2 2
 I

2 2y
2 1 0 2 x2 y 2dx dy

3 2y
2 2 x 
2 1 2y  
 3 0
dy

4 2 2 3/2
y 2  y
  dy
3 1
Putting 2  y  t , dy  dt
When y  1, t  1 ; when y  2, t  0
4 0 2 3/2
 I
3 1   2  t  .t dt

0  4  4t  t  t dt
4 1 2 3/2
 I
3

0  4t 
4 1 3/2
  4t 5/2  t7 /2 dt
3
4  2 5/2 2 7 /2 2 9 /2  1
 4. t  4. t  t
3  5 7 9 
0
4  8 8 2  856
   
3  5 7 9  945
 /4 cos 2 r
Ex.10 Evaluate
0 0 1  r 2 2
dr d [M.U. 2003]

cos 2
 /4 1   1
Solution: I 0 
2  1  r  0
 2
d

1  /4  1  1  /4  1 
 
2 0  1  
 1  cos 2 
d 
2 0 

2  
1  sec2   d

Prof. Subir Rao 4 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
 /4
1 1  1 1 1
   tan         2 
2  2  0 2 4 2 8

EXERCISE
Evaluate the following polar integrals :
 /4 cos 2 r
 0 0 dr d [M.U. 2008]
1  r  2 2

  2 
Ans.
8

1 4 2
Ex.11 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 4y ex dx dy [M.U. 1999]

Solution: The region of integration is x  4 y , a line through

the origin; x  4 , a line parallel to the y-axis; y = 0,
the x-axis; and y = 1, the line parallel to the x-axis.
Thus, the region is the triangle OAB.
To change the order of integration consider
a strip parallel to the y-axis. On this strip y varies
from y = 0 to y = x/4. Then, x varies from x = 0 to x = 4.
4 x /4 x 2
 I  
0 0
e dy dx
4 2 x /4 4 2 x
0 e  y 0 dx  0 e
x x
 . dx [Put x 2  t ]
4
2
 2 
1  ex   1  e16  1

4 2  8 
 0
1 1 x 2 ey
Ex.12 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0 dy dx
e y
1  2
1x  y 2

[M.U. 1989, 93, 96, 2002]

Solution: The limits of y are 0 and 1  x 2 and those of x are 0 and 1. We therefore,

draw the curve y  1  x 2 i.e. the upper-half of the circle x 2  y 2  1 . The

region of integration is OAB.
To change the order of integration we consider a strip parallel to x-axis.
Now, x varies from 0 to 1  y 2 and y varies from 0 to 1.

1 1 y 2 ey
 I 0 0 dx dy
e y
1  1  y   x
2 2

Prof. Subir Rao 5 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

1 y 2
 y 
1 e sin 1 x
  
0 ey  1 

1  y2


dy
 0
ey  
 
1 1

  .
0 ey  1 2
.dy 
2 
log e y  1
 0
  e1
 log  
2  2 
a ay x
Ex.13 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 y x  y2
2
dx dy [M.U. 1998]

Solution: The region of integration is given by x = y, a line through the origin; x  ay

i.e. x 2  ay , a parabola through the origin and opening upwards, y = 0, the x-

axis and y = a, a line parallel to the y-axis.
In the region of integration, consider a strip parallel to the y-axis. On
this strip y varies from y  x 2 / a to y = x and then x varies from x = 0 to x = a.
x a x
 I
0 
x2 2
a
x  y2
dy dx

x
ax 1 y 

  tan
0 x x  x 2 / a
dx

a 1 x
 0 tan 1  tan 1  dx
a
a  1 x 
 0  4  tan  dx
a
a
 
 a  1 x 1 1 
 . x 0  x.tan   x. . dx
4 

a 1  x 2
/ a 2 a 
 0  
a
a  x ax 
   x tan 1   2 2
dx 
4  a x a 0
a

a 
  x tan
4 
1 x a 2 2 
 log x  a 
a 2
 0

a   a
4  4 2
a
 

  a  log 2 a2  0  log a2 
2 
a
 I log 2
2
2 2  4y2
Ex.14 Change the order of integration and evaluate
0 2  4y2
dx dy [M.U. 2002]

Prof. Subir Rao 6 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Solution: The limits for x are 2  4  y 2 and 2  4  y 2 and those for y are 0 and 2.

We therefore, draw the curves x  2  4  y 2 and x  2  4  y 2

i.e. the circle  x  2 2  which has the centre at (2, 0) radius 2.

Now, x  2  4  y 2 is the arc OA and

x  2  4  y 2 is the arc AB.

Since y = 0 is the x-axis and y = 2 is the line AD
the region of integration is the semi-circle OAB.
To change the order of integration we
consider a strip parallel to the y-axis. On this strip
y varies from 0 to 4   x  2 2 . This strip sweeps
the region when x varies from 0 to 4.
4 4   x  2 2
 I
0 0 dy dx

4 4   x  2 2

0  y 0 dx

4
 0 4   x  2 2 .dx
4
x  2 4 x  2 
 4   x  2 2  sin 1
 2 2 2  0
   
  2.    2.   2
 2  2
1 1 y 2 cos1 x
Ex.15 Change the order of integration and evaluate
0 0 1x 2 2
1x  y 2
dx dy

[M.U. 1992, 99, 2007]

Solution: The limits of y are 0 and 1 and for x are 0 and
x  1  y2 i.e. x 2  y 2  1 . Hence, the region of
integration is the first quadrant of the circle
x2  y 2  1
Now, if we change the order of integration y varies
from 0 to 1  x 2 and x varies from 0 to 1. Hence,
1 1 x 2 cos1 x
I
0 0 1x 2 2
1x  y 2
dy dx

Prof. Subir Rao 7 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

1 x 2
1 cos 1 x   y
0
1
 sin  dx
2  2
1x  1  x 0
 1 cos 1 x
I
2 0  1  x2
dx
Put cos1 x  t.  dt
2
1x
 0   /2
 I
2  /2  t dt 
2 0 t dt

 /2
  t2  3
   
2  2  16
0
a y y dx dy
Ex.16 Change the order of integration and evaluate 
0 y2 / a
 a  x  ax  y 2
[M.U. 1991, 98]
Solution: In the region x varies from y 2 / a (i.e. y 2  ax ) to x = y and y varies from 0 to
a. Thus, the region is OAB bounded by the line x = y and the arc of the
parabola y 2  ax . When the order is reversed y varies from x to ax and x
varies from 0 to a.
a ax y dy dx
 I 0 x  a  x  ax  y 2
a 1  ax
  0 a  x 
ax  y 2 
x
dx

a 1
 0  a  x  . x . a  xdx

a  x 
 0  dx
 ax
Now, put x  a cos2 
 dx  2 a cos sin  d
 /2 cos 
 I 0 sin 
.2 a sin  cos  d
 /2
a 0 2 cos2  d
 /2
a 0  1  cos 2  d
 /2
 sin 2  
 a    .a
 2  0 2

Prof. Subir Rao 8 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

a a  a2  y 2 xy log  x  a 
Ex.17 Evaluate
0 dy 0  x  a 2
dx [M.U. 1994, 2000, 09]

Solution: In the given form, the integral is to be evaluated w.r.t. x first, which obviously
is complicated. We, therefore, change the order of integration.
The limits for x are 0 and a  a2  y 2 and for y are 0 and a. We

therefore, draw the curves x = 0 i.e. the y-axis and x  a  a2  y 2 i.e. the left

half of the circle  x  a 2  y 2  a2 .

