DATA DICTIONARY

IN ABAP (OR) SAP

DATA DICTIONARY: (CONTAINS GLOBAL DEFINTIONS)

A DATA DICTIONARY IS GLOBAL REPORSITY OF INFORMATION IN ABAP. IT CONTAINS ALL THE GLOBAL
DEFINITIONS THAT CAN BE USED IN ANY APPLICATION OF SAP.

COMPONENTS OF DATA DICTIONARY (WHICH CONTAINS GLOBAL DEFINITIONS)

TRANSACTION CODE: SE11

THE FOLLOWING OBJECTS

ARE MAINTAINED.

(OR)

DATA DICTIONARY: DICTIONARY IS A PLACE WHERE WE HAVE VOCABULARY

IT IS A CENTRAL REPOSITORY WHERE WE MAINTAIN (CREATE, CHANGE, DELETE) THE OBJECTS WHICH ARE
RELATED TO DATABASE.

DATA DICTIONARY IS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF APPLICATION LAYER

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NOTE:
 TABLE IS ALWAYS CLIENT INDEPENDENT. IF A TABLE IS CREATED IN ONE CLIENT, THE TABLE IS
AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED IN ALL THE CLIENTS WITH IN THE INSTANCE.
 DATA WHAT WE MAINTAIN IN TABLE IS CLIENT-DEPENDENT, MEANING, IF THE DATA IS MAINTAINED IN
ONCE CLIENT THEN THE DATA IS PRESENT ONLY IN THAT CLIENT.
 DATA (IS OF TWO TYPES) CAN BE MAINTAINED EITHER IN CLIENT-DEPENDENT AND CLIENT INDEPENDENT.
 THE CLIENT DEPENDENT DATA IS SAVED IN A TABLE WHICH HAS THE FIRST FIELD AS ‘MANDT’ (CLIENT ID).
 THE CLIENT INDEPENDENT DATA IS SAVED IN A TABLE WHICH DOES NOT HAVE FIRST FIELD AS ‘MANDT’
 APPLICATION DATA IS A CLIENT DEPENDENT DATA. HENCE THE FIRST FIELD IN APPLICATION DATA BASE
TABLE SHOULD BE ‘MANDT’ AND PART OF PRIMARY KEY.
 WHILE MAITAINING THE DATA IN DATABASE TABLES THE VALUE FOR ‘MANDT’ WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY
POPULATED BY THE SYSTEM.
 TABLE HAS DEFINITION PART -> IT IS WHERE DEFINITIONS ARE CREATED.
 TABLE HAS MEMORY PART -> IT IS WHERE DATA IS STORED IN ROWS AND COLUMNS
 TABLE IS GROUP OF RELATED ENTITY CALLED AS FIELDS. THIS IS CALLED AS DEFINTION. NO DATA COMES
IN TO PICTURE.
 PROPERTIES FOR FIELD IS DOMAIN AND DATAELEMENT

DATA DICTIONARY DEFINITION:

DATA DICTIONARY IS A VIRTUAL DATABASE, BECAUSE FOR ALL THE DEFINTIONS IN DATA DICTIONARY THE
MEMORY IS ALLOCATED IN THE DATABASE.
(OR)

ABAP DICTIONARY CENTRALLY DESCRIBES AND MANAGES ALL THE DATA DEFINITIONS USED IN THE
SYSTEM. THE ABAP DICTIONARY IS COMPLETELY INTEGRATED IN THE ABAP WORK BENCH. ALL THE OTHER
COMPONENTS OF THE WORKBENCH CAN ACTIVELY ACCESS THE DEFINITIONS STORED IN ABAP DICTIONARY.
THE ABAP DICTIONARY SUPPORTS THE DEFINITION OF USER-DEFINED TYPES (DATA ELEMENTS,
STRUCTURE AND TABLE TYPES). YOU CAN ALSO DEFINE THE STRUCTURE OF DATABASE OBJECTS (TABLES,
INDEXES AND VIEWS) IN ABAP DICTIONARY. THESE OBJECTS CAN BE AUTOMATICALLY CREATED IN THE
DATABASE WITH THESE DEFINITIONS.

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NOTE:
 DATA DICTIONARY WILL BE THERE IN APPLICATION LAYER.
DEFINITIONS FOR TABLE (APPLICATION LAYER)
TABLE
MEMORY FOR THE TABLE (DATABASE LAYER)
 DEFINITION OF THE TABLE IS DEFINED IN DATA DICTIONARY OF APPLICATION LAYER.
 THE DB TABLE HAS TWO MEANINGS.

FROM DATA DICTIONARY POINT OF VIEW, THE DB TABLE IS A GROUP OF RELATED ENTITIES CALLED AS
FIELDS.
DEFINITION EX:

STABLE
SNO
SNAME
SPLACE
SBRANCH

FROM DATABASE POINT OF VIEW, DB TABLE IS A STORAGE OF DATA IN ROWS AND COLUMNS

EG:
SNO SNAME SPLACE SBRANCH

DATA DICTIONARY IS CALLED AS VIRTUAL DATABASE.

TABLE IS CREATED IN DATA DICTIONARY OF APPLICATION LAYER AND MEMORY IS ALLOCATED FOR IT IN
DATABASE LAYER.

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DATABASE TABLE:
 FROM DATA DICTIONARY POINT OF VIEW A TABLE IS A GROUP OF RELATED ENTITIES CALLED AS FIELDS.
EACH FIELD IN THE TABLE DEFINITION CONTAINS CERTAIN PROPERTIES LIKE FIELD NAME, FIELD
DESCRIPTION, DATA TYPE, FIELD LENGTH ETC.,
 FROM DATA BASE POINT OF VIEW, A DATABASE TABLE IS THE DATA ARRANGED OR SAVED IN ROWS AND
COLUMNS.

DEFINITION:
 A DATABASE TABLE IS A COLLECTIONO OF ROWS AND COLUMNS TO STORE BUSINESS DATA.
 EACH ROW IS CALLED AS RECORD.
 EACH COLUMN IS CALLED AS A FIELD.

THE PROPERTIES OF A FIELD IN A TABLE ARE CATEGORISED AS:

 DATA ELEMENT AND
 DOMAIN

HOW TO DEFINE A TABLE?

 TO DEFINE A TABLE WE NEED TO DEFINE THE FIELDS FIRST.
 TO DEFINE A FIELD WE NEED TO SPECIFY

1. WHAT IS THE DATA TYPE? CALLED AS DOMAIN

2. WHAT IS THE LENGTH?

3. WHAT IS THE DESCRIPTION? CALLED AS DATA ELEMENT

EG: KUNNR IS A FIELD

DATATYPE : CHAR
LENGTH : 10
DESCRIPTION : CUSTOMER NUMBER

 IN SAP THE TABLES ARE CREATED USING THE DATA ELEMENTS AND DOMAIN CONCEPTS.
 IN SAP, A FIELD IS DEFINED USING DATA ELEMENTS, DOMAIN
FIELD = DATA ELEMENT + DOMAIN

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DATA ELEMENT: THE DATA ELEMENT GIVES THE MEANING OF A FIELD, NOTHING BUT DESCRIPTION OF A
FIELD IN A TABLE.
(OR)
IT IS AN OBJECT WHICH SPECIFIES THE SEMANTIC INFORMATION SUCH AS FIELD DESCRIPTION, FIELD LABLE
FOR A FIELD.
THE DATA ELEMENT IS INTERLINKED WITH DOMAIN.

DOMAIN: THE DOMAIN GIVES YOU THE TECHNICAL ATTRIBUTES OF A FIELD IN A TABLE.
(OR)
IT IS AN OBJECT WHICH SPECIFIES THE TECHNICAL INFORMATION SUCH AS DATA TYPE, LENGTH FOR A FIELD.
AND ALSO DATA TYPE, LENGTH, FIXED VALUES, VALUE TABLE.

DOMAIN IS ASSIGNED TO DATA ELEMENT.

DATA ELEMENT IS ASSIGNED TO FIELD.

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNTAX AND SEMANTIC?

SYTAX: STRUCTURE
SEMANTIC: IS MEANING OF A STRUCTURE

KEYFIELD: IT IS A SINGLE FIELD OR A GROUP OF FIELDS WHICH ARE USED TO IDENTIFY A SINGLE RECORD
UNIQUELY

STEPS TO CREATE A TABLE

 GO TO SE11.
 SELECT THE DATABASE TABLE.
 GIVE NAME AS EG: ZCUST_TABLE
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE DELIVERY CLASS AS A
 SPECIFY DISPLAY / MAINTENANCE ALLOWED.
 CLICK ON FIELD TAB.
 SPECIFY THE FIELDS AS BELOW

FIELD NAME KEY DATA ELEMENT NAME

ZCUSTNO  ZCUSTNO

CREATING DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAIN

 DOUBLE CLICKON DATA ELEMENT: ZCUSTNO

 CLICK ON SAVE
 CLICK ON YES TO CREATE DATA ELEMENT.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION AS CUSTOMER NUMBER.
 GIVE DOMAIN NAME AS ZCUSTNO.

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  DOUBLE CLICK ON ZCUSTNO.
 CLICK ON SAVE
 CLICK ON YES
 SPECIFY DATA TYPE AS CHAR AND LENGTH AS 10.
 SAVE & ACTIVATE DOMAIN.
 CLICK BACK.
 SAVE & ACTIVATE DATA ELEMENT.
 CLICK ON BACK.
 SIMILARLY CREATE REMAINING FIELDS WITH DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAIN AS BELOW

FIELD NAME KEY DATA ELEMENT NAME

ZCUSTNO  ZCUSTNO
ZCUSTNAME ZCUSTNAME
LAND1 ZLAND1

 FINALLY CLICK ON TECHNICAL SETTINGS BUTTON

 SPECIFY
DATA CLASS AS APPL0.
SIZE CATEGORY AS 0.
 SAVE IT.
 CLICK ON BACK.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE TABLE.

CREATING RECORDS INTO THE TABLE:

 CLICK ON UTILITIES FROM MENU BAR.

 CLICK ON TABLE CONTENT -> CREATE ENTRIES.
 SPECIFY CUSTNO, NAME, COUNTRY.
 CLICK ON SAVE.
 SIMILARLY CREATE THE RECORDS.

DISPLAY THE TABLE DATA.

 CLICK ON UTILITIES -> TABLE CONTENTS -> DISPLAY

 CLICK ON EXECUTE BUTTON.
 ALL THE RECORDS WILL BE DISPLAYED.

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 PROPERTIES OF THE TABLE

PROPERTIES OF THE TABLE:

DELIVERY CLASS
IT SPECIFIES THE TYPE OF DATA TO BE STORED IN A DATABASE TABLE.

THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE.

DELIVERY CLASS SHORT TEXT

A APPLICATION TABLE (MASTER & TRANSACTION DATA)

C CUSTOMIZING TABLE, MAINTENANCE ONLY BY CUSTOMER, NOT SAP IMPORT.

L TABLE FOR STORING TEMPORARY DATA, DELIVERY EMPTY

G, E, S, W USED TO STORE SYSTEM DATA.

MOSTLY USED BY SAP
WE DONT CREATE ANY TABLE OF THIS TYPE.

WHAT IS DELIVERY CLASS?

DELIVERY CLASS SPECIFIES THE TYPE OF DATA THAT IS BEING STORED IN THIS DATA BASE TABLE. ALWAYS THE
VALUE SHOULD BE ‘A’. A - STANDS FOR APPLICATION DATA WHICH HOLDS EITHER MASTER OR TRANSACTION
DATA.

DATA BROWSER / TABLE VIEW MAINTENANCE

DISPLAY / MAINTENANCE:
 DISPLAY MEANS DISPLAYING THE TABLE DATA.
 MAINTENANCE MEANS CREATION, MODIFYING, DELETING THE TABLE DATA.
 THIS OPTION WILL SPECIFY WHETHER THE TABLE DATA CAN BE DISPLAYED OR MAINTAINED.
 WE HAVE 3 OPTIONS AVAILABLE.

DISPLAY / MAINTENANCE ALLOWED:

 IF THIS OPTION IS SELECTED WE CAN DISPLAY THE DATA AND WE CAN MAINTAIN THE DATA.

DISPLAY / MAINTENANCE NOT ALLOWED:

 IF THIS OPTION IS SELECTED, WE CANNOT DISPLAY THE DATA AND WE CANNOT MAINTAIN THE DATA.

DISPLAY / MAINTENANCE ALLOWED WITH RESTRICTIONS:

 IF THIS OPTION IS SELECTED, ONLY A GROUP OF PEOPLE WILL HAVE THE AUTHORIZATION TO DISPLAY
AND MAINTAIN THE DATA.
 THE AUTHORIZATION IS GIVE BY BASIS CONSULTANTS.

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CAN WE CREATE A TABLE WITH OUT PRIMARY KEY? NO

PRIMARY KEY: (IT IS A SINGLE FIELD OR A GROUP OF FIELDS WHICH ARE USED TO IDENTIFY A SINGLE RECORD
UNIQUELY.)

 IT IS A COMBINATION OF VALUES IN PRIMARY FIELDS. THE VALUE IN THE PRIMARY SHOULD BE

UNIQUE AND NOT NULL.
 THE PROPERTIES UNIQUE AND NOT NULL ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRIMARY KEY AS A WHOLE BUT NOT
TO PRIMAR FIELDS INDEPENDENTLY.