It is clear that A is (a, a) and B is (0, a). The region of integration is

OAB.
Now, to change the order of integration if we consider a strip parallel
to the y-axis, y varies from a2   x  a 2 i.e. 2ax  x 2 to a and x varies from
0 to a.
a xy log  x  a 
 I   dx  a dy
0 2 ax  x 2  x  a 2
a
a x log  x  a   y 2 
 0 2  2 
 x  a   2 ax  x 2
dx

a x log  x  a 
 0 2  x  a 2
 a2  2 ax  x 2  dx
 

1 a

2 0 
x log  x  a  dx
a
1 x2 x2 
 log  x  a  .   dx 
2  2 2  x  a  
0

 
a
 2 2 2 
1  x2 1 x a a
 log  x  a    dx 
2 2 2  x  a 
  0
a
1  x2 1 a2 dx 
  log  x  a     x  a    
2  2 2 2 x  a 
0
a
1  x2 1  x2  a2 
  log  x  a     ax   log  x  a  
2  2 2  2  2
  0

1  a2 1  a2  a2 a2 
  log  a  a     a2   log  a  a   log a 
2  2 2  2  2
 2 

Prof. Subir Rao 9 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

a2
 1  2 log a
8
a x ey
Ex.18 Evaluate 0 0 a  xx  y
dy dx [M.U. 1995, 2005, 10]

Solution: Since integration with respect to y is complicated we

change the order of integration.
The limits for y are y = 0 to y = x and for x are x = 0 to
x = a. The region of integration is the triangle OAB.
Now, consider a strip parallel to the x-axis. On
this strip x varies from x = y to x = a and for the strip
y varies from y = 0 to y = a.
a a ey
 I 0 y a  xx  y
dx dy

a a ey
 0 y  ay   x 2  a  y  x 
dx dy
 
a a ey
 0 y 2
a  y 2
dx dy
 ay  
   x  
 2   2 
a
a  1  x   a  y  /2 
 ey
0  sin 
 
  a  y  /2
 dy
 y

a y      a y
 0
e    
 2  2 
 
dy  
0
e dy 
 
a
  ey    ea  1
 0
a x dy dx
Ex.19 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0  y  a  a  xx  y 
[M.U. 1995, 99, 2003]
Solution: The given region of integration is the same as above Ex. 18.
a a y dy 2t dt
 I
0 0  y  a
.
 a  y  t 2 .t
a a y dy dt
2
0 0  y  a
.
 a  y   t2
a y
dy  1 t 
a
2  sin
0  y  a 


a  y 
0

Prof. Subir Rao 10 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
dy 
a a dy
2  . 
0 ya 2 0 ya 
a
  log  y  a 
0
  log 2 a  log a   log 2
 x sin y dy dx
Ex.20 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0   x   x  y 
[M.U. 1997]

Solution: The region of integration is same as above Ex. 18. Hence,

  sin y dx dy
 I  
0 y   x   x  y 

Put x  y  t2  dx  2t dt
When x  y , t  0 ; when x   , t    y
  y 2t dt
 I 0 0 sin y.
  y   t 2 .t
  y dt
2 0 0 sin y.
  y   t 2
dy

 y
  t 
 2 sin y sin 1 
    y  
dy
0
  0
 
2 0 sin y dy     cos y 0  2
2
a y x dx dy
Ex.21 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0
 a2  x2   a  y  y  x 
[M.U. 1997, 2002, 04]
Solution: The region of integration is bounded by x = 0, the y-axis, x = y, the line, y = 0,
the x-axis and x = a, a line parallel to the x-axis.
To change the order of integration consider a strip to the y-axis.
On the strip y varies from y = x to y = a and then x varies from x = 0 to x = a.
a a x dy dx
 I 
0 x
a2  x 2  a  y  y  x 

Put y  x  t2  dy  2t dt
When y  x , t  0 ; when y  a, t  a  x
a ax x dx 2t dt
 I 0 0 a2  x 2  a  x   t 2 .t
ax
a x dx  1  t  
2 0 sin  a  x  
a2  x 2   0

Prof. Subir Rao 11 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

a x  a
2  dx     a2  x 2 
0 2
a x 2 2   0
   0  a   a
a x sin y dy dx
Ex.22 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0  a  x   x  y   4  5 cos y 
2

[M.U. 1996, 2002]

Solution: The region of integration is the same as above Ex. 18.
a a sin y dx
 I 
0 y  4  5 cos y 
.
 a  x   x  y  
dy

Put x  y  t2  dx  2t dt
When x  y , t  0 ; when x  a, t  a  y
a ay sin y dy 2t dt
 I 0 0  4  5 cos y 
.
 a  y   t 2 .t
a y
sin y
a   t 
2  . sin 1 
 a  y  
dy
0 4  5 cos y 
  0
a
sin y
a  1 
  dy     log  4  5 cos y 
0 4  5 cos y  5 0
 
  log  4  5 cos a   0    log  4  5 cos a 
5 5
2 2 y 2 dy dx
Ex.23 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0  2x 4
y  4x 2
[M.U. 1995]

Solution: Here, the region of integration is bounded by y  2 x i.e. y 2  2 x a parabola;

y = 2, a line parallel to the x-axis; x = 0, the y-axis and x = 2, the line parallel to
the y-axis.
If we consider a strip parallel to the x-axis,
on this strip x varies x = 0 to x  y 2 /2 and then y
varies from y = 0 to y = 2.
2 y 2 /2 y 2 dx dy
 I 0 0 y 4  4x 2
2
1 2 y /2 y2
   dx dy
2 0 0
y 
2 2 2
/2 x

y 2 /2
1 2 2  1  x  

2  0
y sin  2


 y /2  
 0
dy

Prof. Subir Rao 12 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
1 2 2  1
 y sin 1  sin 1 0  dy

2 0  
2
1 2 2   y3  2
 I
2 0 2 
.y dy    
4  3  3
0

1/2 1 4 y 2 1  x2
Ex.24 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 0 1  x2 1  x2  y 2
dx dy

[M.U. 1998, 2001]

Solution: Here, the region of integration is bounded by x = 0 i.e. the y-axis.
x  1  4y 2  x2  1  4y 2

y2
 x2  1
 1/4 
It is an ellipse with semi-major axis 1 and
semi-minor axis 1/2, y = 0 and y = 1/2. Thus, the
region of integration is the first quadrant of the
above ellipse.
To change the order of integration, consider a strip parallel to the y-
1  x2
axis. On this strip y varies from y = 0 to y  . Then x varies from 0 to 1.
2
1 x 2
1 1  x2 dy
 I
0 02
1 x 2
.
1  x   y
2 2
dx

1 x 2 /2
1 1 x  2  y 
  . sin 1   dx
0  
1  x 2   1x
2
0
1 1  x2  1 
 0 . sin 1  sin 1 0  dx
1  x2  2 

 1 1  x2

6 0 
1  x2
dx

To find the integral, put x  sin  , dx  cos d

  /2 1  sin 2 
 I  .cos  d
6 0 cos 
  /2
 
6 0

1  sin 2  d 
   /2 1         2
    .    
6  0 2 2 6 2 4 8

Prof. Subir Rao 13 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
1  y x
Ex.25 Change the order of integration and evaluate x 0 y 1 e
dx y log y dy

[M.U. 1997, 2005]

Solution: Since all the limits of integration are constants, the order can be changed
directly without taking the help of a diagram.
 y 1
y 1 e x 0 y
x
 I log y dy. dx

1
 y  yx   y
 y 1 e log y   dy  e  y  1  dy

y 1
 log y  0

  
 
 ye y  e y dy  ye y  e y  e y 
1  1
 1
   ye y   e1 
 1 e
5 2x
Ex.26 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 2 x dy dx [M.U. 1997, 2008]

Solution: The region of integration is ABC. When the order of integration is changed
the region splits into two.
In the region ABD, x varies from 2 – y to 5 and y varies from 3 to 2. In
the region ADC, x varies from y – 2 to 5 and y varies from 2 to 7. Hence,
2 5 7 5
 I 3 2  y dx dy  2 y 2 dx dy
2 5 7 5
 3 x2  y dy  2 xy 2 dy
2 7
 3  3  y  dy  2 7  y  dy
2 7
 y2   y2 
  3 y    7 y  
 2  2 
3  2
 9  49 
  17     37    25
 2  2 
1 2  x2 x
Ex.27 Change the order of integration and evaluate 0 xdx
2
x y 2
dy

[M.U. 2003, 07, 08]

Solution: The limits for y are x and 2  x 2 and those for x are 0 and 1. We therefore,

draw the curves y = x which is a straight line and y  2  x 2 which is the

upper half of the circle x 2  y 2  2 . The region of integration is OACD.
Solving the equations y = x and x 2  y 2  2 , we get the points of intersection
A(1, 1) and B(1, 1).

Prof. Subir Rao 14 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
If we consider a strip parallel to the x-axis
the region has to be divided into two parts OAD
and ADC.
In the region ODA, x varies from 0 to y and y
varies from 0 to 1.
In the region ADC, x varies from 0 to 2  y 2 and y varies from 1 to 2.

1 y x 2 2  y2 x
 I 0 0 dy
2
x y 2
dx  1 dy 0 2
x y 2
dx

1 1 y
Now, I1  dy  x 2  y 2  
0    0 0  2.y  y dy 
1
 y2  1
  2 1      2 1 
 2  0 2

2 2 y2 2
And I2 
1
dy  x 2  y 2 

  0
 1  
2  y dy

2
 y2  3
 I2   2 y     2
 2  2
1
1
 I  I1  I 2  1 
2
a 2ax
Ex.28 Change the order of integration and evaluate
0 x2 /a xy dy dx [M.U. 1992]

Solution: The limits for y are x 2 / a and 2a  x and those for x are 0 and a. We,
therefore, draw the curves y  x 2 / a . i.e. the parabola x 2  ay and y  2 a  x
i.e. the straight line x  y  2 a .
The region of integration is OACB. Solving
the equations x 2  ay and x  y  2 a we get the
points of intersection as A (a, a) and D(2a, 4a).
Now, to change the order if we consider a
strip parallel to the x-axis, the region has to be
divided into two parts OAB and BCA.
In the region OBA, x varies from 0 to ay and y varies from 0 to a.
In the region BAC, x varies from 0 to 2a – y and y varies from a to 2a.
a ay 2a 2ay
 I 0 0 xy dx dy  a 0 xy dx dy

ay a
 x2  a aa 2 a  y3  a4
Now, I1  y  
0  2 
 0
 dy 
0 2 
y dy    
2  3  6
0

Prof. Subir Rao 15 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
2 a y
 x2 
a 2  4a y  4ay  y  dy
2a 2a 1

2 2 3
I2  y  dy 
a  2  0
2a
1 4a y4 
  2 a2 y 2  y 3  
2  3 4 
a
4
a  32   4 1 
  8  3  4    2  3  4  
2  
a 4  4 11  a 4 15 5a 4
    . 
2  3 12  2 36 24
a 4 5a 4 3 4
 I   a
6 24 8

 x
2
Ex.29 Change the order of integration and evaluate dx dy where T is the region in the
R
2
first quadrant bounded by xy  a , x  2 a, y  0 and y  x [M.U. 1994]
Solution: The region of integration is bounded by xy  a2 , a rectangular hyperbola;
x = 2a, a line parallel to the y-axis; y = 0, the x-axis and y = x, a line passing
through the origin. The region is OBCDO.
If we change the order of integration, the
region is split into two parts. OAB and ABCD.
Now, consider a strip in the region OAB,
parallel to the y-axis. On this strip y-varies from y = 0
to y = x. Then x varies from x = 0 to x = a.
Also consider a strip in the region ABCD,
parallel to the y-axis. On this strip, y varies from y = 0
to y  a2 / x . Then x varies from x = a to x = 2a.
a x 2 2 a a2 / x 2
 I
0 0 
x dy dx 
a 0
x dy dx  
a x 2a 2 a2 / x

 x 2 y 0 dx 
0 a
 
x y0 
dx  
a 2a
a 3 2a 2  x4   a2 x 2 
 I
0 
 x dx 
a 
a xdx   
 4  0

 2  a


a4 4 a
4
7 a4
  2a  
4 2 4
1 y 3 1
Ex.30 Express as a single integral and evaluate I  0  y
dx dy  1 dy 1 dx [M.U. 2000]

Solution: Let I  I1  I 2

Prof. Subir Rao 16 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Now, for I 1 , the limits are x   y and x  y i.e. x 2  y , a parabola with vertex at the
origin and opening upwards. The limits for y are y = 0
to y = 1. The region is OAB. For I 2 , x varies from x = 1
to x = 1 and y varies from y = 1 to y = 3. The region is
ABCD. We have to sweep both the regions i.e. the region
OABDCBO. Now, consider a strip parallel to the x-axis
extending from the parabola to the line CD. On this strip y
varies from y  x 2 to y = 3. To sweep the whole area the
strip has to move from x = 1 to x = 1.
1 3 1 3
 I 1 x2 dy dx  1 y x2 dx
0  3  x  dx
1 1
1 3  x
2 2
 dx  2 [ Even function]

1
 x3   1  16
 2  3x    2  3   
 3   3 3
0

EXERCISE
Change the order of integration and evaluate :
 x 2
 0 0 xex / y dy dx [M.U. 2009, 11]

1
Ans.
2
1 2x x
 0 x y
dy dx [M.U. 1988]

4
Ans. log  
e
2 2 x 2 dx dy
 0  2y
x 4  4y 2
[M.U. 1995]

2
Ans.
3
1 1/ x y
 0 x  1  xy 2  1  y 2  dy dx [M.U. 2000]

 1
Ans.
4
1 2x x

0 x2 y
dy dx [M.U. 1988]

3
Ans. 2 log 2 
4

Prof. Subir Rao 17 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
a y dx dy
 0 0 [M.U. 1997, 2003, 04]
a 2
x 2
  a  y  y  x 
Ans.  .log  1  2 
 /2 y
 0 0 cos 2y. 1  a2 sin 2 x .dx dy [M.U. 2003]

Ans.
1 
2
3a 
 1  
a 2 3/2 
 1


 Express as a single integral and them evaluate

0 0  x  1 0  x  y  dx dy
1 y 2 2 2y
 y 2 dx dy  2 2
[M.U. 2004]

4
Ans.
3
a a x2
Ex.31 Change to polar co-ordinates and evaluate 0 y 2
x y 2
dx dy [M.U. 1997, 2006]

Solution: The region of integration is the same as Ex. 38 but with x = a intersecting x = y
at (a,a) instead of x = 1. Hence, putting x  r cos , y  r sin  , dx dy  r dr d , we
get
 /4 a /cos  r 2 cos2 
I 0 0 r
.r d r d
 /4 a /cos  2
 0 0 r cos2  dr d
a /cos 
 /4  r 3 
 I 0  
 3  0
.cos2  d

 /4 a3 1
 0 .
3 cos  3
.cos2  d

a3  /4

3 0  sec  d

a3  /4
 log  sec   tan  0
3
a3 

3 
log  
2  1  log 1

a3

3

log 1  2 
4a y  x2  y 2 
Ex.32 Express in polar coordinates and evaluate     dxdy
0 y 2 /4 a  x 2  y 2 
 
[M.U. 1994, 96, 99, 2006]