 PROPERTIES OF PRIMARY KEY AS WHOLE ARE UNIQUE AND NOT NULL.

 PROPERTIES OF PRIMARY FIELD IS NOT UNIQUE AND NOT NULL

UNIQUE (THE VALUES IN THE PRIMARY KEY IS UNIQUE – NO DUPLICATION)

PRIMARY KEY
NOT NULL (THERE SHOULD BE SOME VALUE IN THE FIELD)

PRIMARY VALUE OF MANDT IS 800.

PRIMARY VALUE OF EMPNO IS ABCD1234

PRIMAY KEY VALUE IS 800ABC1234

PRIMAY KEY VALUE: THE COMBINATION OF VALUES IN PRIMARY FIELDS

F1 F2 F3
PRIMARY KEY VALUE F4 F5 F6
PRIMARY KEY PRIMARY KEY PRIMARY KEY
AAA A A A B C D
AAC A A C B O R
A A - - P Q R
AAC (INVALID RECORD) A A C B C D
NULL (INVALID RECORD) - - - M N O

ALL THE PRIMARY FIELDS OR PRIMARY KEY IN A DATABASE TABLE SHOULD BE FIRST FIELD OF YOUR TABLE.

NOTE: THE ABOVE ARE DEFINTIONS OF TABLE

NOTE: MEMORY PART OF THE TABLE AS FOLLOWS:

POINTS:
 RACKS IN LIBARARY
 TABLE SPACE IN DATABASE

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PROPERTIES OF THE TABLE:

TECHNICAL SETTINGS
DATA CLASS
SIZE CATEGORY
BUFFERING
LOGGING

DATA CLASS: (IT SPECIFIES THE PHYSICAL AREA OF A TABLE IN THE DATA BASE SERVER)
SPECIFIES WHERE EXACTLY THE MEMORY HAS TO BE ALLOCATED FOR THE DB TABLE IN THE DATABASE.

OPTIONS:

There are the following data classes:

APPL0 (master data):

Data that is seldom changed.
An example of master data is the
data contained in an address file,
such as the name,
address and telephone number.

APPL1 (transaction data):

Data that is frequently changed.
An example of transaction data is the
Goods in a warehouse which change
after each purchase order.

APPL2 (organizational data):

Customizing data that is defined when the
system is installed and seldom changed.
An example is the table with country codes.

 THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE.

DATA CLASS DESCRIPTION

APPL 0 MASTER DATA, TRANSPARENT TABLES
APPL1 TRANSACTION DATA, TRANSPARENT TABLES

 DEPENDINGON THE TABLE TYPE I.E, WHETHER IT IS A MASTER TABLE OR TRANSACTION TABLE, WE
HAVE TO SELECT EITHER APPL0, APPL1.
 THE REMAINING OPTIONS ARE USED BY BW CONSULTANTS.

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SIZE CATEGORY:

IT SPECIFIES THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF RECORDS THAT CAN BE STORED IN A TABLE.

(OR)
SPECIFY THE AMOUNT OF MEMORY THAT HAS TO BE ALLOCATED FOR THE TABLE IN THE DATABASE.

THE SIZE CATEGORY SPECIFIES THE AMOUNT OF MEMORY THAT HAS TO BE EXTENDED FOR A TABLE WHEN
THE PREVIOUSLY ALLOCATED MEMORY IS FULL.

INITIAL MEMORY OF TABLE IS 8KB.

 WE ALWAYS SELECT THE SIZE

CATEGORY AS '0' ONLY BECAUSE
THE MEMORY WILL BE CREATED
FOR SMALL AMOUNT OF DATA.
 IF THE MEMORY IS NOT SUFFICIENT
THE SYSTEM WILL INCREASE THE
MEMORY AUTOMATICALLY.

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BUFFERING:
BUFFER: IS A TEMPORARY MEMORY.
BUFFERING: LOADING INTO MEMORY. DATABASE LAYER
MECHANISM OF LOADING DATA FROM DB TABLE.
CONVERSION
BUFFERING IS REQUIRED FOR MASTER DATA. TAKES PLACE
BUFFER IS ADVANTAGE FOR MASTER DATA.
SELECT LESS SIZE CATEGORY. HERE
APPLICATION LAYER
BUFFERING IS NOT REQUIRED FOR TRANSACTION DATA.
BUFFER IS DIS-ADVANTAGE FOR TRANSACTION DATA. BUFFERING
IT IS GREAT DISADVANTAGE FOR TRANSACTION DATA.
TRANSACTION DATA REQUIRE MORE MEMORY PRESENTATION LAYER
SELECT HIGH SIZE CATEGORY.
OPEN SQL

CACHE
PROGRAM DATA AVAILABLE MEMORY TO GET DATA FROM DATABASE
/ DATABASE AND STORE A
DATA NOT AVAILABLE COPY IN BUFFER
TABLE /

BUFFER

 IT IS TEMPORARY MEMORY TO STORE THE DATA. IT IS ALSO CALLED AS CACHE MEMORY. THE
FUNCTIONALITIES OF BUFFER.
 THE PROGRAM / TABLE CHECK WHETHER THE DATA IS AVAILABLE IN BUFFER MEMORY.
 IF IT IS AVAILABLE THE DATA FROM CACHE MEMORY IS GIVEN BACK TO THE PROGRAM OR TABLE,
THEREBY INCREASING THE PERFORMACE OF A PROGRAM / TABLE.
 IF IT IS NOT AVAILABLE THE CACHE MEMORY WILL FORWARD THE REQUEST TOTHE DATABASE. THE
DATABASE WILL RESPOND WITH THE DATA TO THE CACHE MEMORY. THE CACHE MEMORY WILL
RETURN THE DATA TO THE PROGRAM / TABLE BY STORING A COPY INTHE CACHE MOMORY.

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BUFFERING PERMISSIONS: (OR) BUFFERING OPTIONS
BUFFERING NOT ALLOWED : DATA IS NOT STORED IN BUFFER. BY DEFAULT THIS IS SELECTED.
BUFFERING ALLOWED BUT SWITCHED OFF
BUFFERING SWITCHED ON

BUFFERING TYPES
SINGLE RECORDS BUFFERING: ONLY THOSE RECORDS THAT WE READ FROM DATABASE TABLE ARE INTO
BUFFER.
GENERIC AREA BUFFERED: WHERE ALL THE RECORDS THAT SATISFY THE GENERIC KEY WILL BE CREATED AS A
BUFFER.

GENERIC KEY: NUMBER OF KEY FIELDS THAT WE ARE CONSIDERING FOR BUFFERING.

GENERIC KEY = 1 THAT MEANS, CONSIDERING ONLY THE FIRST FIELD. WHICH IS A
BUFFERING WILL BE CREATED FOR THE VALUE OF A
CREATED FOR FOUR RECORDS

GENERIC KEY = 2 THAT MEANS, CONSIDERING ONLY THE FIRST FIELD & SECOND FIELD. WHICH IS AA
BUFFERING WILL BE CREATED FOR THE VALUE OF AA.
CREATED FOR 3 RECORDS

GENERIC KEY = 3 THAT MEANS, CONSIDERING ONLY THE FIRST FIELD, SECOND FIELD & THIRD FIELD. WHICH IS
AAA
BUFFERING WILL BE CREATED FOR THE VALUE OF AAA.
CREATED FOR 1 RECORDS

GKV GENERIC KEY GENERIC KEY VALUES P.K. F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

3 VALUES 1
VALUES (P.K) (P.K) (P.K.)
2
AAA VALUES=AA A AAA A A A B C D
AAB AA A AAB A A B C D E
APQ AP A APQ A P Q R S T
AAC AA A AAC A A C O H K

1 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 RECORDS = SAME VALUES A, AA, AAA

FULLY BUFFERED: ALL RECORDS WILL BE FETCHED IN TO THE BUFFER. THE MOVEMENT YOU TOUCH THE
TABLE, ALL THE RECORDS WILL BE FETCHED FROM DB TABLE TO BUFFER.

WHAT IS THE RELATION BETWEEN FIELD, DOMAIN AND DATA ELEMENT?

DOMAIN IS REFFERRED / ASSIGNED TO DATA ELEMENT.
DATA ELEMENT IS ASSIGNED TO FIELD.

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CLIENT NUMBER:
A NUMBER WHICH IS USED TO PROVIDE SECURITY FOR THE DATA AT DATABASE LEVEL IS CALLED AS CLIENT
NUMBER.

CLIENT-DEPENDENT TABLE:
 A TABLE WHICH STORES THE DATA IN A SPECIFIED CLIENT IS CALLED CLIENT DEPENDENT TABLE.
 THE DATA IS NOT ACCESSABLE FROM OTHER CLIENTS.
 TECHNICALLY IF THE FIRST FIELD IS MANDT, THEN IT IS CALLED AS CLIENT DEPENDENT TABLE.

MANDT:
 IT IS A FIELD WHICH IS USED TO STORE THE CLIENT NUMBER.
 THE DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAIN IS ALSO MANDT.

CLIENT-INDEPENDENT TABLE:
A TABLE WHICH STORES THE DATA IN ALL THE CLIENTS IS CALLED CLIENT INDEPENDENT TABLE.
TECHNICALLY IF THE FIRST FIELD ISNOT MANDT, THEN IT IS CALLED AS CLIENT INDEPENDENT TABLE.

NOTE:
IN THE REAL TIME 95% OF TABLES WHAT WE CREATE ARE CLIENT DEPENDENT TABLES.

ADVANGES OF DATA ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS:

1. THE SAME DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAINS CAN BE RE-USED IN MULTIPLE TABLES FOR DEFINING THE FIELDS.
2. THE DATA ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS ARE USED IN CREATING FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIPS.
3. THE SAME DATAELEMENTS AND DOMAINS ARE USED IN CREATING SEARCH HELPS.
4. THE SAME DATA ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS ARE REUSED IN CROSS APPLICATIONS FOR ALE, IDOC'S.

PROPERTIES OF DOMAIN
SIGN:
 IT IS A CHECKBOX WHICH IS USED TO STORE THE SIGN OF A NUMBER.
 IF THIS OPTION IS SELECTED WE CAN STORE NEGATIVE SIGN FOR A NUMBER.
 IF IT IS NOT SELECTED WE CANNOT STORE THE SIGN AND BY DEFAULT IT IS POSITIVE NUMBER
 EG: DOMAIN WERTV8 STORES NEGATIVE NUMBER.

LOWERCASE:
 IT IS A CHECKBOX WHICH IS USED TO STORE THE CHARACTERS IN A MIXTURE OF CAPITAL AND SMALL
LETTERS.
 IF IT NOT SELECTED BY DEFAULT ALL THE CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN CAPTIAL LETTERS
 EG: DOMAIN NAME1.

FIXED VALUES:
 THIS OPTION IS USED TO SET THE FIXED VALUES OR CONSTANTS SO THAT DOMAIN CAN ACCEPT ONLY
THOSE VALUES. IF WE ENTER OTHER VALUES, THE SYSTEM THROUGHS AN ERROR.
 EG: DOMAIN GENDER.

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CONVERSION ROUTINE:
 IT IS BASICALLY FUNCTION MODULE WHICH IS USED TO CONVERT A VLAUE FROM EXTERNAL FORMAT
TO INTERNAL FORMAT AND VICEVERSA.
 EG: CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_INPUT IS A FUNCTION MODULE FOR DOMAIN KUNNR.

QUESTIONS
CAN WE CREATE A FIELD WITH OUT DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAN?
ANSWER IS YES, BY CLICKING ON PRE-DEFINED TYPE.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DELIVERY CLASS?

WHILE UPDATING ONLY APPLICATION DATA WILL BE UPDATED.
CUSTOMIZING DATA -> IT WILL ASK WHETHER TO UPDATE.
TEMPORARY DATA -> WILL NOT BE UPDATED.

TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR (TMG)

NOTE:
TMG WILL BE CREATED IN FORM OF FUNCTIONS.
TMG IS STANDARD SAP PROGRAM.

 IT IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE MASS / BULK AMOUNT OF DATA I.E., CREATE, CHANGE, DELETE
BULK DATA.
 IT IS ALSO USED FOR VALIDATING (USING EVENTS) THE TABLE FIELDS BY WRITING ABAP CODE
INSIDE THE FORM ROUTINES (SUB PROGRAMS).
 THE FORM ROUTINES ARE AVAILABLE IN TABLE EVENTS.

STEPS TO CREATE TMG:

 SM30 IS THE TRANSACTION CODE FOR TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR.
 GO TO SE11, GIVE THE TABLE NAME.
 CLICK ON CHANGE.
 CLICK ON UTILITIES -> TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR.
 GIVE AUTHORIZATION GROU PAS &NC& (WITH OUT AUTHORIZATION GROUP)
 GIVE THE FUNCTION GROUP AS TABLE NAME
 SELECT ONE STEP AS MAINTENANCE TYPE.
 CLICK ON FIND SCREEN NUMBER BUTTON.
 PRESS ENTER ON THE POP-UP.
 CLICK ON CREATE ICON.
 THE TMG WILL BE CREATED.
 CLICK ON SAVE & CLICK ON BACK.
 GO TO SE80.
 SELECT FUNCTION GROUP FROM THE LIST.
 GIVE THE FUNCTION GROUP NAME AS SAME OF TABLE NAME.
 PRESS ENTER.
 RIGHT CLICK ON THE ROOT FOLDER OF (TABLE NAME) AND ACTIVATE.