Prof. Subir Rao 18 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Solution: The limits of x are y 2  4 ax and x = y. Putting x  r cos , y  r sin  , y 2  4ax

gives r 2 sin 2   4ar cos i.e. r  4a cos /sin 2  and yx gives

 
r sin   r cos i.e.    /4 . Further, x 2  y 2 / x 2  y 2  cos2   sin 2  and 
dx dy changes to r d dr .
In the given region bounded by the arc of the
parabola and the line, r varies from 0 to
4a cos  /sin 2  and  varies from  /4 to  /2 .
 /2 4 a cos  /sin 2 
 I  /4 0  cos2   sin2   r dr d
4 a cos  /sin 2 
r2 
 
 /2
 
 /4
cos2   sin 2   
 2  0
d

cos2 
 /4   sin 4  d
 /2
 8a2 cos2   sin 2 

 /4  cos 
 /2
 8 a2 4
  cot 2  d

 /4  cot 
 /2
 8a2 2
 cos ec 2  2 cos ec 2  2 d

3  /2
2  cot  
 8a    2 cot   2 
 3  /4
 5 
 8a2   
 2 3
Ex.33 Express the following integral in polar coordinates and evaluate
a a2  x 2 dy dx
0  ax x2 a2  x 2  y 2
[M.U. 1989, 92, 2000, 04]

Solution: The limits of y are ax  x 2 and a2  x 2

i.e. the upper halves of the circles
i) x 2  y 2  ax  0 ;
2
x   a /2   y 2  a2 /4 and
ii) x 2  y 2  a2
To change the given integral to polar
coordinates we put x  r cos , y  r sin  and
dx dy  rd  dr . The equations of the circles now become
i) r 2  ar cos  0 i.e. r  a cos
ii) r 2  a2 i.e. r  a

Prof. Subir Rao 19 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
Hence, r changes from a cos to a and  changes from 0 to  /2
 /2 a r dr d
 I 0 a cos a2  r 2
 /2  a
2
0
2
  a r d
  a cos
 /2
 0 a sin  d   a cos 0 /2  a

a 5 ax  x 2 x2  y 2
Ex.34 Evaluate
0 2 ax y2
dy dx [M.U. 2004]

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by the parabola y 2  4 ax and the circle

 5a 2 2  5a 
2
 x    y    . The point of intersection of the circle and the parabola
 2   2 
is (a, 2a).
Putting x  r cos , y  sin  , the parabola y 2  4 ax becomes r 2 sin 2 
 4a cos i.e. r  4a cos /sin 2  and the circle y 2  5ax  x 2 i.e. x 2  y 2  5ax
becomes r 2  5a r cos  i.e. r  5a cos . Hence, r varies from 4a cos  /sin 2 
to 5a cos .
Now, at A  a, 2 a  , x  r cos   a, and
y  r sin   2 a
 tan   2    tan 1 2 and at 0,
   /2
 /2 5a cos  r
 I
tan1 2 4a cos2  r 2 sin2  r dr d
sin 
 /2 d
tan1 2 r 4a cos /sin2  sin2 
5 a cos 


 /2  4 a cos   d

tan1 2 5a cos  sin2   sin2 
 /2
 cos  4 a cos  

  5a
tan 1 2  sin 2 
  d
sin 4  
Now, put sin   t .
1 dt 1 dt
 I  5a
2/ 5 t 2
 4 a
2 / 5 t4 
1 1
 1 4a  1 
 5a      3
 t 2 / 5 3  t 2 / 5

Prof. Subir Rao 20 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

 5  4a  5 5  a
 5a   1   1    5 5  11  
 2  3  8  3

a 
2 2
a2  x 2  x  y dy dx
Ex.35 Change into polar coordinates and evaluate 0 0 e

[M.U. 1990, 2002]

Solution: Putting x  r cos , y  r sin  the given limit
y 2  a2  x 2 i.e. the circle x 2  y 2  a2 , changes to
r  a and y  0 i.e. the x-axis changes to the initial
line   0 ; x  0 , the y-axis becomes    /2 .
Hence, in the given region r changes from 0 to a and
 changes from 0 to  /2 .
 /2 a r 2
 I 0 0 e r dr d

 /2  1 r 2  a
 0  2 e

 d
0
1  /2   a2 

2 0  
 e  1  d

1 2   2
   e a  1   0 /2   1  e a 
2  4 
2 x  x2
 x2  y2  dy dx
1
Ex.36 Evaluate by changing to polar coordinates 0 x
[M.U. 1998, 2005, 12]
Solution: The region of integration is bounded by y = x, a line; y  2 x  x 2 i.e.

x 2  2x  y 2  0 i.e.  x  12  y 2  1 i.e. a circle with centre at (1, 0) and

radius 1. x = 0, the y-axis and x = 1, a line parallel to the y-axis.

If we put x  r cos , y  r sin  , y  2x  x 2 i.e.

x 2  y 2  2 x becomes r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2   2r cos
i.e. r  2 cos . The line y = x becomes r sin   r cos
i.e. tan   1 i.e.    /4, x 2  y 2 becomes r 2 .
Now, consider a radial strip in the region
OAB. On this strip r varies from r = 0 to r  2 cos .
Then  varies from  /4 to  /2 .
 /2 2 cos  2  /2 2 cos  3
 I  /4 0 r r dr d   /4 0 r dr d

2 cos 
 /2  r 4  1  /2 4
   
 /4  4 
 0
d  
4  /4
2 cos 4  d

Prof. Subir Rao 21 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

 /2  /2  1  cos 2 2
4  /4 cos 4  d  4  /4  2
 d


 /4  1  2 cos 2  cos 
 /2 2
 2 d

 /2  1  cos 4 
  /4  1  2 cos 2  2
 d

 /2  3 cos 4 
  /4  2  2 cos 2  2
 d

 /2
3 sin 4 
    sin 2 
2 8  /4
3  3  3
 .  . 1  1
2 2 2 4 8
a a  a2  y 2 dx dy
Ex.37 Evaluate 0 y [M.U. 1992, 2002]
 4a 2 2
x y 
2 2

Solution: The curve x  a  a2  y 2 is the circle  x  a 2  y 2  a2 . We evaluate this

integral by changing the co-ordinates to polar. In polar form the above circle
i.e. x 2  y 2  2 ax becomes r  2 a cos . The line x = y in polar form becomes
   /4 .
The region of integration is OAB. Hence,
 /4 2 a cos  r d dr
I  
 
0 0 2
4 a2  r 2
2 a cos 
1  /4  1 

2 0  2 2
 4a  r 0
d

1  /4  1 1 
 
2 0  2 2 2
 2  d
 4 a  4 a cos  4 a 
1  /4  1 

8a2 0  1  2 
 1  cos  
d

1  /4  sec2  

8a2 0  1  2  d
 sec   1 
1   /4 1 dt 
 2  0
8a  d 
0 2  t 2   (Put t  tan  )

1
1   /4  1 1 t 
 2  0   tan  
8a   2 2 0 

1  1 1 
 I 2  4
 tan 1
8a 2 2 

Prof. Subir Rao 22 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
1 x
Ex.38 Change to polar coordinate and evaluate 0 0  x  y  dy dx
[M.U. 1997, 99, 2003, 05, 10]
Solution: The region of integration is bounded by the line y = 0 i.e. the x-axis, the line
y = x, the line x = 0 i.e. the y-axis and the line x = 1.
To change the coordinate system, we put
x  r cos , y  r sin  . Then the line y = x becomes
r cos  r sin  . i.e.    /4 and the line x = 1
becomes r cos  1 i.e. r  sec .
Now, consider a radial strip as shown in
the figure. On this strip r varies from r = 0 to
r  sec and then  varies from   0 to  /4 .
 /4 sec
I 0 0  r cos  r sin   r dr d
 /4 sec
 0 0  cos  sin   r 2 dr d
sec
 /4  r3 
 0  cos   sin    
 3  0
d

1  /4
 
3 0
 cos  sin   sec3  d
1   /4 2  /4 1 
 
3 0  sec  d 
0 3
cos .sin  d 

 /4
1  1  
 tan  0 /4   2 
 Put cos  t
3  2 cos   
 0

1 1  1 1 1
 1   2  1     1   
3 2  3 2 2
a2  y 2
 
a/ 2
Ex.39 Change to polar coordinates and evaluate 0 y log x 2  y 2 dx dy

[M.U. 2002, 11, 12]

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by x = y, a line through the origin;
x  a2  y 2 i.e. x 2  y 2  a2 , a circle with centre at the origin and radius a;
y = 0, the x-axis and y  a / 2 , a line parallel to the
x-axis. When x = y, x 2  y 2  a2 gives 2x 2  a2 i.e.
x  a / 2 and then y  a / 2 . Thus, the line and


the circle intersect in A a / 2 , a / 2 
To change to polar, we put x  r cos , y  r sin  .

Prof. Subir Rao 23 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Then x 2  y 2 changes to r 2 and x = y changes to r cos  r sin  i.e.

cos  sin  i.e.    /4 .
Now, consider a radial strip in the region of integration OAB.
On the strip r varies from r = 0 to r = a. Then  varies from   0 to
   /4
 /4 a  /4 a
0 0 log r 0 0 2 log r.r dr d
2
 I .r dr d 
a
 /4  r2 r2 1 
2 0 

log r .
2 
 . dr  d
2 r 
0
a
 /4  r2 r2 
 I2 0 

log r .
2
  d
4 
0
 /4  a2 a2   2 a2   /4
2 0  log a   d   a log a  
 2 4   2  0
d 
 2 a2   /4  1 
  a log a    0  a2  log a   .
 2   2 4


EXERCISE
Change to polar coordinates and evaluate :
2a  2 ax x2  x dy dx
 0 0 x y2 2
[M.U. 2009, 11]

4 a2
Ans.
3
a a x2
 0 y 2
x y 2
dx dy [M.U. 1994]

a3
Ans.
3

log 1  2 
1 x  x2 4xy 
 x2  y 2 dy dx
 0 0 2
x y 2
e [M.U. 2010]

1
Ans.
e
4 16  x 2 dy dx

0  4x x2 16  x  y 2 2
[M.U. 1989]

Ans. 4

Prof. Subir Rao 24 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

2 4  x2 dy dx

0  2x x2 4  x2  y 2
[M.U. 1992]

Ans. 2
a2  x 2
 x2  y2  dy dx
a
 0 0 [M.U. 2003]

 a4
Ans.
8

a a2  x 2 xy e 
 x2  y 2 

0  ax  x 2 2 2
x y
dy dx [M.U. 2001]

Ans.
1 
2
4a 
 1 
 a 2  a2
e 

 1

a2  x 2
 x2  y2 dy dx
a
 0 0 y [M.U. 2005]

a4
Ans.
4
  dx dy
   [M.U. 2002]
a 2
x y2

2 3 /2

2
Ans.
a

Ex.40 Evaluate  xy dx dy over the region bounded by the x-axis, ordinate at x = 2a and

the parabola x 2  4 ay [M.U. 2003]

Solution: In the region y varies from 0 to x 2 /4 a and x varies from 0 to 2a.
2 a x 2 /4 a
 I 0 0 xy dy dx

x 2 /4 a
y2 
2a 
 
 x. 
 2 
0 
dx
0
2a x x4 1 2a 5
  .
0 2 16 a2
dx 
32 a2 0
x dx 
2a
1  x6  1 64 a6 a 4
    . 
32 a2  6  0 32 a2 6 3
1
Ex.41 Evaluate  x 4  y 2 dx dy [M.U. 1996, 2002, 07]
R

Prof. Subir Rao 25 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Solution: The boundaries of the region are y  x 2 a parabola

with vertex at the origin and opening upwards. The
line x = 1 is a line parallel to the y-axis. The region
of integration is the region between the line x = 1
and the branch of the parabola in the first quadrant.
In this region consider a strip parallel to the
y-axis. On this strip y varies from y  x 2 to y   .
Then x varies from x = 1 to x   .
  dy
 I  
2 dx
1 x 2
y  x 2 2
 

 1 1 y   1   
 
1  x 2
tan 
x 2  x2
dx   
1 x 2  2 4 
dx


 dx   1  
4 1
 2
      0  1 
x 4  x 1 4 4

 xy dx dy over the area bounded by the parabolas y  x

2
Ex.42 Evaluate and x   y 2
[M.U. 1997, 2005]
Solution: The two parabolas are as shown in the figure. They intersect in O(0, 0) and
A(1, 1).
In the region OAB, consider a strip parallel to the x-axis. On this strip x
varies from x   y to x   y 2 and then y varies from y = 0 to 1.
1 y2
 I
0  y
y.x dx dy

y2
1  x2 

 y 
0  2 
  y
dy

1 1  4
 
y y  y  dy
2 0  
1
1  y6 y3 
 
1 1 5
 y  y 2 dy    
2 0 2  6 3 
0
1 1 1 1
   
2 6 3 12
Ex.43 Evaluate  y dx dy over the area bounded by x  0, y  x 2 , x  y  2 in the first
quadrant. [M.U. 2003, 05]
Solution: We have to find the integral over the region OAB.

Prof. Subir Rao 26 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
2 x
1 2 x 1  y2 
 I  
0 x2
y dy dx   
0 2  2
 x

dx

1 1 2
 2  x   x  dx

4

2 0 

 
1 1
 4  4x  x 2  x 4 dx
2 0
1
1 x3 x5 
  4x  2 x 2   
2  3 5 
0
1 1 1  16
 4  2    
2 3 5  15
Ex.44 Evaluate  xy  1  x  y  dx dy over the area bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1.
[M.U. 1996, 97, 2000, 02, 03]
Solution: We shall first integrate w.r.t. y. Now y varies 0 to 1 – x
We shall firs find
1 x
 I1  0 y  1  x  y dy

Suppose 1  x  a
a
 0 y  a  y dy Put y = at
1 1/2 1/2 1/2
 0 a t a  1  t 1/2 a dt
1 1/2
 a2 0 t  1  t 1/2 dt
Now put t  sin 2   dt  2 sin  cos d
 /2
 I 1  a2 0 sin  .cos  .2 sin  cos  d
 /2
 2 a2 0 sin 2  cos2  d

1.1   a2
 2 a2 . . 
4.2 2 8
1 1/2 2   1 1/2
 I  x .a dx  x  1  x 2 dx

0 8 8 0
2
Again put x  sin  , dx  2 sin  cos d
  /2
8 0
 I sin  .cos 4  .2 sin  cos  d

  /2
4 0
 sin 2  cos5  d

 1.4.2.1 2
 . 
4 7.5.3.1 105

Prof. Subir Rao 27 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

Ex.45 Evaluate  xy 1  x  ydx dy over the area of the triangle formed by

R
x  0, y  0, x  y  1 . [M.U. 1996, 2001, 10]
Solution: The region of integration is shown in the figure. Now, consider a strip parallel
to the x-axis. On this strip x varies from x = 0 to x  1  y . Then y varies from
y = 0 to y = 1.
1 1 y
 I 0 0 y.x  1  y   x .dx dy
Now, put x   1  y  t  dx   1  y  dt
When x  0, t  0 ; when x  1  y , t  1
1 1
 I 0 0 y  1  y  .t  1  y    1  y  t . 1  y  dt dy
1 1 2
 0 0 y  1  y  . 1  y .t 1  t .dt dy
1 1 5/2
 0 0 y  1  y  . t  1  t 1/2  .dt dy
 