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TESTING TMG:

 GO TO SM30 GIVE THE TABLE NAME.

 CLICK ON MAINTAIN BUTTON.
 CLICK ON NEW ENTRIES BUTTON.
 ENTER DATA AND SAVE IT.
 THE DATA SHOULD BE SAVED IN THE TABLE.

NOTE:
 ONCE TMG IS CREATED, THE TABLE SHOULD NOT BE CHANGED.
 SUPPOSE IF THE TABLE IS CHANGED LIKE ADDING EXTRA FIELD, THE TMG WILL NOT WORK.
 SO THE EXISTING TMG MUST BE DELETED AND SHOULD BE RE-CREATED AGAIN.

EXAMPLE ON TMG
BUSINESS REQUIREMENT: VALIDATE THE CUSTOMER NAME FIELD IN THE TABLE (ZCUSTOM) TO
CHECK IF THE NAME = ‘SPACE’. IF IT IS SPACE THEN RAISE AN ERROR MESSAGE.

QUESTIONS

WHY, WE ARE GOING FOR TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR (TMG)?

BECAUSE, IN PRODUCTION SYSTEM END USER’S ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR SE11.

CAN WE CREATE A TABLE FIELD WITH OUT A DATA ELEMENT?

YES, WE CAN CREATE BY USING PRE-DEFINED DATA TYPES. IF WE DO LIKE THIS WE CANNOT CREATE
LABELS.

CAN WE CREATE A DATA ELEMENT WITH OUT DOMAIN?

YES, WE CAN CREATE BY USING PRE-DEFINED DATA TYPE (RADIO BUTTON AT DATA ELEMENT LEVEL)
BUT WE CANNOT DEFINE VALUE RANGES IN DOMAIN.

IN HOW MANY WAYS WE CAN CREATE TABLE?

WE CAN CREATE TABLE IN TWO WAYS
TOP-TO-BOTTOM APPROACH:
TABLE -> FIELD -> DATA ELEMENT -> DOMAIN
BOTTOM-TO-TOP APPROACH:
TABLE <- FIELD <- DATA ELEMENT <- DOMAIN

PRELIMINARY DTA TYPES

DATA TYPES
USER DEFINED DATA TYPES

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 TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR (TMG)
ONE OF THE WAYS TO MAINTAIN DATA

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SECOND WAY:

 IN PRODUCTION SERVER END USERS WILL MAINTAIN DATA.

 END USER WILL NOT BE GIVE AUTHORIZATION FOR SE11 TRANSACTION.
 THEY GO AND MODIFY THE TABLE IF THEY HAVE AUTHORIZATION.

NOTE:
SO GO FOR TMG.
TMG IS A MECHANISM WHICH IS USED FOR MAINTAINING DATA NOT FROM SE11.

DEFINITION:
TMG IS A MECHANISM THAT IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE DATA IN A DATABASE TABLE IN THE PRODUCTION
SERVER.

QUESTION: DO WE CREATE TMG FOR ALL THE CUSTOM TABLES THAT WE CREATE?
ANSWER: NO.

QUESTION: THEN FOR WHAT & WHICH TABLE WE CREATE TMG.

ANSWER: FOR WHICH WE MAINTAIN DATA AND USE IN APPLICATION, ONLY FOR THEM WE CREATE TMG.

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 STEPS FOR TMG

UTILITIES -> TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR

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ENTER AUTHORIZATION GROUP (FOR E.G. 0SBC)

YOU CAN SELECT EITHER ONE STEP OR TWO STEP. ASSIGN SCREEN NUMBERS (TO ASSIGN SCREEN NUMBERS
CLICK ON THE BUTTON 'FIND SCR NO'. IT WILL PROPOSE SCREEN NO'S)

THEN CREATE. SAVE

SINGLE STEP: ONLY OVERVIEW SCREEN IS CREATED I.E. THE TABLE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM WILL HAVE ONLY
ONE SCREEN WHERE YOU CAN ADD, DELETE OR EDIT RECORDS.

TWO STEP: TWO SCREENS NAMELY THE OVERVIEW SCREEN AND SINGLE SCREEN ARE CREATED. THE USER
CAN SEE THE KEY FIELDS IN THE FIRST SCREEN AND CAN FURTHER GO ON TO EDIT FURTHER DETAILS.

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CLICK ON CREATE

NOW DO THIS

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 TCODE :::: SM30

GIVE TABLE NAME

CLICK ON MAINTAIN

Click on NEW ENTRIES

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WE COPY AND PASTE
OR
WE CAN MANUALLY CREATE ENTRIES

NOW TO GO TO SE11 AND EXECUTE THE TABLE.

NOTE:
IF A TMG IS ALREADY CREATED FOR A TABLE, FOR ANY FURTHER CHANGES TO THE TABLE, THE EXISTING TMG
HAS TO BE DELETED AND REGENERATED ONCE AGAIN TO REFLECT THE NEW CHANGES IN THE TMG.

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 CREATE TRANSACTION CODE: SE93

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 If we select SHOW = X in
default values, then table
will only be displayed, we
cannot update it.

NOTE:
PATH TO CREATE TMG:
UTILITIES -> TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR IN CHANGE MODE.
 IF WE MAKE ANY CHANGES IN TABLE AFTER CREATING A TMG FOR A TABLE, FURTHER CHANGES TO
THE TABLE WILL NOT BE REFLECTED CHANGES TO THE TABLE WILL NOT BE REFLECTED IN TMG, THE
EXISTING TMG HAS TO BE DELETED & REGERATED.
 FOR CREATING & DELETING WE DO ONLY IN SE11.
 IN CHANGE MODE OF THE TABLE WE CAN FIND DELETE BUTTON.
 EVEN SM30 IS ALSO NOT AUTHORIZED FOR END USERS, SO WE NEED TO CREATE A CUSTOM
TRANSACTION CODE.
 A DATABASE TABLE IS A CLIENT INDEPENDENT COMPONENT WHERE AS THE DATA THAT WE MAINTAIN
IN THE TABLE IS CLIENT DEPENDENT.
 THE DISADVANTAGE OF CREATING FIELDS WITH OUT DATA ELEMENT IS HERE WE CANNOT GET THE
FIELD LABELS.

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 EVENTS IN TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR

TOTALLY WE HAVE 39 EVENTS IN TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR.

Events in the Table Maintenance Generator:

Events are used in TMG for Field Validation.

We need to create TMG and then we need to need create events.
Steps to create events:

Create Table Maintenance Generator for the table with the below fields.

Create an event as below.

Click on utilities TMG TMG table is opened.

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 Click on Environment Menu Modification Events.

A new screen is opened.

Click on new entries button.
Press F4 on the first field and select an event.
Eg: 05  Create new entry.

Give the form routine name.

Press Enter.
ABAP editor icon is displayed.

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 Click on the icon and write the below code.

Save it and activate it.

Click on back and save it.
Again click on back for 2 times.
An information box will be displayed with the below msg.

Press Enter
Click on back and make the table to display mode.
Open a new session
Goto SE80.
Select fuction Group from the list.
Give the function Group name i.e., table name.
Press Enter.
Right click on the function group name and select activate.

27
 Now test the table by creating a new record without specifying the name1.
An error message will be displayed at the status Bar.

NOTE:

02 EVENT

FORM XXX
MESSAGE ‘SUCCESSFULLY UPDATED’ TYPE ‘I’.
END FORM.

04 EVENT

FORM XXXX
MESSAGE ‘DELTED SUCCESSFULLY TYPE ‘I’.
ENDFORM.

28
 TYPES OF DATA
DATA

MASTER DATA TRANSACTION DATA

HEADER DATA ITEM DATA

MASTER DATA:
NEVER CHANGES (OR) CHANGES VERY RARELY.

TRANSACTION DATA:
DAY-TO-DAY TRANSACTION.

HEADER DATA:
DATA RELATED TO ORGANZATION.
EG: SALES ORGANIZATION, DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, DIVISION.

ITEM DATA:
DATA RELATED TO ITEMS (ORS) PRODUCTS.
EG: ITEM NUMBER, MATERIAL NUMBER, QUANTITY, PRICE ETC.,

#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#TYPES OF TABLES #=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#

TYPES OF TABLES
We have 3 types of tables
1) TRANSPARENT TABLE
2) POOLED TABLE
3) CLUSTER TABLE

29
TRANSPARENT TABLES:

 IT FORMS ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP WITH TABLE DEFINITION IN THE DATABASE.

 TRANSPARENT TABLES ARE USED TO HOLD APPLICATION DATA, WHICH REPRESENTS MASTER DATA OR
TRANSACTION DATA.
 EG: FOR MASTER DATA:
TABLE OF VENDORS (VENDOR MASTER DATA)
TABLE OF CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER MASTER DATA)
 EG: FOR TRANSACTION DATA:
ORDER PLACED BY A CUSTOMER OR
ORDER PLACED BY A VENDOR.

SE11 ONE - TO -ONE RELATIONSHIP DB

KNA1 KNA1
 USER CAN USE OPEN SQL & NATIVE SQL ALSO.
 BY DEFAULT ALL THE TABLES CREATED BY US ARE CALLED AS TRANSPARENT TABLES.

30
POOLED TABLES:
 FORMS MANY-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP WITH TABLE DEFINITION IN SAP DB.
 ALL THE POOLED TABLES IN SAP WILL BE STORED IN A BIG TABLE BY NAME TABLE-POOL IN DB. IT MEANS THAT
FOR A SINGLE TABLE DEFINED IN THE DB, THERE ARE MANY TABLES IN ABAP DICTIONARY.

THE STRUCTURE OF TABLE-POOL IS:

TAB NAME : CHAR(10) : NAME OF POOLED TABLE IN SAP KEY FIELDS

VAR KEY : CHAR(N) : STORES KEY FIELDS OF POOLED TABLE
DATA LN : INT2(5) : STORES THE LENGTH OF TABLE DATA.
VAR DATA :RAW(N) : STORES THE DATA OF POOLED DATA.

 FOLLOWS LINEAR SEARCH.

 ONLY OPEN SQL STATEMENTS.
 POOLED MAY HAVE / MANY NOT HAVE COMMON PRIMARY KEY.
 POOLED ARE USED TO STORE INTERNAL CONTROL INFORMATION, SCREEN SEQUENCES, PROGRAM
PARAMETERS AND TEMPORARY DATA.
 SECONDARY INDEXES CANNOT BE CREATED.
EXAMPLES:
T138B - MATERIALMASTER SCREEN SEQUENCE CONTROL
T588A - TRANSACTION CODE FOR HR INFO TYPE INFORMATIONS
T030 - STANDARD ACCOUNTS TABLE
 THE DATA IS THE TABLE-POOL IS STORED CONTINUOUSLY WITH OUT ANY PAGE BREAKS (SAME LIKE NOTEPAD
FILES)
 WE DONT CREATE ANY POOLED TABLES.

31
CLUSTER TABLES:
 FORMS MANY-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP WITH TABLE DEFINITION IN SAP DB.
 ALL THE CLUSTER TABLES IN SAP WILL BE STORED IN A BIG TABLE BY NAME TABLE-CLUSTER IN DB. IT MEANS
THAT FOR A SINGLE TABLE DEFINED IN THE DB, THERE ARE MANY TABLES IN ABAP DICTIONARY.

THE STRUCTURE OF TABLE-POOL IS:

TAB NAME : CHAR(10) : NAME OF POOLED TABLE IN SAP KEY FIELDS

VAR KEY : CHAR(N) : STORES KEY FIELDS OF POOLED TABLE
DATA LN : INT2(5) : STORES THE LENGTH OF TABLE DATA.
VAR DATA :RAW(N) : STORES THE DATA OF POOLED DATA.
PAGE NO : : STORES PAGE NUMBER OF DATA
TIME-STAMP : : STORES THE TIME STAMP OF DATA (I.E. DATE / TIME / WHO CREATED)

 DATA IS STORED IN FORM OF PAGES (MS-WORD)

 SECONDARY INDEX ISNOT CREATED

 FOLLOWS BINARY SEARCH.

 ONLY OPEN SQL STATEMENTS.
 ALL THE CLUSTER TABLES HAVE COMMON PRIMARY KEY.
 CLUSTER TABLES ARE USED TO STORE INTERNAL CONTROL INFORMATION, SCREEN SEQUENCES, PROGRAM
PARAMETERS, TEMPORARY DATA.
 SECONDARY INDEXES CANNOT BE CREATED.
EXAMPLES:
BKPG - DOCUMENT HEADER TABLE IN FI MODULE
B SEG - DOCUMENT ITEM TABLE IN FI MODULE
THE TABLE CLUSTER RFBLG HOLDS DATA FOR 5 TRANSPARENT TABLE BSEC, BSED, BSEG, BSES AND BSET.