1 5/2 1
0 y  1  y 
1/2
 dy 0 t  1  t  dt

Put t  sin 2  and y  sin 2 

 dt  2 sin  cos d
dy  2 sin  cos d
 /2  /2
 I 0 sin 2  cos5  .2 sin  cos d  0 sin 2  cos  .2 sin  cos d
 /2  /2
2 0 sin 3  .cos6  d  2 0 sin 3  cos2  d

2.5.3.1 2 16
 4. . 
9.7.5.3 5.3.1 945
ax  by
Ex.46 Prove that  e dx dy  2 R where R is area of the triangle whose boundaries are
R
x = 0, y = 0 and ax  by  1 . [M.U. 1996, 98]
Solution: Consider a strip parallel to the x-axis. On this strip x varies from x = 0 to
x   1  by  / a . Then y varies from y = 0 to y = 1/b.
1/ b  1by  / a
 I 0 0 e ax  by dx dy

 e ax 
 1by  / a
1/ b by
 0
e  
 a  0
dy

1/ b eby
 e1by  1 dy  1
  e  e  dy
1/ b
0
by

a   a 0

Prof. Subir Rao 28 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
1/ b
1 eby  1   1  e 1
  ey    e     
a  b  a   b  b b
0
1  1  1  1  
  2     
ab  2  a  b  
 2R where R is the area of the triangle OAB.
y dx dy
Ex.47 Evaluate


a  x  ax  y 2
where R is the ragion bounded by and y = x.
R
[M.U. 1998, 2012]
Solution: We shall first integrate with respect to y and then with respect to x.
The curve y 2  ax is a parabola with vertex at the origin and opening
on the right; y = x is a line through the origin.
In the region of integration consider a strip parallel to the y-axis. On
the strip y varies from y = x to y  ax . Then x varies from x = 0 to x = a.
1 ax 1 y dy
 I 0 x .
 a  x  ax  y 2
dx

a 1 ax
 0  a  x   ax  y 2 
x
dx

a 1 
 0  a  x  0  ax  x 2  dx

a x
 0 ax
dx

Now, put x  a sin 2   dx  2 a sin  cos d

 /2a sin 
 I 0 a cos 
.2 a sin  cos  d

 /2 1  a
 2a
0 sin 2  d  2 a. . 
2 2 2
Ex.48 Evaluate  x  x  y  dx dy where R is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 2), (0, 4).
R
[M.U. 1997]
Solution: Let O(0, 0), A(1, 2), B(0, 4) be the vertices of the triangle OAB. The equation of
y 0 x0
the line OA is  i.e. y  2 x . The equation
02 00
y 2 x1
of the line AB is  i.e. y  2x  4
2  4 10
Now, consider a strip parallel to the y-axis. On
this strip y varies from y = 2x to y  2x  4 and then
x varies from x = 0 to x = 1.

Prof. Subir Rao 29 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
2 x  4
1 2 xy 2 
x 
1 2 x  4
0 2x 
2
I  xy dy dx   x y   dx
0
 2  2x

1 2 x x
  x  2 x  4    2x  4 2  x 2 .2 x   2x 2  dx
0  2 2 
1
0 2x
3
  4x 2  2x 3  8x 2  8x  2x 3  2x 3  dx


0  4x 
1 3
  12 x 2  8x dx
1
  x 4  4x 2  4x 2   1
 0

  x 
2
Ex.49 Evaluate  y 2 dx dy over the area of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 1),
(1, 1), (1, 2). [M.U. 1997]
Solution: The equation of the line AC is
y 2 x1
 i.e. y  x  1
1 1

0 1  x  y  dy dx
1 x 1
2 2
 I
x 1
1 2 y3 
  x y 
0


3 
dx
1

 
1 
0
 2
 x  x  1  


 x  1 3 
3




 
x2 
1 
 dx
3 

1
1 3x 2 
 
1 1
 4x 3  3x 2  3x dx   x 4  x 3  
3 0 3  2 
0
1 3 7
 1  1  
3  2  6
m1 n 1
Ex.50 Evaluate  x y dx dy over the region bounded by x  y  h , x  0, y  0
[M.U. 2002]
Solution: The region is bounded by the x-axis, y-axis and the line x  y  h .
On the strip y varies from 0 to h – x and then strip moves from x = 0 to x = h.
h h  x m1 n 1
 I 0 0 x y dy dx
h x
h  x n1  yn 
Let I1  0
y dy  
 n  0
1
 h  x n

n
h 1
Now, I  xm1 .  h  x n dx
 Put x  ht
0 n

Prof. Subir Rao 30 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
1 m1 m1 1 n
  h .t . h  1  t n .h dt
0 n
hm n 1 m1
 t  1  t n dt

n 0

hm n m n  1 hm n m n
 . 
n m  n  1 m  n m  n

Ex.51 Evaluate  xy  y 2 dx dy where R is a triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (10, 1) and
R
(1, 1) [M.U. 1997, 98, 2002, 04]
Solution: The triangle OAB is as shown in the figure. The equation of the line OA is
y 1 x1
 i.e. y  x
10 10
The equation of the line OB is
y  1 x  10
 i.e. x  10y
1  0 10  0
Now, consider a strip parallel to the y-axis. On this strip x varies from
x = y to x = 10y. Then y varies from y = 0 to y = 1.
1 10 y
 I 0 y xy  y 2 dx dy

10 y

2 3 /2 
  9y 2  0 
3 /2
1  xy  y  1
   3 /2  y 
dy  0 dy
   3 /2  y
0

 y
1
2 1  y3 

2
 27.y dy  18    6
3 0  3  0
m1 n1 1 m n m n 
Ex.52 Show that  x y dy dx 
2n
a b B  ,  1  where R is the positive quadrant
2 2 
R
y2
x2
of the ellipse  1 [M.U. 1997]
a2 b 2
Solution: To evaluate the integral consider a strip parallel to the y-axis.
b 2
On this strip y varies from y = 0 to y  a  x 2 and then x varies
a
from x = 0 to x = a.
a b a2  x 2 / a m  1 n  1
 I  0 0
x y dy dx

b a2  x 2 / a
a m1  y n 
 
0
x  
 n  0
dx

Prof. Subir Rao 31 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

a m  1 1 bn
 a2  x 2 
n /2
 0
x . . n
n a
dx

Now, put x  a sin   dx  a cos d

When x  0,  0 ; when x  a,   /2
 /2 bn
 I 0 n
am 1 sin m 1  .an cosn  .a cos  d
n.a
n  /2
1 b m1 n
 . n .a .a .a. sin m  1  .cosn  1  d

n a 0

am .bn 1  m n 
 . B .  1
n 2 2 2 
2x y 5
Ex.53 Evaluate  2 2
1 x y  y 4
dx dy where R is the region of the triangle whose vertices
R
are (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1). [M.U. 1995, 2003, 05]
Solution: Let O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(0, 1) be the vertices of the triangle OAB. Now, the
equation of the line AB is y = 1 and the equation of the line OA is
x0 y 0
 i.e. x = y
01 01
Now, consider a strip parallel to the x-axis. On this strip x varies from
x = 0 to x = y. The strip moves from y = 0 to y = 1.
1 y 2 y 5 .x
 I 0 0 dx dy
1  y   x y
4 2 2

1 y1 2 y 5 .x
 0 0 y .
1 y 4
dx dy

2
 x2
y
y
 1  y4
1 

 2y 4  2
 x dy
0  y2 
 0
 1  y4
1 1  y4 

4
2  dy
 2y y 
0  y2 y 2 
 

1  y4 
1 4 1
 2y
0 y

y 
 dy
 
1
1 3
 4
y 1
y  1  y 4 .y 3  dy  2   .
1  y 4 3 /2 
  
2

0  
 4 4 3 /2 
 
 0

Prof. Subir Rao 32 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals


1 1 2 1 1 1
I  2  .    
4 4 3 2 3 6
dx dy 
Ex.54 Prove that  2 2

4
where R is the region of the first quadrant of the
R 1x  y

ellipse 2 x 2  y 2  1 . [M.U. 1995]

2 x2 y2
2 1
Solution: The ellipse 2 x  y  1 i.e.   1 has semi-major axis a  and
1/2 1 2
semi-minor axis b = 1.
If we consider a strip parallel to the x-axis, on this strip x varies from
x = 0 to x  1  y 2 / 2 . This strip moves from y = 0 to y = 1.