32
 TRANSPARENT POOL CLUSTER
Contain a single table. Used to They are used to hold a large They are used to hold data from a few
store master data number of very small number of large tables.(stores system
tables(stores system data) data)
It has a one-to-one relationship It has a many-to-one relationship It has a many-to-one relationship with
with a table in the database with a table in the database table in the database
For each transparent table It is stored with other pooled Many cluster tables are stored in a
there is one associated table in tables in a single table called single table in the database called a
the database table pool in the database table cluster
The database table has the The database table has different The database table has different
same name, same number of name, different number of fields name, different number of fields and
fields and the fields have the and fields have different names fields have different names
same names
There is only a single table Table pools contain more tables Contains less tables than table pools
than table clusters
Secondary indexes can be Secondary indexes cannot be Secondary indexes cannot be created
created created

33
 STRUCTURES
USAGE OF STRUCTURE
PROGRAM DATA DICTIONARY
 IN PROGRAM, STRUCTURES ARE USED TO HOLD  IT IS USED TO ADD FIELDS TO TALES OR
(NOT STORE) 1 RECORD OF DATA AT RUNTIME. STRUCTURE
STRUCTURES CANNOT CARRY MULTIPLE  SIGNIFICANCE OF STRUCTURE IS DATA
RECORDS. DICTIONARY IS RE-USABILITY.

SIGNIFICANCE = IMPORTANT, WITH RESPECT TO WHAT.

STRUCTURE:

 IT IS GROUP OF FIELDS. STRUCTURE DOES NOT HAVE MEMORY IN THE DATABASE LIKE TABLE.
 DURING RUNTIME, IT HOLDS ONLY ONE RECORD.
 AT DATA DICTIONARY LEVEL BOTH TABLE AND STRUCTURE ARE THE ONE AND THE SAME.
 THE DIFFERENCE LIES IN THE DATABASE IN TERMS OF MEMORY CREATION.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND TABLE?

DATABASE TABLE STRUCTURE (PART OF DATA TYPE)

IT HAS MEMORY IN THE DATABASE DOESNOT HAVE MEMORY IN THE DATABASE
STORES PERMANENTLY MULTIPLE RECORDS OF DATA HOLDS SINGLE REOCRD AT RUNTIME
NEED TO SPECIFY TECHNICAL SETTINGS SINCE THERE IS NO MEMORY THERE IS NO NEED TO
SPECIFY TECHNICAL SETTINGS
TABLE WILL HAVE PRIMARY KEY AND HAVE PRIMARY STRUCTURE DOES NOT HAVE PRIMARY KEY AND PRIMARY
INDEX. INDEX.
DELIVERY MAINTENANCE UNDERLYING NO CONCEPT OF DELIVERY MAINTENANCE
TMG CAN BE CREATED TMG CANNOT BE CREATED

 FIELDS IN STRUCTURE ARE CALLED AS COMPONENTS.

 NO MANDT IN STRUCTURE.
 STRUCTURE IS ALSO A DATATYPE.

USING STRUCTURES IN TABLES:

THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO USE STRUCTURES
APPEND STRUCTURE .INCLUDE STRUCTURE
APPEND STRUCTURE CAN BE CREATED FOR BOTH INCLUDE STRUCTURE IS ONLY FOR CUSTOM TABLES. WE
STANDARD TABLES AND CUSTOM TABLE. BUT MOSTLY WE CAN INCLUDE STANDARD STRUCTURE OR CUSTOM
USE FOR STANDAR TABLES. STRUCTURE.
ADD THE FIELDS AT THE END OF THE TABLE STRUCTURE CAN BE INCLUDED AT ANY POSITION
APPEND STRUCTURE FOR A TABLE CANNOT BE USED FOR SAME STRUCTURE CAN BE USED AS INCLUDE STRUCTURE
OTHER TABLES I.E, WE CREATE A STRUCTURE DURING FOR MULTIPLE TABLES.
CREATION OF APPEND STRUCTURE. ONE TIME USAGE.
JUST CLICK ON APPEND STRUCTURE BUTTON AND GIVE GIVE THE FIELD NAME AS .INCLUDE AND DATA ELEMENT
NAME AND FIELDS. AS <STRUCTURE NAME>

34
RESTRICTIONS FOR APPEND STRUCTURE:
IF A TABLE IS HAVING A FIELD OR FIELDS WITH DATA TYPES LCHAR, VCHAR, RAW THESE FIELDS SHOULD BE
ALWAYS BE LAST FIELDS OF YOUR TABLE. FOR SUCH FIELDS WE CANNOT MAKE APPEND STRUCTURE.

ACCESS KEY IS OF TWO TYPES:

 DEVELOPER ACCESS KEY
 COMPONENT ACCESS KEY.
DEVELOPER ACCESS KEY COMPONENT ACCESS KEY
ASKS FOR ONE TIME EXISTS FOR EVERY STANDARD COMPONENT
REGISTER YOUR USER ID AS DEVELOPER WHEN YOU OPEN A STANDARD COMPONENT IN CHANGE
ALLOWS YOU TO DO CUSTOM DEVELOPMENTS. MODE.

STEPS TO CREATE A STRUCTURE

 GO TO SE11.
 SELECT  DATA TYPE
 GIVE STRUCTURE NAME, EG: ZADDRESS
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE THE FIELDS AS BELOW.
COMPONENT COMPONENT TYPE
LAND1 (FIELD NAME) LAND1 (DATA ELEMENT)
ORT01 (FIELD NAME) ORT01 (DATA ELEMENT)
PSTLZ (FIELD NAME) PSTLZ (DATA ELEMENT)
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.
STEPS TO INSERT INTO A TABLE

 GO TO SE11.
 OPEN THE CUSTOM TABLE.
 GIVE THE FIELD NAME AS .INCLUDE
 GIVE DATA ELEMENT AS STRUCTURE NAME.
 PRESS ENTER.
 ALL THE FIELDS WILL BE COPIED.
 CLICKON EXPAND ICON TO DISPLAY FIELDS.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.
NOTE:
 SOMETIMES WE WILL BE GETTING AN ERROR WITH A MESSAGE STRUCTURE CHANGE AT THE FIELD
LEVEL.
 TO FIX THE ERROR FOLLOW THE BELOW STEPS.

 GO TO SE14.
 GIVE TABLE NAME.
 PRESS ENTER.
 CLICK ON ACTIVATE & ADJUST DATABASE TABLE.
 THE TABLE ERRORS WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY FIXED AND IT MOVES INTO ACTIVE STATE.

35
 USING APPEND STRUCTURE

BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
ENHANCE THE STANDARD SAP TABLE MARA TO INSERT A NEW FIELD BY NAME MATERIAL DESCRIPTION.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS MARA.
 CLICK ON DISPLAY.
 CLICK ON APPEND STRUCTURE.
 GIVE THE APPEND NAME, EG: ZAPPEND.
 PRESS ENTER, GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE THE FIELD NAME AS MAT_DES.
 GIVE THE DATA ELEMENT AS MAKTX.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.

TO SEE THE FIELD CLICK ON APPEND STRUCTURE AND SELECT THE STRUCTURE NAME ZAPPEND AND PRESS
ENTER.

36
 CURRENCY AND QUANTITY FIELDS
CURRENCY FIELDS:
 A FIELD WHICH IS USED TO STORE AMOUNT DATA IS CALLED CURRENCY FIELD. THE DATA TYPE FOR
CURRENCY FIELD IS CURR.
 FOR EACH CURRENCY FIELD WE SHOULD SPECIFY THE CORRESPONDING CURRENCY KEY TO TELL
WHETHER IT IS INR, USD, EUR, ETC., THE DATA TYPE FOR CURRENCY KEY IS CUKY.
 FINALLY WE SHOULD LINK CURRENCY FIELD AND CURRENCY KEY FIELD USING REFERENCE TABLE NAME
AND REFERENCE FIELD NAME.

QUANTITY FIELDS:
 A FIELD WHICH IS USED TO STORE QUANTITY DATA IS CALLED QUANTITY FIELD. THE DATA TYPE FOR
QUANTITY FIELD IS QUAN.
 FOR EACH QUANTITY FIELD WE SHOULD SPECIFY THE CORRESPONDING QUANTITY UNITS. THE DATA
TYPE IS UNIT.
 FINALLY, WE SHOULD LINK QUANTITY FIELD AND UNITS FIELD USING REFERENCE TABLE NAME AND
REFERENCE FIELD NAME.

STEPS:
 DEFINE A CURRENCY (CURR) OR QUANTITY (QUAN) FIELD.
 DEFINE A CURRENCY KEY (CUKY) OR QUANTITY UNITS (UNIT) FOR ABOVE FIELDS
 FINALLY CLICK ON CURRENCY / QUANTITY FIELDS TAB AND LINK THEM BY USING REFERENCE TABLE
NAME AND REFERENCE FIELD NAME.

EXAMPLE:
 CREATE A TABLE WITH THE FIELDS: CUSTNO, CNAME, AMT, QTY.
 CREATE A FIELD BY CUSTNO, CNAME WITH RESPECTIVE DATA ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS.
 GIVE FIELD NAME AS AMOUNT.
 GIVE DATA ELEMENT AS ZAMT.
 GIVE DOMAIN NAME AS ZAMT.
 SPECIFY THE DATA TYPE AS CURR, LEGTH AS 5.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE THE DOMAIN, DATA ELEMENT.
 SIMILARLY CREATE ANOTHER FIELD AMT_CURR.
 GIVE THE DATA ELEMENT AS ZCURR.
 GIVE THE DOMAIN AS ZCURR.
 SPECIFY THE DATA TYPE AS CUKY, LENGTH AS 5.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE DOMAIN, DATA ELEMENT.
 FINALLY CLICK ON CURRENCY / QUANTITY FIELDS AND SPECIFY REFERENCE TABLE NAME AND FIELD
NAME.
 REPEAT THE SAME PROCEDURE FOR QUANTITY FIELDS ALSO.

FIELD DATA ELEMENT DATA TYPE LENGTH DECIMALS DESCRIPTION

AMT ZAMT CURR 5 2 AMOUNT
AMT_CURR ZCURR CUKY 5 0 CURRENCY
QTY ZQTY QUAN 5 0 QUANTITY
QTY_UNITS ZUNITS UNIT 3 0 UNITS

37
 DATA VALIDATIONS
A primary key is a field or group of fields that uniquely identify a record in a table. Primary Key fields
cannot be NULL and cannot contain duplicate values. If you want to link two tables, the primary key of
one table will be added to another table where primary key of first table will be become the foreign
key of second table

FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP:

A RELATION BETWEEN TWO TABLES FOR VALIDATING THE DATA IS CALLED FORREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP.
VALIDATION:
CHECKING THE VALUE WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR NOT IS CALLED VALIDATION.
FOREIGN KEY TABLE:
A TABLE WHICH IS RELATED OR LINKED WITH CHECK TABLE FOR VALIDATING THE DATA IS CALLED FOREIGN
KEY TABLE.
FOREIGN KEY FIELDS:
A FIELD IN THE FOREIGN KEY TABLE WHICH IS LINKED WITH A FIELD IN THE CHECK TABLE IS CALLED FOREIGN
KEY FIELD.
EXAMPLES FOR CHECK TABLES : KNA1, LFA1, MARA, T001W, TCURR.
EXAMPLES FOR FOREIGN KEY TABLES : KNBK, KNB1, LFB1, LFBK, MAKT, MARC, MARD

 THE DATA VALIDATIONS OF A FIELD ARE SPECIFIED / MAINTAINED AT DOMAIN LEVEL.

 IN DOMAIN, IT IS MAINTAINED AT 'VALUE RANGE'.

VALUE RANGE

SINGLE / FIXED VLAUES INTERVALS VALUE TABLE

VALUES ARE FIXED & FEW IN IF THE GIVEN VALUE IS A VALUE WHEN LIST OF POSSIBLE VALUES
NUMBER WITH IN A RANGE. ARE HUGE IN NUMBER, WE
EG: SGENDER, SBRANCH EG: SNO MAINTAIN THE DATA IN A
SEPERATE TABLE AND ASSIGN
THAT TABLE AS VALUE TABLE.

 TABLE IS INDEPENDENT OF DOMAIN.

 VALUE TABLE DOESNOT PRHIBIT THE VALUES WHICH ARE GIVEN OTHER THAN THE VALUES GIVENIN
VALUE TABLE.
 BOTH FIXED VALUES AND INTERVALS STRICTLY PROHIBIT THE VALUES THAT ARE EITHER OUTSIDE THE
RANGE NOT SPECIFIED INTHE FIXED VALUE.
 BUT VALUE TABLE DOES NOT PROHIBIT THE VALUES THAT ARE NOT MINTAINED IN VALUE TABLE.

VALUE TABLE:
IT IS A TABLE WHICH CONTAINS LIST OF POSSIBLE VALUES FOR A TABLE.
IT IS MAINTAINED AT DOMAINLEVEL.
HERE IT IS EASY TO MAINTAIN AT VALUE TABLE THAN AT FIXED VALUE AT DOMAIN LEVEL.

38
THE DATABASE WE USE IN SAP IS RELATIONAL DATABASE.
HERE TABLES ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER.