1 1 y2  /2 dx dy
 I
0 0  1  y 2   x2
1  y 2  /2 dy
  
1 x 
 sin 1 

0  1  y2 
 0
1  1  1
 sin 1 
  dy  dy 
0  2 0 4
 
  y 10 
4 4

 xy dx dy over the region R given by x

2
Ex.55 Evaluate  y 2  2x  0, y 2  2x , y  x
R
[M.U. 1994, 97, 2005, 07, 10]
Solution: The given region is bounded by the line y = x, the
parabola y 2  2 x , the circle  x  12  y 2  1 with
centre (1, 0) and radius = 1. For evaluating the
integral we see that the region is divided into two
parts, OAB and ABC.
In the region OAB. Consider a strip parallel
to the y-axis. On this strip y varies from
y  2 x  x 2 to y  2 x and then x varies from x =
0 to x = 1.
In the region ABC, consider again a strip parallel to the y-axis. On this
strip y varies from y = x to y  2 x , and then x varies from x = 1 to x = 2.
1 2x 2 2x
 I
0  2xx 2
xy dy dx 
1 x xy dy dx

Prof. Subir Rao 33 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

2x 2x
 y2 
1 2  y2 

 x.  
0  2 
  2x x 2
dx  x  
1  2 
 x
 dx


1 1 
2 0  
x. 2 x  2 x  x 2  dx 
  1 2 

x 2x  x 2  dx
2 1  

 
1 1 3 1 2

2 0 
x dx 
2 1
2 x 2  x 3 dx
1 2
1  x4  1  2x3 x 4 
      
2  4  2  3 4 
0 1
1 1  16 16 2 1 
      
8 2 3 4 3 4
1 1  64  48  8  3  1 11 14 7
    8  24  24  12
8 2  12

EXERCISE
Solve the following examples :

  x 
2
 Evaluate  y 2 dx dy over the area of the triangle whose vertices are at the
points (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2). Ans. 2 /3 [M.U. 2011]
x2 y2
 Evaluate  xm1y n 1dx dy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse   1.
a2 b 2
[M.U. 1997]
am b n m n 
Ans. B ,  1
n 2 2 
y e2 y
 Evaluate  1  x x  y 
dx dy where R is the region of the triangle whose vertices
R
are (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1). [M.U. 1998]

Ans.

4
 e2  1

  x 
2
 Evaluate  y 2 dx dy over the area of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0),
(1, 0), (1, 2). [M.U. 2002]
Ans. 7/6

 xy dx dy over the area bounded by y

2
 Evaluate  4x and y  2x  4 [M.U. 2002]
Ans. 45/2

Prof. Subir Rao 34 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

  x 
2
 Evaluate  y 2 dx dy over the area enclosed by the curves
R
y  4x , x  y  3, y  0, y  2 [M.U. 1989]
Ans. 463/48
dy dx
 Evaluate  1  2x  y 2 2
over the first quadrant of the ellipse 2 x 2  y 2  1

[M.U. 1995, 2003]

Ans.  /2 2
 Evaluate  xy  x  1 dx dy where R is the region bounded by xy  4, y  0, x  1, x  4
R
[M.U. 1995, 2009]
Ans. 8  3  log 4 

 xy  x  y  dx dy where R is the region bounded by x

2
 Evaluate  y and x = y.
R
[M.U. 1988, 2000, 02, 08]
Ans. 3/56

 r
3
Ex.56 Calculate dr d over the area included between the circles r  2 sin  and
r  4sin  . [M.U. 1988, 90, 2002]
Solution: The circle r  2 sin  i.e. r 2  2r sin  becomes in Cartesian system
2
x2  y 2  2 y i.e. x 2   y  1  1 . Similarly, the circle r  4sin  i.e.
2
r 2  4r sin  becomes in Cartesian system x 2  y 2  4y i.e. x 2   y  2   4 .
In the given region r varies from 2 sin  to 4 sin  and  varies from 0 to .
4 sin 
 4 sin   r4 
0 2 sin r dr d  0  4 2 sin d
3
 I

1  4

4 0 

4 sin 4   2 4 sin 4   d

  /2
 60 0 sin 4  d  120 0 sin 4  d

3 1  45
 120. . .  .
4 2 2 2

Prof. Subir Rao 35 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

r d dr
Ex.56 Evaluate  r 2  a2
over the loop of the lemniscates r 2  a2 cos 2

[M.U. 1993, 2000]

 
Solution: In the given region r varies from 0 to a cos 2 and  varies from  to .
4 4
 /4 a cos 2 r d dr
 I  /4 0 a2  r 2
a cos 2
 
 /4  2 2 1/2 
  /4 
r  a 
0
d

 /4  2 
 /4 
2
 a  a cos 2  a d

 /4
a  /4  2.cos   1 d

 /4
 2 a  2.sin    
0
  a
 2 a 1     4   
 4 2

EXERCISE

Solve the following examples :

 Evaluate  r a2  r 2 .dr d over upper half of the circle r  a cos [M.U. 1988]

a3
Ans.  3  4 
18

 r
2
 Evaluate dr d over the area between the circles r  2 a cos [M.U. 1988]
28 3
Ans. a
9
r dr d
 Evaluate  r 42
over the loop of r 2  4 cos 2 [M.U. 1989]

Ans. 4  

 Evaluate  r sin  dA over the cardioide r  a  1  cos  above the initial line.
[M.U. 2010]
Ans.  4 /3  a3

Prof. Subir Rao 36 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

 y x 2  y 2  ax  0
2
Ex.57 Evaluate dx dy over the area outside and inside

x 2  y 2  2 ax  0 [M.U. 1991, 93, 2006]

Solution: First we note that x 2  y 2  ax  0 i.e.  x   a /2 2  y 2   a /2 2  and

 
x 2  y 2  2 ax  0 i.e.  x  a 2  y 2  a2 are circles as shown in the figure.
We change the given integral into polar co-ordinates. Putting
x  r cos , y  r sin  in x 2  y 2  2 ax  0 , we get r 2  ar cos  0 i.e. r  a cos
and in x 2  y 2  2 ax  0 , we get r 2  2 ar cos  0 i.e. r  2 a cos .
Replacing dx dy , by r d dr , we get
 /2 2 a cos  2
I2 0 a cos r sin 2  .r dr d
2 a cos 
 /2 r4 
0
2
2 sin    d
 4  a cos 
1  /2 2 

2 
0
sin  16 a4 cos 4   a4 cos 4   d
 
15a 4  /2

2 0 
cos 4  sin 2  d

15a 4 3.1.1  15 a 4

 . . 
2 6.4.2 2 64

 x2  y 2 
2

Ex.58 Evaluate  2 2
x y
dx dy over the area common to x 2  y 2  ax and

x 2  y 2  by , a, b  0 [M.U. 2002, 03, 08]

2
Solution: First we note that x 2  y 2  ax i.e.  x   a /2   y 2  a2 /4 and x 2  y 2  by
2
i.e. x 2   y   b /2   b2 /4 are the circles as shown in the figure.
If we change to polar coordinates by putting x  r cos ; y  r sin  , the
equations of the circles become r  a cos , r  b sin  . At the point of
intersection a cos  b sin 
a
 tan  
b
a
i.e.   tan 1     say.
b

 x2  y 2 
2
r4
Also,  4
x2 y 2 r sin 2  cos2 
Now, integral over the region OBA.