DATABASE

LOGICAL DATABASE RELATIONAL DATABASE

TABLES ARE ARRANGED IN TREE STRUCTURE. TABLES ARE HORIZONTALLY RELATED TO EACH
ONLY IN HR MODULE, LOGICAL DATA BASE IS STORED OTHER.
EG:SD, MM, PP, QA, FI TABLES.

SAP HAS A RELATIONAL DATABASE.

 IN RELATION DATABASE, THE TABLES ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER AND THE RELATIONSHIP IS
ESTABLISHED BY MEANS OF COMMON FIELDS BETWEEN THE TABLES.
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TABLES IS BY MEANS OF FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP.
 WHEN TWO TABLES ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER BY MEANS OF COMMON FIELDS AND IF THE
COMMON FIELD MAKES A PRIMARY KEY IN ONE OF THE TABLE THEN OBVIOUSLY THIS COMMON FIELD
WILL BE A NON-KEY FIELD IN OTHER TABLE (CAN BE PRIMARY KEY ALSO).
 THE TABLE IN WHICH THE COMMON FIELD MAKES A PRIMARY EY IS CALLED AS CHECK TABLE & THE
OTHER TABLE IS CALLED AS FOREIGN KEY TABLE.
 THE COMMON FIELD IN THE FOREIGN KEY TABLE IS CALLED AS FOREIGN KEY.
 THIS RELATIONSHIP IS CALLED AS FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP.

FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP:

RELATION BETWEEN 2 TABLES FOR VALIDATING THE DATA IS CALLED FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP.
VALIDATAION:
CHECKING THE VALUE WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR NOT IS CALLED VALIDATION.
FOREIGN KEY TABLE:
A TABLE WHICH IS RELATED OR LINKED WITH CHECK TABLE FOR VALIDATING THE DATA IS CALLED FOREIGN
KEY TABLE.
FOREIGN KEY FIELD:
A FIELD IN THE FOREIGN KEY TABLE WHICH IS LINKED WITH A FIELD IN THE CHECK TABLE IS CALLED FOREIGN
KEY FIELD.
EG: CHECK TABLES: KNA1,LFA1, MARA, T001W, TCURR.
EG: FOREIGN KEY TABLES: KNBK, KNB1, LFB1, LFBK, MAKT, MARC, MARD.

CHECK TABLE:
IT IS A TABLE THAT CONTAINS LIST OF POSSIBLE VALUES FOR A FIELD (FOREIGN KEY).
NOTE:
FOREIGN KEY, WHEN A VALUE IS ENTERED, IT MAKES A CHECK FOR THE VALUE IN ITS CHECK TABLE. IT
ACCEPTS THE VALUE ONLY IF IT IS PRESENT IN ITS CHECKTABLE.

39
 CREATING TABLES AND MAINTAINING THE
FOREIGN KEY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM
Business Scenario:
Suppose we are Maintaining Employee Details and Every Employee has to be assigned to a
Corresponding Department. So the prerequisite is, all the departments should be available first and
then when an Employee master data is created, we can assign only the available Department to the
Employee.

Table 1: Department Table (Independent Table/Master Table/Check Table)

Table 2: Employee Table (Dependent Table/ Child Table/ Foreign Key Table)

Let’s create the tables with all field details,

Create the Table Maintenance Generator,
Maintaining the Foreign Key Relationships,
Maintaining the Entries and Validating the Entries.

CREATING THE DEPARTMENT TABLE: ZEMP_DEPT

Step1
Go to TCODE- SE11
Select the Database Table Radio Button and Provide the Table Name: ZEMP_DEPT and Click on the
'CREATE' Button.

40
Step 2
Provide the Short Description; Click the 'Delivery and Maintenance' tab. Provide the Delivery Class
as 'C' and in the Data Browser/Table View Maintenance Select the Display / Maintenance allowed.
At last click on the Technical Settings Button on the Application tool bar.

Step 3
Provide the Data Class 'APPL0' and the Size Category as: '0'.
Click on the SAVE button and click on the BACK button.

41
Step 4
First create all the required Domains and Data Elements as per the required data types and
length so that we can assign the data element against the fie lds. Provide all the fields and
corresponding data elements. Mark on fields MANDT and DEPT_ID as primary key for this
Department table. Finally click on the Activate Button to activate the Table.

Step 5
In order to maintain multiple entries in the table at a time, we need to create a Table Maintenance
Generator (TMG). Click on the Utilities, and then click on the Table Maintenance Generator Menu
Bar.

42
Step 6
First provide the Authorization Object: '&NC&', then provide the Function Group Name as
'ZEMP_DEPT' (The TMG Function group name normally same as the table name and it is going to
hold all the screen logics that are automatically generated when TMG is created). Select
Maintenance type as One Step and then click on the button 'Find Scr. number(s)'.

Step 7
Select the First radio button 'Propose Screen number(s)' and click on the Tick Button.

43
Step 8
Automatically the Overview Screen is filled with some value and then click on the 'CREATE' button
to create the TMG as shown on the below diagram.

Step 9
At last, click on the 'SAVE' button. Save as local Object.

44
Step 10
If the TMG for the Table is created successfully then a status message is shown as below: 'Request
Completed without Errors' and then click on the back button.

Step 11
Go to UTILITIES, then TABLE CONTENTS and then click on CREATE ENTRIES.

45
Step 12
Click on NEW ENTRIES button.

Step 13
Maintain the DEPT ID and DEPT NAME and click on the 'SAVE' button and at last click on the
BACK button.

46
Step 14
Now click on 'UTILITIES', then 'TABLE CONTENTS' and then click on 'DISPLAY'.

Step 15
Click on the 'EXECUTE' button or else click the F8 button to see all the entries of the table.

47
Step 16
Now all the required Departments are available with their DEPT ID AND DEPT NAME.

LET’S CREATE SECOND TABLE

CREATING THE EMPLOYEE TABLE:

Step 1
Go to TCODE- SE11, Select the Database table Radio button and provide the table name
'ZEMPLOYEE' and then click on the CREATE button.

48
Step 2
Provide the short description, Provide Delivery Class as 'A' and choose
'Display/Maintenance Allowed'. At last click on the 'TECHNICAL SETTINGS' button.

Step 3
Provide the delivery class as 'APPL0' and the Size Category as '0'. click on SAVE and then click on
the BACK button.

49
Step 4
Create all the domains and data elements as per the requirement. Provide the field names with
appropriate data elements. Select the MANDT and the EMP_ID field as the Primary key fields.
Maintain the data element 'ZDEPT_ID' against the DEPT field, the same data element as used the
above DEPT table.

Step 5
Now we have to maintain the foreign key for the DEPT field. So select the particular row and click
on the FOREIGN KEY Button.

50
Step 6
Provide the check table name ZEMP_DEPT and click on the GENERATE PROPOSAL button.

51
Step 7
After clicking the Generate Proposal button, system will automatically populates the matching
domains between the check table and the foreign key table. Just click on the COPY button.

Step 8
Create the TMG for the table and then create the table entries as per the path shown.

52
Step 9
Click on CREATE ENTRIES button to create Employee Details.

Step 10
Provide the Employee details and provide the DEPT ID as any id that does not exist in the DEPT
table and hit the ENTER button and the system will through the below error message as highlighted
below.

53
Step 11
So click on the F4 Button and it will show all the possible values fr om the DEPT table for the field
DEPT_ID in the EMPLOYEE TABLE. Choose any one and hit the ENTER button.

Step 12
Save the Entry by clicking on the SAVE button. Similarly create other employee details and SAVE
the entries and click on the BACK button.

54
Step 13
Click on the highlighted button to see the table entries.

Step 14
Click on the EXECUTE button or hit F8 key.

55
Step 15
Now the employee is only assigned to the departments that are only available in the DEPT table.

56
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHECK TABLE AND VALUE TABLE?

CHECK TABLE VALUE TABLE

CHECK TABLE CONTAINS THE LIST OF POSSIBLE VALUE TABLE IS A TABLE THAT CONTAINS THE LIST OF
VALUES FOR A FIELD. CHECK TABLE STRICTLY POSSIBLE VLAUES FOR A FIELD. FOR THAT FIELD,
PREVENTS THE FIELD TO TAKE ANY OTHER VALUE VALUE TABLE DOESN'T PREVENT TAKING OTHER
THAT IS NOT THERE IN CHECK TABLE VALUES WHICH ARE NOT PRESENT IN VALUE TABLE.
DEFINED AT FIELD-LEVEL DEFINED AT DOMAIN LEVEL.
PROVIDE F4 FUNCTIONALITY NO F4 FUNCTIONALITY
IT IS USED FOR FIELD VALIDATION NOT USED FOR VALIDATION. IF WE WANT
VALIDATION WE HAVE TO CONVERT VALUE TABLE
INTO CHECK TABLE.
VALUE TABLE COMES INTO PICTURE WHERE WE CHECK TABLE COMES IN TO PICTURE WHERE
CONSIDER A FIELD IN A TABLE RELATIONSHIP IS MAINTAINED BETWEEN TABLES.

STEPS TO DEFINE A VALUE TABLE:

STEP1: CREATE A MASTER TABLE FOR CUSTOMER DATA WITH NAME AS YKNA1 & FIELDS AS CUTONO, CNAME,
LAND1.
STEP2: CREATE ANOTHER TABLE TO STORE THE BANK DATA BY NAME YKNA_BANK WITH FIELDS AS CNO,
BANKS, BANKL.
STEP3: LET US DEFINE THE VALUE TABLE.
 OPEN THE TABLE YKNA1.
 DOUBLE CLICK ON THE DATA ELEMENT OF CNO FIELD.
 DOUBLE CLICK ON THE DOMAIN & CLICK ON VALUE RANGE TAB.
 DEFINE THE VALUE TABLE AS YKNA1 (MASTER TABLE).
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.

CONVERTING VALUE TABLE INTO CHECK TABLE

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS YKNA_BANK.
 CLICK ON CHANGE.
 SELECT THE CNO FIELD CLICK ON FOREIGN KEY BUTTON.
 A POP UP IS DISPLAYED WITH FOLLOWING MESSAGE

FOREIGN KEY DOES NOT EXIST

CREATE A PROPOSAL WITH VALUES TABLE

YKNA1 AS CHECK TABLE?

YES NO CANCEL

 IF YOU CLICK ON YES THE VALUE TABLE IS CONVERTED INTO CHECK TABLE.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE

57
 STEPS TO CREATE A VALUE TABLE

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS ZKNA1_CHK.

 CLICK ON CREATE.
 NOW GIVE THE FIELDS AS BELOW.
 GIVE THE FIRST FIELD AS CUST_NO.
 GIVE THE DATA ELEMENT AS ZKUNNR_CH AND PRESS ENTER.

58
 CREATE THE DATA ELEMENT AND DOMAIN BY THE SAME NAME.

 WHENEVER WE ARE CREATING THE DOMAIN, CLICK ON THE VALUE RANGE TAB.
SPECIFY THE VALUE TABLE AS ZKNA1_CH.

 SAVE IT, ACTIVATE IT AND COMEBACK.

59
 DEFINE THE SECOND FIELD AS BELOW.
FIELD NAME – CUST_NAME
DATA ELEMENT – ZNAME1.

 SAVE, ACTIVATE AND CREATE 3 RECORDS IN THE TABLE.

60
CREATE ANOTHER TABLE BY THE NAME ZKNA1_FK1.

GIVE THE FIELDS AS BELOW

FIELDS → CUST_NO, CITY
DATA ELEMENT → ZKUNNR_CH, ZCITY.

SAVE AND ACTIVATE.

61
CREATING FOREIGN KEY RELATION USING VALUE TABLE:

 GO TO THE FOREIGN KEY TABLE ZKNA1_FK1.

 CLICK ON CHANGE.
 SELECT THE FIELD CUST_NO. AND CLICK ON FOREIGN KEY BUTTON.

 A POP WILL BE RAISED WITH THE BELOW MESSAGE.

62
 CLICK ON ‘YES’ BUTTON. A WINDOW WILL BE RAISED AS BELOW.

 CLICK ON ‘COPY’ BUTTON.

 A FOREIGN KEY WILL BE CREATED FOR
ZKNNA1_FK1-CUST_NO.
 SAVE, ACTIVATE AND TEST IT.
 IF YOU GIVE THE CUST_NO. OTHER THAN THE
CUST_NO. IN THE CHECK TABLE, IT WILL
THROW AN ERROR AS BELOW.

63
 INDEX
INDEX IS A COPY OF DATA BASE TABLE. WHEN EVER A TABLE IS CREATED IN DATABASE ALONG WITH THAT
ANOTHER TABLE WILL BE CREATED IN DATABASE.

NOTE:
IT IS A CONCEPT TO ARRANGE THE DATABASE TABLE RECORDS IN ASCENDING ORDER FOR QUICK OR FAST
ACCESSING OF THE DATA.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF INDEXES

1. PRIMARY INDEX
2. SECONDARY INDEX.

PRIMARY INDEX:
AN INDEX CREATED AUTOMATICALLY ON THE KEY FIELDS BY SAP IS CALLED PRIMARY INDEX.

SECONDARY INDEX:
AN INDEX CREATED ON NON-KEY FIELDS BY THE ABAP CONSULTANTS (BASIS CONSULTANTS) IS CALLED
SECONDARY INDEX.