Prof. Subir Rao 37 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

 b sin  r4
I1  0 0 r 4 sin 2  cos2 
r dr d

 b sin  1
  
0 0 sin 2  cos2 
r dr d

b sin 
 r2 1
   
0 sin 2  cos2   2 
 0
d

1 2  b2
b  sec2  d   tan  0

2 0 2
1 1 a ab
 b2 tan   b2  .
2 2 b 2
And integral over the region OCA.
 /2 a cos  1
I2 
 0 
sin  cos2 
2
r dr d

a cos 
 /2 1  r2 
   
sin 2  cos2   2  0
d

a2  /2 a2  /2

2  
cos ec 2 d    cot  
2
a2 1 b 1
 0  cot    a2  ab
2 2 a 2
 Required integral = ab.
x2 y 2
Ex.59 Evaluate  x2  y 2 over the annular region between circles x 2  y 2  a2 and

x2  y 2  b2 ; a  b   0  [M.U. 2002]
Solution: Changing to polar coordinates, we see that
 /2 a r 4 sin 2  cos2 
I4 0 b r2
r dr d

a
 /2 r4 
0
2 2
4 sin  cos    d
 4  b

  0 sin2  cos2  d
 /2
 b 4  a4

  b 4  a4  . .   b 4  a4  .
1.1  
4.2 2 16

 
dx dy 2
Ex.60 Evaluate  over the loop of the lemniscates x 2  y 2  x2  y 2
 
2
1  x2  y 2

[M.U. 1985, 2003, 07]

Prof. Subir Rao 38 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
Solution: Changing to polar coordinates by putting x  r cos , y  r sin  , dx dy  r d dr

the equation of the lemniscates becomes 

r 4  r 2 cos2   sin 2   i.e.

r 2  cos 2 . The loop is shown in example 63.

cos 2
 
 /4 cos 2 r dr d  /4
1 1 
I  /4 0  
 
d
   /4 2  1  r 2 
2
1  r2   0
1  /4  1 
  .2
2 0  
 1  cos 2
 1 d

 /4  1  /4
 1 
0
2
  sec   1  d    2 tan   
2   0
1    1
     
2 4  4 2

Ex.61 Evaluate 
dx dy
4  x2  y 2
over one loop of lemniscates x 2  y 2  4 x 2  y 2    
[M.U. 1992]
Solution: In Ex. 56, put a = 2
 I  4 
Ex.62 Evaluate  a2  x 2  y 2 .dx dy where R is the area of the upper half of the circle
R
2 2
x  y  ax . [M.U. 1988, 95, 2008]
Solution: The region is upper half of the circle with centre at  a /2  ,0  and radius a.
Now, in this region r varies from 0 to a cos and  varies from 0 to  /2 .
 /2 a cos 
I 0 0 a2  r 2 .r dr d

Now, put a2  r 2  t  2r dr  dt

When r  a cos , t  a2 sin 2 
When r  0, t  a2
a2 sin 2 
 1
 I
a2 t 1/2    dt d
 2
a2 sin 2 
1  /2  t 3 /2 

2 0   
 3 /2  a2
d

a3  /2

1  /2 3
3 0 
3
3
a sin   a d 
3 0

1  sin 3  d   
a3   /2  /2 
 
3  0 d 
0 
sin 3  d 


Prof. Subir Rao 39 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

a3  2  a
3

3  2 3  18  3  4 
 .1 

dx dy
Ex.63 Change to polar coordinates and evaluate  over one loop of the
R 1  x 2
y 
2 2

 
2
lemniscates x 2  y 2  x2  y 2 [M.U. 1995, 2007]

 
2
Solution: If we put x  r cos  , y  r sin  , x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2 becomes


r 4  r 2 cos2   sin 2   i.e. r 2  cos 2
1 1

  
2 2

2
1  x2  y 1  r2

Now, on the loop r varies from 0 to cos 2 and  varies from  /4 to  /4

.
 /4 cos 2 r dr d
 I  /4 0
 
2
1  r2

 /4 cos 2 r dr d
2 0 0
1  r2 
2

cos 2
 /4 1  
1
2 0  
2  1  r  0
2
d

 /4  1   /4  1 
 0  1  cos 2  1  d 
0  1 
 1  cos 2 
d

 /4  sec2    tan   /4
 0 1 
 2 
 d   
 2  0
 1  2
  
4 2 4
1
Ex.64 Change to polar coordinates and evaluate  xy
dx dy where R is the region of
R
2 2
integration bounded by x  y  x  0 and y  0 [M.U. 2001, 06, 07]
Solution: The curve x2  y 2  x  0 i.e.
 x   1/2 2  y 2   1/2 2  is a circle with centre
 
 1/2,0  and radius 1/2. The line y = 0 is the x-
axis. The region of integration is the upper semi-
circle OAB.

Prof. Subir Rao 40 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals

To change to polar put x  r cos , y  r sin  . Then x 2  y 2  x  0

changes to r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2   r cos i.e. r 2  r cos i.e. r  cos .
Now, consider a radial strip. On this strip r varies from r = 0 to
r  cos . Then  varies from   0 to    /2 .
 /2 cos  1
 I 0 0 r sin  cos 
r dr d

 /2 cos  dr d

0  0 
sin  cos 
 /2 1
  r 0cos d
0 sin  cos 
 /2 1

0  sin  cos 
.cos  d

 /2
 0 sin 1/2  cos1/2  d

1  1 3  1 1/4 3/4
 B ,   .
2 4 4 2 1
1 
 . 2. 
2 2
 a2 b 2  b 2 x 2  a2 y 2 
Ex.65 Evaluate   2 2 2 2
 a b  b x  a y 
2 2
dx dy where R is the region bounded by the ellipse

x2 y2
 2  1. [M.U. 1997, 2002, 09]
a2 b
Solution: We use elliptical polar coordinates i.e. we put


x  ar cos , y  br sin  , dx dy  abr dr d . The ellipse x 2 / a2  y 2 /b2  1 is  
transformed to circle r 2  1 i.e. r  1 .


 a2 b 2 1  r 2
   a b r dr d
 I  
 a2 b 2 1  r 2
 


 /2 1 1  r 2
4 0 0 1  r2
a b r dr d

 /2 1 1  r 2
 4 ab 0 01r 4
r dr d . Put r 2  sin t

 /2  /2 1  sin t 1
 4 ab
0  0 
cos t 2
. cos t dt d
 /2  /2
 2 ab 0 0  1  sin t  dt d
 /2
 2 ab 0 t  cos t 0 /2 d

Prof. Subir Rao 41 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Double Integrals
 /2       /2
 2 ab 0  2  1

d  2 ab 
2
 1
 0
d

   
 2 ab   1   0 /2   ab   1 
2  2 
 2 2
1  x  y  
Ex.66 Evaluate  

 1  x 2
 y 2


over the area of the positive quadrant of the circle

x 2  y 2  1 by changing to polar co-ordinates. [M.U. 1997, 98]

Solution: Putting a = 1, b = 1 in the above example, we get
 
I     1
2 

EXERCISE
Evaluate the following integrals over the region stated, by changing to polar coordinates:

  
3/2
 xy x 2  y 2 dx dy over the first quadrant of the circle x 2  y 2  a2
[M.U. 1995, 2003]
2
Ans. a /4

Prof. Subir Rao 42 Cell : 9820563976