USE OF SECONDARY INDEX:

SECONDARY INDEX ARE MAINLY USED OR CREATED ON THE FIELDS WHICH ARE USED IN THE WHERE CLAUSE
OF SELECT STATEMENT.

STEPS TO CREATE A SECONDARY INDEX:

BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
CREATE A SECONDARY INDEXON THE NON KEY FIELD REGIO.
 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS KNA1.
 CLICK ON DISPLAY.
 CLICKON INDEX BUTTON.
 CLICKON CREATE INDEX ICON.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS BUTTON.
 SELECT MANDT, KUNNR, REGIO AND PRESS ENTER.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.

INITIAL:
 IT IS A CHECKBOX WHICH INDICATES WHETHER A INITIAL VALUE OR DEFAULT VALUE TO BE STORED IN
THE FIELD.
 IF INITIAL = 'X', MEANS THE DEFAULT VALUE IS STORED.
 EG:
FOR CHAR FIELD IT IS SPACE.
FOR INT FIELD IT IS ZERO.
 BY DEFAULT THE INTIAL WILL BE 'X' OR SELECTED FOR ALL THE KEY FIELDS.
{OR}
64
SECONDARY INDEX:

INDEX: IS COPY OF DB TABLE, WHICH HAS THE DIRECT REFERENCE TO DATA (NO COMPARISON).

PRIMARY INDEX: PRIMARY INDEX IS A COPY OF DB REDUCED TO PRIMARY KEY OR PRIMARY INDEX IS A INDEX
THAT HAS ONLY THE VALUES OF COMPLETE PRIMARY KEY.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDEX & DB TABLE?

SEARCH -> COMPARE IN DB TABLE (RECORD BY RECORD).
SEARCH -> DIRECTLY GO TO PARTICULAR RECORD.

SECONDARY INDEX: SECONDARY INDEX IS AN INDEX WHICH IS CREATED OTHER THAN YOUR PRIMARY INDEX.

SUPPOSE IN INTERVIEW IF THEY ASK: DID YOU CREATE SECONDARY INDEX?

SAY NO. YOU WILL BE IN SAFE SIDE.
IF YOU SAY YES. INTERVIEWER WILL ASK WHICH TABLE AND WHAT FIELDS.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE CREATE SECONDARY INDEX?

DUPLICATION, BURDEN ON DB

IMPORTANT POINTS

PRIMARY KEY FIELDS = WE CAN CREATE UP TO 16 KEYFIELDS

SECONDARY INDEX = WE CAN CREATE UP TO 9 INDEXES.

65
STEPS IN CREATING SECONDARY INDEX

STEP1: CLICK ON INDEXES

STEP2: CLICK ON CREATE

STEP3: GIVE ANY NAME

CLICK ON CONTINUE

66
STEP4:
GIVE SHORT DESCRIPTION AND FIELD NAMES TO WHICH SECONDARY INDEX IS TO BE CREATED.

GIVE DIRECTLY FIELDS NAME OR CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS.

DO NOT FORGET TO ENTER MANDT AS THE FIRST INDEX FIELD IF IT IS A CLIENT DEPENDENT TABLE. SAVE AND
ACTIVATE THE INDEX.

NOTE:
WE HAVE TO ACTIVATE AND ADJUST THE DATABASE AFTER CREATION OF THE INDEX.
TO DO THIS
GOTO -> UTILITIES -> ACTIVE AND ADJUST DATABASE. WHICH IS NOTHING BUT SE14(DB UTILITIY).

67
 VIEWS
VIEW:

 RETRIEVES DATA FROM DATABASE TABLE. A VIEW IS A VIRTUAL TABLE AS IT DOESN'T STORE
THE DATA PHYSICALLY.
 VIEW IS A MECHANISM I.E., USED TO SEE THE DATA FROM MULTIPLE DATA BASE TABLES
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

TYPES OF VIEWS:

1) DATABASE VIEW
2) PROJECTION VIEW
3) MAINTENANCE VIEW
4) HELP VIEW

DATABASE VIEW:

 A VIEW CREATED ON TWO OR MORE TABLES USING INNER JOIN IS CALLED AS DATABASE
VIEW.
 IN DATABASE VIEW WE CAN ONLY READ THE DATA AND WE CANNOT MAINTAIN ANY DATA.

68
JOINS:
IT USED TO LINK TWO OR MORE TABLES.

ZTABLE1 ZTABLE2

CUST OMER NAME CUSTOMER BANK BANK

NUMBER NUMBER NAME LOCATION
1011 SONY 1011 CITI IN

1022 TVS 1011 ICICI US

1033 VOLVO 1033 HDFC IN

1033 SBI US

JOINED ON
ZTABLE1~CUSTOMER_NUMBER
=
ZTABLE2~CUSTOMER_NUMBER

OUTER- JOIN
INNER JOIN

CUSTOMER NAME BANK BANK CUSTOMER NAME BANK BANK

NAME NAME LOCATION NAME NAME LOCATION
1011 SONY CITI IN 1011 SONY CITI IN
1011 SONY ICICI US 1011 SONY ICICI US
1033 VOLVO HDFC IN 1022 TVS - -
1033 VOLVO SBI US 1033 VOLVO HDFC IN
1033 VOLVO SBI US

INNER JOIN:
RETURNS ROWS WHEN THERE IS A MATCH IN BOTH TABLES IS INNER JOIN.

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

RETURNS ALL ROWS FROM LEFT TABLE, EVEN IF THERE ARE NO MATCHES IN THE RIGHT TABLE.

69
EXAMPLE ON DATA BASE VIEW:

BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS:
DEVELOP A DATABASE VIEW WHICH DISPLAYS MATERIAL DETAILS AND DESCRIPTION DETAILS.

TABLE NAMES: MARA, MAKT

FIELD NAMES: MARA-MATNR
MARA-MTART
MARA-MBRSH
MARA-MEINS
MAKT-SPRAS
MAKT-MAKTX

 GO TO SE11.
 SELECT VIEW, GIVE A NAME. EG: ZDB_VIEW
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 SELECT DATABASE VIEW, PRESS ENTER.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 DEFINE THE TABLE NAMES & JOINING CONDITIONS AS BELOW

TABLES TABLE FIELD NAME = TABLE FIELD NAME

MARA MARA MANDT = MAKT MANDT
MAKT MARA MATNR = MAKT MATNR

 CLICK ON VIEW FIELDS TAB

 CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS BUTTON
 DOUBLE CLICK ON THE TABLE NAME MARA.
 SELECT MATNR, MTART, MBRSH, MEINS AND CLICK ON COPY BUTTON.
 AGAIN CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS BUTTON.
 DOUBLE CLICK ON MAKT TABLE.
 SELECT SPRAS, MAKTX AND CLICK ON COPY BUTTON.
 CLICK ON SELECTION CONDITION TAB.
 SPECIFY THE CONDITIONS BELOW

TABLE FIELD NAME OPERATOR COMPARISON VALUE AND

MARA MEINS EQ 'KGS' AND
MAKT SPRAS EQ 'E'

SAVE AND ACTIVATE

CLICK ON THE CONTENTS ICON TO DISPLAY THE DATA.

ASSIGNMENT:
DEVELOP A VIEW ON KNA1 & KNBK TABLES
DEVELOP A VIEW ON LFA1 & LFBK TABLES
DEVELOP A VIEW ON VBAK & VBAP TABLES.

70
PROJECTION VIEW:
 PROJECTION VIEW IS MAINLY USED TO CREATE A VIEW (IMAGINARY TABLE) WITH THE
REQUIRED FIELDS BY REMOVING UNWANTED FIELDS.
 WE CAN READ THE DATA AND MAINTAIN THE DATA BECAUSE IT IS A VIEW ON SINGLE TABLE.

EXAMPLE ON PROJECTION VIEW:

BUSINESS REQUIREMENT: CREATE A PROJECTION VIEW ON MARA TABLE.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE VIEW NAME, EG: ZPRJ_VIEW
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 SELECT PROJECTION VIEW.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE THE BASIC TABLE NAME AS MARA.
 CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS BUTTON.
 SELECT MANDT, MATNR, MTART, MBRSH, MEINS.
 CLICK ON COPY.
 CLICK ON MAINTENANCE STATUS TAB.
 SELECT EITHER READ ONLY OR READ OR CHANGE.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.
 CLICK ON CONTENTS BUTTON TO DISPLAY THE DATA.

NOTE:
TO MAINTAIN THE DATA SELECT MAINTENANCE STATUS AS READ & CHANGE AND
SELECT DISPLAY MAINTENANCE ALLOW. WE CAN CREATE ENTRIES IN THE LIST SCREEN.

ASSIGNMENT:

DEVELOP A PROJECTION VIEW ON KNA1 TABLE.

DEVELOP A PROJECTION VIEW ON LFA1 TABLE.

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HELP VIEW:
 A VIEW CREATED ON 2 OR MORE TABLES USING OUTER JOIN CONCEPT IS CALLED HELP VIEW.
 HELP VIEWS ARE SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR SEARCH HELP.
 WE CANNOT EXECUTE HELP VIEWS DIRECTLY.
 WE CAN EXECUTE THEM ONLY WITH SEARCH HELP.

EXAMPLE ON HELP VIEW:

BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
DEVELOP A HELP VIEW ON MAKT & MARA TABLES.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE VIEW NAME AS ZHELP_VIEW.
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS MAKT.
 CLICK ON RELATIONSHIP BUTTON.
 SELECT MAKT-MARA
 CLICK ON COPY BUTTON.
 THE JOINING CONDITION WILL BE PROPOSED AUTOMATICALLY.
 CLICK ON VIEW FIELDS TAB.
 CLICK ON TABLE FIELDS BUTTON, DOUBLE CLICK ON THE TABLE NAME AND SELECT THE LIST
OF THE FIELDS.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.
 WE CANNOT TEST OR EXECUTE HELP-VIEW DIRECTLY.
 THEY ARE ONLY EXECUTED WITH SEARCH HELP.

72
MAINTENANCE VIEW:
 WE CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY MAINTAIN DATA FOR MULTIPLE TABLES / SINGLE TABLE.
 A VIEW WHICH IS CREATED ON 2 OR MORE TABLES USING INNER JOIN IS CALLED
MAINTENANCE VIEWS.
 IN THIS VIEW WE CAN READ THE DATA AND MAINTAIN DATA.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TMG AND MAINTENANCE VIEW?

TMG IS NOTHING BUT MAINTENANCE VIEW.
TMG MAINTAINS DATA FOR ONLY A SINGLE TABLE.
WHERE AS MAINTENANCE VIEW CAN MAINTAIN DATA FOR MULTIPLE TABLES.

Creation of Maintenance View

Step 1. Provide the view name as given below and Click on Create Button.

Step 2. Select the Maintenance View Radio Button and Click on COPY button.

73
Step 3. Provide the short text and in the Tables section provide the table name 'SPFLI' and click on the
Relationships Button.

Step 4. Select the combination as marked and click on COPY Button.

74
Step 5. The Join condition is automatically field based on the two table matching fields. Now click on the
View Flds Tab.

Step 6. Click on the Table Fields.

Step 7. Select the 'SPFLI' table and click on the Choose Button.

75
Step 8. Select the required fields From the table to add it in the View and click on the COPY Button.

Step 9. All the Selected fields From the Table are populated in the view and then click on the Table Fields
Button to add some fields from SCARR Table.

76
Step 10. Select the SCARR table and click on the Choose Button.

Step 11. Select some fields and then click on the COPY Button.

77
Step 12. All the fields from two tables are added to the Maintenance View.

Step 13. Click on the Maint. Status Tab and select the appropriate Radio Button and activate the View.

78
Step 14. To Create the TMG , Click on Utilities and then click on Table Maintenance Generator.

Step 15. Provide the details and click on the Find Scr. Number(s) Button.

79
Step 16. Select the First Button and then click on the Tick button.

Step 17. System automatically fills the Overview Screen Number and then click on the Create button.

80
Step 18. Now go to TCODE-SM30 and provide the Maintenance View name and click on Maintain
button.

Step 19. It shows the data from two tables and here you can create new entries, modify existing entries
and delete Entries.

81
 SEARCH-HELP
DEFINES INPUT HELP (F4 HELP) FOR THE FIELDS OF DB TABLE. INPUT HELP PROVIDES A POSSIBLE SET
OF VALID VALUES THAT YOU CAN ENTER FOR A FIELD.

ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP:

A SINGLE SEARCH HELP FOR AN INPUT FIELD IS CALLED ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP.

COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP:

A COLLECTIVE OR GROUP OF ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELPS IS CALLED AS COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP.

USING SEARCH HELPS:

THERE ARE 2 STEPS FOR USING THE SEARCH HELPS.
1. CREATE A SEARCH HELP AT SE11 TRANSACTION CODE.
2. ASSIGN THE SEARCH HELP TO A TABLE (OR) PROGRAM FIELD.

ASSIGN SEARCH HELP TO A PROGRAM FIELD.

MATCH-CODE OBJECT
IT IS A KEYWORD WHICH IS USED TO ASSIGN A SEARCH HELP FOR THE PARAMETERS INPUT FIELD ON
THE SELECTION-SCREEN.
 BY DEFAULT THE STANDARD SEARCH HELP WILL BE DISPLAYED.
 WE CAN USE MATCH-CODE OBJECT TO ASSIGN OUR SEARCH HELP BY OVERWRITING THE
STANDARD SEARCH HELP.

BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
CREATE ANELEMENTAR SEARCH HELP & ASSIGN IT TO A PROGRAM FIELD.

STEP1: CREATE A SEARCH HELP IN SE11.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE SEARCH HELP NAME EG: ZEL_SH.
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 SELECT ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP.
 GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 SPECIFY SELECTION METHOD AS MARA (TABLE NAME).
 SPECIFY THE SEARCH HELP PARAMETER AS BELOW.

SEARCH HELP IMPORT EXPORT LIST SCREEN

PARAMETERS POSITION POSITION

MATNR 1 1

MTART 2 2

MBRSH 3 3

 SAVE, ACTIVATE AND TEST.

82
STEP2: ASSIGN THE SEARCH HELP FOR THE PROGRAM FIELD.

USE THE MATCHCODE OBJECT KEYWORD AND ASSIGN THE SEARCH HELP.

PARAMETER: P_MATNR1 TYEP MARA-MATNR (DISPLAYS STANDARD SEARCH HELP)

PARAMETER: P_MATNR2 TYPE MARA-MATNR MATCHCODE OBJECT ZEL_SH.

 OVERWRITES THE STANDARD SEARCH HELP

 USED FOR CUSTOM TABLE. FOR CUSTOM TABLES WE NEED TO CREATE SEARCH HELP.
 DISPLAYS OUR OWN SEARC H HELP BECAUSE WE NEED MATCH CODE OBJECT.

83
EXAMPLE 2 ON SEARCH HELP
BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
CREATE A SEARCH HELP FOR THE TABLE AND ASSIGN IT TO TABLE FIELDS.

STEP 1:
CREATE A TABLE BY NAME YYKNA1 WITH CUSTOMER NUMBER, CUSTOMER NAME, COUNTRY.

STEP 2:
CREATE A SEARCH HELP FOR THE ABOVE TABLE.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE SEARCH HELP NAME AS ZEL_SH1.
 CLICK ON CREATE AND GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 GIVE SELECTION METHOD AS YYKNA1 (TABLE NAME).
 SPECIFY THE SEARCH HELP PARAMETERS AS BELOW.

SEARCH HELP IMPORTING EXPORTING LIST POSITION SCREEN POSITION

CUSTOMER NO. 1 1
CUSOTMER NAME 2 2
COUNTRY 3 3

 SAVE AND ACTIVATE

 TEST IT.

STEP 3:
ASSIGN THE SEARCH HELP TO TABLE FIELD.
 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS YYKNA1.
 CLICK ON CHANGE.
 SELECT THE CUSTOMER NO. FIELD AND CLICK ON THE BUTTON SEARCH HELP.
 GIVE THE SEARCH HELP NAME AS ZEL_SH.
 PRESS ENTER
 CLICK ON GENERATE PROPOSAL
 CLICK ON COPY BUTTON.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE.
 CLICK ON CONTENTS ICON.
 CLICK ON SEARCH HELP BUTON FOR CUSTOMER NO. FIELD AND SELECT A RECORD.
 CLICK ON EXECUTE. THE RECORD WILL BE DISPLAYED.

84
Example 3: Creating Search Help and Assigning to a Table

Creating a search help and Assigning it to the table

Step 1. Go to TCODE- SE11, Select the Search Help Radio button and Provide the Name and click on
Create Button.

Step 2 Select the Elementary Search Help and Click on the Tick button.

85
Step 3 Provide the short text. In the selection method provide the table name from where the set of
values we will get. In this case the table is 'ZEMP_DEP' is used. ( see the table creation of table in the
previous post). In the Search help parameter, press F4 button and it will show all the fields of table
ZEP_DEPT . Select the DEPT_ID field of the table. Select the IMP and EXP and maintain 1, 1 in the
LPos and RPos. Activate the search help and click on the EXECUTE/F8 Button to test the search help.

Step 4. Press the F4 button.

86
Step 5. Now it shows all the DEPT_ID of the table ZEP_DEPT.

Step 6. Let's assign the created search help to the Table. Go to TCODE- SE11, provide the table name
'ZEMP_DEPT' and click on the change button.

87
Step 7. Select the Field 'DEPT_ID' and click on the Search Help Button.

Step 8. Provide the Search help name created above and click on the tick button.

88
Step 9. See the mapping of the Search help parameter of the Search help to the field of the table. Click on
the COPY Button.

Step 10. See the below status message and activate the table.

89
Step 11. Click on the Entry Help/Check tab, now the search help is assigned to the field.

Step 12. Now click on the Contents button.

Step 13. Now click on the F4 button of the DEPT_ID field and the search help gives the set of values.

90
EXAMPLE 4 ON SEARCH HELP
BUSINESS REQUIREMENT:
CREATE A SEARCH HELP FOR THE TABLE AND ASSIGN IT TO TABLE FIELDS.

STEP 1: CREATING A DATABASE TABLE WITH FEW RECORDS.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE DATABASE TABLE NAME AS YMARA AND CLICK ON CREATE BUTTON.

 GIVE THE SHORT DESCRIPTION.

 SPECIFY DELIVERY AND MAINTENANCE.
 CLICK ON FIELDS TAB, AND SPECIFY THE BELOW FIELDS.
 CLICK ON TECHNICAL SETTINGS TAB AND SPECIFY DATA CLASS AND SIZE CATEGORY.
 SAVE AND ACTIVATE THE TABLE.

 UTILITIES  TABLE CONTENTS  CREATE ENTRIES.

 CREATE 4 TO 5 RECORDS.

91
STEP 2: CREATING ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP.

 GO TO SE11,
 SELECT SEARCH HELP, GIVE SEARCH HELP NAME AS YMARA_SH1
 CLICK ON CREATE BUTTON.

92
 SELECT ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP AND CLICK ON CONTINUE.

 GIVE SHORT DESCRIPTION

 GIVE SELECTION METHOD AS YMARA.
 DEFINE THE SEARCH HELP PARAMETERS AS BELOW.

 SAVE AND ACTIVATE, TEST IT IMMEDIATELY.

93
STEP 3: ASSIGNING ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP AT TABLE LEVEL.

GO TO SE11, GIVE THE TABLE NAME AS YMARA, CLICK ON CHANGE BUTTON.

SELECT THE FIELD MATNR, CLICK ON SEARCH HELP BUTTON.

 GIVE SEARCH HELP NAME AND CLICK ON CONTINUE.

 CLICK ON GENERATE PROPOSAL.
 CLICK ON COPY BUTTON.

94
 SAVE, ACTIVATE, TEST THE TABLE.
 NOW SEARCH HELP WILL BE AVAILABLE ON MATNR FIELD.

95
COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP
A GROUP OF ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP'S ARE CALLED COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP.

EXAMPLE 1:

DEVELOP AN ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP BY NAME ZEL_SH WITH MATNR, MTART, MBRSH,
FIELDS FROM MARA TABLE.

SIMILARLY ONE MORE ELEMENTARY SEARCH HELP BY NAME YEL_SH WITH MATNR, MTART,
MEINS FIELDS FROM MARA TABLE.

NOW CREATE A COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP BY COMBINING THE ABOVE TWO ELEMENTARY
SEARCH HELP.

 GO TO SE11.
 GIVE SEARCH HELP NAME AS ZCOLL_SH2.
 CLICK ON CREATE.
 SELECT COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP AND GIVE DESCRIPTION.
 DEFINE THE SEARCH HELP PARAMETERS AS BELOW.

SEARCH HELP IMPORT EXPORT DATA ELEMENT

MATNR MATNR

MTART MTART

MBRSH MBRSH

MEINS MEINS

 CLICK ON INCLUDED SEARCH HELP TAB.

 SPECIFY THE FIRST ELEMENTARY SEARCH ZEL_SH AND PRESS ENTER.
 CLICK ON PARAMETER ASSIGNMENT.
 THE SYSTEM WILL GENERATE A PROPOSAL, CLICK ON YES.
 THE PARAMETER ASSIGNMENT WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY DONE.
 SIMILARLY GIVE THE SECOND SEARCH HELP NAME AS YEL_SH AND PRESS ENTER.
 CLICK ON PARAMETER ASSIGNMENT AND ACCEPT THE PROPOSAL.
 FINALLY SAVE, ACTIVATE AND TEST IT.
 NOW ASSIGN THIS SEARCH HELP AT THE TABLE LEVEL OR PROGRAM LEVEL.

EG: PARAMTERS: P_MATNR2 TYPE MARA-MATNR MATCHCODE OBJECT ZCOLL_SH.

96
EXAMPLE: Collective Search Help

Business Scenario: Lets to find out the Name we can refer to two different tables which provides two
different ways of Name selection. Let's first create two tables and build to elementary search help on two
tables and use these elementary search help in the Collective Search Help.
Step 1. Go to TCODE-SE11, Create a table ZJAVA_TEAM.

Step 2. Provide the delivery class, save it local package and click on the Technical settings button.

Step 3. Provide the technical settings details as mentioned below and save it and at last click on the
BACK button.

97
Step 4. Mention the table Fields, data elements, primary keys and activate the table.

Step 5. At last mention the records in the table so that we can get some Names.

Step 6. After record creation, we have the set of values in the table.

98
Step 7. Let's create another table ZSAP_TEAM with same delivery and technical details.
Maintain the same field name, data element, primary key fields and at last activate the table.

Step 8. Let's maintain some records in this table also.

Step 9. All the records created in the table are shown below.

99
Step 10. Let's create a elementary search help on table ZJAVA_TEAM. Go to TCODE-SE11, Provide the
Elementary search help name and click on create button.

Step 11. Select the Elementary Search Help radio button and then click on the Tick Button.

Step 12. Provide the short text, Under the Definition tab provide the Table name against the Selection
method. Mention the Search help parameter as field 'CRIC_NAME', select the Imp and Exp check box
and Provide LPos and SPos values as mentioned below and activate the Elementary search help. Now
click on the execute button to test the Search Help.

100
Step 13. Click on the F4 button and it display a set of values.

Step 14. Again create elementary Search help, provide the name and click on Create button.

101
Step 15. Provide the short text, Under the Definition tab, provide the Table name against the Selection
method. Mention the Search help parameter as field 'CRIC_NAME', select the Imp and Exp check box
and Provide LPos and SPos values as mentioned below and activate the Elementary search help. Now
click on the execute button to test the Search Help.

Step 16. Click on the F4 button and it display a set of values.

102
Step 17. Our two elementary search help is ready, Let's create Collective Search Help.
Provide the Search help name and click on the Create Button.

Step 18. Select the Collective Search Help Radio Button and click on Tick Button.

Step 19. Provide the Short text . Under the Definition tab, Provide the Search help parameter name and
click on the Imp and Exp Check Box. Now Click on the Included search helps tab.

103
Step 20. Under the Search help, mention previously created two elementary search help Name.

Step 21. Now select the first elementary search help and click on the Param. Assignment Button.

Step 22. Now system automatically maps the elementary search help reference parameter
(CRIC_NAME) to the Collective Search help parameter (NAME) and at last click on Copy button.

104
Step 22. Now select the second elementary search help and click on the Param. Assignment Button.

Step 24. Now system automatically maps the elementary search help reference parameter
(CRIC_NAME) to the Collective Search help parameter (NAME) and at last click on Copy button.

Step 25. at last Activate the collective search help.

105
Step 26. Let's create a report program and declare a parameter and assign the collective search help to it
by the keyword 'MATCHCODE OBJECT'. Activate the report and execute it.

Step 27. Now press F4 button and the collective search help shows the first set of names from the first
elementary search help.

106
Step 28. Again click on the second tab of the collective search help and it shows the second set of names
from the second elementary search help.

Collective Search help provides multiple ways of data selection and each data selection is created by the
elementary search helps added in the Collective search help

107
 USING HELP-VIEW IN SEARCH HELP

Creation of Help View and Using Help View in Creation of Search Help

Step 1. Go to TCODE- SE11, Select the view radio button and provide the help view name and click on
Create Button.

Step 2. Select the Help View radio button and click on Copy button.

108
Step 3. Provide the short text and in the Tables Section Provide the table Name 'SPFLI' and then click on
the Relationships Button.

Step 4. Select the Right Combination 'SPFLI - SCARR' and then click on Copy Button.

109
Step 5. Based on the common fields The Join Conditions is filled.

Step 6. Now click on the View Flds Tab and then click on the Table Fields button.

110
Step 7. Select the SPFLI table and click on the Choose Button.

Step 8. Select the Appropriate fields and then click on the Copy Button.

111
Step 9. All the selected fields from the SPFLI table are populated in the view. Again click on the Table
Fields Button.

Step 10. Again select the SCARR table and click on the Choose Button.

112
Step 11. Select the required fields for the Help view and click on the Copy Button.

Step 12. As per the fields selected from two tables, the Help View is populated with fields from two tables
and at last Activate the Help View.

113
Step 13. Now lets Create a search help on the created Help view. Go to Tcode - SE11, select the Search
help radio button, provide the name and click on Create button.

Step 14. Select Elementary Search help radio button and then click on the Tick Button as marked.

114
Step 15. Provide the short text and in the Selection Method provide the Help View name created above.
In the Search Help parameter section, press F4 button and add all the fields, select the Imp and Exp
section, Provide Lpos and Spos numbers and activate the Search Help. At last click on the Execute
Button.

115
Step 16. Press F4 button against CARRID field.

Step 17. Now it shows records consists of fields from two different tables.

116
EXAMPLE 2:

117
 PROPERTIES OF SEARCH HELP
SELECTION-METHOD:
 IT SPECIFIES THE TABLE NAME OR THE VIEW NAME FROM WHICH THE
DATA HAS TO BE SELECTED.
 IF ALL THE FIELDS ARE FROM SINGLE TABLE THEN GIVE THE TABLE
NAME.
 IF THE FIELDS ARE FROM MULTIPLE TABLE STHEN GIVE THE VIEW NAME.

IMPORTING:
IF IMPORTING IS SELECTED  THE LIST SCREEN WILL IMPORT THE VALUE FROM
THE SELECTION SCREEN AND DISPLAY THE LIST OF THE VALUES BASED ON
IMPORTING PARAMETERS.

EXPORTING:
IF EXPORTING IS SELECTED  THE LIST SCREEN WILL EXPORT THE SELECTED
VALUE BACK TO THE SELECTION SCREEN.
THIS VALUE IS IMPORTED
FROM SELECTION SCREEN
SELECTION - SCREEN
INTO THE LIST SCREEN

CNO LAND NAME1

CNO:
1001 US

1002 US
LAND US
1003 US

1004 IN VEJAY
NAME1:

THIS VALUE IS EXPORTED

FROM LIST SCREEN BACK TO
SELECTION SCREEN

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SPOS:
IT SPECIFIES THE POSITION OF THE FIELD ON THE SELECTION-SCREEN.

LPOS:
IT SPECIFIED THE POSTION OF THE COLUMN ON THE LIST SCREEN.

DISPLAY VALUES IMMEDIATELY

THE VALUES WILL BE IMMEDIATELY DISPLAYED ON LIST SCREEN WITH OUT ANY DIALOGUE TYPE OR
SCREEN.

DISPLAY WITH DIALOGUE TYPE:

THE VALUES WILL NOT BE DISPLAYED DIRECTLY INSTEAD A DIALOGUE SCREEN DISPLAYED FIRST.
BASED ON THE VALUE ENTER ON THE DIALOGUE TYPE, THE VALUES WILL BE DISPLAYED ON LIST
SCREEN.

DIALOGUE DEPENDS ON SET OF VALUES:

1) IF THE VALUES ARE < 500 ON THE LIST SCREEN THEN THE LIST SCREENWILL BE DISPLAYED
IMMEDIATELY.
2) IF THE VALUES ARE MORE THAN 500 THEN THE DIALOGUE SCREEN WILL BE DISPLAYED FIRST
AND THEN THE LLIST SCREEN IS DISPLAYED.

SEARCH HELP EXIT:

IT IS AN EXIT OR A FUNCTION MODULE WHICH CONTAINS THE CUSTOM ABAP CODE FOR DISPLAYING
VLAUES ON THE LIST SCREEN.
EG: FFIF_SHLP_EXIT_EXAMPLE (SE37)

TYPE GROUP:
IT IS AN OBJECT WHICH CONTAINS THE REUABLE DATA DECLARATIONS. SO THAT THEY CAN BE USED
BY MULTIPLE PROGRAMS.

EG:
SLIS IS A TYPE GROUP WHICH CONTAINS THE REUSABLE DATA DECLARATIONS FOR DEVELOPING
ALV REPORTS.
WE DONT CREATE ANY TYPE GROUP INTHE REAL TIME.

TYPE-POOLS:
IT IS A KEYWORD WHICH IS USED TO ASSIGN THE TYPE GROUP INTO OUR PROGRAM.
SO THAT OUR PROGRAM CAN REUSE THE DATA DECLARATIONS.

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 LOCK OBJECTS
LOCK OBJECTS:

 IT IS AN OBJECT WHICH DISPLAYS A LOCK ON THE TABLE DATA. SO THAT NO OTHER USER
ACCESS SAME SET OF DATA.

DEFINITION:
SYNCHRONIZES SIMULTANEOUS ACCESS OF THE SAME SET OF DATA RECORDS BY MULTIPLE USERS.

TYPES OF LOCKS
 THREE TYPES OF LOCKS ARE AVAILABLE
1) EXCLUSIVE LOCK
2) SHARED LOCK
3) EXCLUSIVE BUT NOT CUMMULATIVE

EXCLUSIVE LOCK:
A. IN THIS TYPE OF LOCK A SINGLE USER CAN READ THE DATA AND WRITE THE DATA.
B. NO OTHER USER CAN USE THE SAME SET OF DATA.
C. ALL THE OTHER USERS REQUEST FOR SAME SET OF DATA WILL REJECTED BY THE SYSTEM.
SHARED LOCK:
A. IN THIS TYPE OF LOCK EVERY USER CAN READ THE DATA
B. AS SOON AS ONE USER STARTS EDITING THE DATA, NO OTHER USER CAN READ OR WRITE THE
DATA. ALL REQUESTS ARE REJECTED BY THE SYSTEM.
EXCLUSIVE BUT NOT CUMMULATIVE:
A. IN THIS TYPE OF LOCK A SINGLE USER CAN LOCK THE TABLE DATA FOR INSERTION OR
UPDATION.
B. SUPPOSE IF THE SAME USER TRIES TO USE THE SAME TABLE DATA SECOND TIME, THE
REQUEST WILL BE REJECTED.

LOCK OBJECT FUNCITON MODULES:

 WHENEVER WE CREATE LOCK OBJECTS TOW FUNCTION MODULES WILL BE CREATED
AUTOMATICALLY.

1) ENQUEUE_<LOCK_OBJECT_NAME> -> TO DEFINE A LOCK.

2) DEQUEUE_<LOCK_OBJECT_NAME> -> TO RELEASE A LOCK.

WHERE DO WE USE LOCK OBJECTS

USED WHEN EVER WE WORK WITH OPEN SQL STATEMENTS I.E. INSERT, UPDATE, MODIFY, DELETE.

IMPORTANT NOTE:
THE NAMING STANDARD FOR LOCK OBJEC IS:
IT SHOULD START WITH EZ OR EY

NOTE:
EXCLUSIVE -> ONE PERSON
SHARED -> EVERY PERSON CAN READ
EXCLUSE BUT NOT CUMMULATIVE -> ACCESS ONLY ONE TIME FOR ONE PERSON, REQUEST AGAIN, IT
WILL REJECT.
EXAMPLES ON LOCK OBJECT

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Creating Lock Object and Using Lock in Program

Step 1. Go to TCODE-SE11, Provide the lock object name and Click on Create Button.

Step 2. Provide the Short text and click on the Tables Tab.

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Step 3. Provide the table name and Select the Lock mode as Write Lock and Click on the Lock Parameter
Tab.

Step 4. All the primary key fields of the given table are added under the Lock parameter section.
Activate the Lock Object.

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Step 5. When the lock object is activated it creates two function modules 'Enqueue & Dequeue'.
Navigate along the below shown path to get the generated function modules.

Step 6.

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Step 7. Let's use the generated function module in a program.
Go to TCODE- SE38, provide a report program name and click on create button.

Step 8. Call the Enqueue Function Module to lock the Single record.

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Step 9. In the program PF Status Create the Application tool bar button as shown below.

Step 10. Activate the report. Open two different session at a time and run the same report.

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Step 11. Provide the CARRID as 'AA' in both sessions.

Step 12. Run the first session and we have the out put. Execute the same report in second session,
now we have the error message given below as the same record is locked in first session.

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Step 13. Now again run the same report in two different sessions and provide different inputs and execute
it.

Step 14. Now no error message is there.

Step 15. Now again run the same report in two different session and provide the same input.
Run the program in first session.

Step 16. Now the record is locked. Now Unlock the Record By clicking on the Application toolbar button
that is created in the program PF Status. Now run the Report in the Second session.

Step 17. The same record is shown in the second session without error.

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 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1) WHAT IS ABAP (OR) DATA DICTIONARY? & TRANSACTION CODE? WHAT IS DB TABLE? IN HOW MANY
WAYS WE CAN CREATE A TABLE?
2) HOW DO YOU DEFINE A TABLE? WHAT IS DOMAIN AND DATA ELEMENT?
3) CAN YOU CREATE A TABLE WITH OUT A KEY FIELD? (NO)
4) HOW MANY KEY FIELDS CAN WE CREATE IN A TABLE? (16)
5) WHAT IS A KEY FIELD?
6) WHAT IS DELIVERY CLASS? OPTIONS USED?
7) EXPLAIN DISPLAY & MAINTENANCE (DATA BROWSER / TABLE VIEW MAINTENANCE)?
8) WHAT IS DATA CLASS? OPTIONS USED?
9) WHAT IS SIZE CATEGORY? OPTIONS USED?
10) DO YOU CREATE A NEW DATA ELEMENT & DOMAIN (OR) REUSE THE EXISTING ONE?
11) WHAT IS BUFFER & EXPLAIN FUNCTIONALITY? OPTIONS & TYPES?
12) WHAT ARE LOG DATA CHANGE, CLIENT NUMBER AND MANDT?
13) HOW MANY TYPES OF TABLES ARE THERE BASED ON CLIENTS?
14) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT TABLE?
15) DO YOU CREATE ANY CLIENT INDEPENDENT TABLE? (NO)
16) WHAT IS CLIENT NUMBER THAT YOU ARE USING IN PREVIOUS / PRESENT PROJECT?
17) WHAT IS REFERENCE TABLE NAME & REFERENCE FIELD NAME IN CURRENCY AND QUANTITY FIELDS?
EXPLAIN CURRENCY AND QUANTITY FIELDS?
18) WHAT IS STRUCTURE? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TABLE AND STRUCTURE?
19) HOW DO WE USE STRUCTURES IN TABLE?
20) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN .INCLUDE STRUCTURE AND APPEND STRUCTURE?
21) TELL ME SOME TABLE NAMES, USED IN YOUR PROJECT?
22) WHAT IS FOREIGN KEY RELATION SHIP? CHECK TABLE? FOREIGN KEY TABLE? FOREIGN KEY FIELD? WHY
DO WE CREATE FOREIGN KEY RELATION SHIP?
23) WHAT IS VALUE TABLE? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHECK TABLE AND VALUE TABLE?
24) I WANT TO SPECIFY FIXED VALUES FOR DOMAIN, IS IT POSSIBLE?
25) CAN I STORE A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR A NUMBER?
26) I WANT TO STORE THE NAME OF A CUSTOMER IN SMALL AND CAPITAL LETTERS. IS IT POSSIBLE, HOW?
27) WHAT IS CONVERSION ROUTINE?
28) WHAT IS AN AUTHORIZATION GROUP AND FUNCTION GROUP?
29) WHAT IS TMG? TRANSACTION CODE? HOW MANY EVENTS ARE THERE? (39)
30) DIFFERENT TYPES OF DB TABLES WITH EXAMPLES?
31) WHAT IS A VIEW? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIEW AND TABLE?
32) WHAT IS DATABASE VIEW? CAN I MAINTAIN DATA IN DATABASE VIEW?
33) CAN I CREATE A VIEW ON SINGLE TABLE? IF YES HOW?
34) CAN I MAINTAIN DATA IN A VIEW? IF YES HOW?
35) WHAT IS A HELP VIEW? WHERE DO WE USE IT?
36) WHAT IS A HELP VIEW? WHERE DO WE USE IT?
37) WHAT IS MAINTENANCE VIEW? DID YOU WORK ON IT?
38) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INNER JOIN & OUTER JOINS?
39) WHAT IS A SEARCH HELP AND IT’S TYPES?
40) EXPLAIN ABOUT COLLECTIVE SEARCH HELP?
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41) WHERE DO WE USE SEARCH HELP?
42) HOW DO WE USE HELP VIEW IN SEARCH HELP?
43) EXPLAIN ABOUT IMPORTING, EXPORTING, SPOS, LOPS?
->SELECTION METHOD
DISPLAY VALUES IMMEDIATELY
DISPLAY WITH DIALOGUE TYPE
DIALOGUE DEPENDS ON SET OF VALUES
44) WHAT IS SEARCH HELP EXIT? MATCH CODE OBJECT?
45) WHAT IS A TYPE GROUP WITH EXAMPLE? WHAT ARE TYPE-POOLS?
46) LOCK OBJECT? HOW MANY TYPES? EXPLAIN?
47) LOCK OBJECTS FUNCTION MODULES? WHERE DO WE USE LOCK OBJECTS?
48) WHAT IS HEADER DATA AND ITEM DATA?
49) WHAT IS MASTER DATA AND TRANSACTION DATA?
50) HOW DO WE CREATE A CHECK TABLE?
51) HOW TO CREATE A CURRENCY FIELD?
52) WHAT IS AN INDEX? HOW MANY TYPES? WHERE DO WE USE INDEX?
53) ADVANTAGES OF DATA ELEMENT & DOMAIN?
54) WHAT IS INITIAL FIELD IN DATABASE TABLE?

129