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Detailed Report Uncertainties

Chimie

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Sahli Mohamed
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7 views6 pages

Detailed Report Uncertainties

Chimie

Uploaded by

Sahli Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Report

**Objective of the Experiment:**

The experiment aims to calculate the uncertainties associated with physical measurements. This helps eva

**Theoretical Part:**

1. **Uncertainty in Direct Measurement:**

- **Absolute Uncertainty (\(\Delta g\)):** Represents the maximum possible error in a measurement. It is e

\(G = g + \Delta g \) or \( g - \Delta g < G < g + \Delta g\).

Example: \(\Delta g = | g_{ext{theoretical}} - g_{ext{measured}} |\).

- **Relative Uncertainty (\(\Delta g/g\)):** Compares the precision of two measurements. The smaller this

2. **Absolute and Relative Uncertainty in Calculated Measurements:**

- If \(g\) depends on several variables (\(x\), \(y\), ...), uncertainties can be calculated using differential rela

- \(g = Ax + By \implies \Delta g = A \Delta x + B \Delta y\)

- \(g = Axy \implies \Delta g/g = \Delta x/x + \Delta y/y\).

3. **Application to Concentration:**

For the concentration \(C = n/V\), where \(n = m/Mx\):

\[

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

\]

The absolute uncertainty is then:

\[

\Delta C = C \left( rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V} ight)

\]
**Experimental Part:**

1. **Materials and Products:**

- Graduated cylinder, burette, water.

2. **Procedure:**

1. Fill the graduated cylinder to the 10 ml mark.

2. Pour its contents into a burette and record the indicated volume.

3. Repeat the operation five times.

3. **Results and Calculations:**

- Calculate the volume uncertainty based on the measurements obtained.

- For a solution of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (volume: 50 ml, mass: 20 g, mass uncertainty \(\Delta m = 0.02

1. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties of the mass concentration.

2. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties for the normality.

---

**Answers to Questions:**

1. **Uncertainty in Volume:**

The absolute uncertainty can be determined by comparing the average measured values with the theoret

2. **For the \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) Solution:**

- **Mass Concentration (\(C\)):**

\[

C = rac{m}{V} = rac{20}{50} = 0.4 \, ext{g/ml}


\]

Relative uncertainty:

\[

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{\Delta V}{50}

\]

Assuming a volume uncertainty \(\Delta V\), the value of \(\Delta C\) can be calculated.

- **Normality (\(N\)):** Depends on the definition of \(N\) (molar ratio and equivalent), to be determined ac

---

**Calculation Details for \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \):**

### **Data:**

- Volume of solution (\( V \)) = \( 50 \, ext{ml} = 0.050 \, ext{L} \)

- Mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( m \)) = \( 20 \, ext{g} \)

- Uncertainty on mass (\( \Delta m \)) = \( 0.02 \, ext{g} \)

- Uncertainty on volume (\( \Delta V \)) = \( 0.1 \, ext{ml} = 0.0001 \, ext{L} \).

### **1. Mass Concentration (\( C \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**

\[

C = rac{m}{V}

\]

\[

C = rac{20 \, ext{g}}{0.050 \, ext{L}} = 400 \, ext{g/L}

\]
#### Relative Uncertainty:

\[

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

\]

\[

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{0.0001}{0.050} = 0.001 + 0.002 = 0.003

\]

#### Absolute Uncertainty:

\[

\Delta C = C \cdot rac{\Delta C}{C} = 400 \cdot 0.003 = 1.2 \, ext{g/L}

\]

### **2. Normality (\( N \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**

For \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \), 1 mole releases 3 moles of \( H^+ \), so:

\[

N = Molarity imes Number \, of \, Equivalents

\]

#### Molarity (\( M \)):

Molar mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4} \)) = \( 98 \, ext{g/mol} \).

\[

n = rac{m}{M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4}} = rac{20}{98} = 0.204 \, ext{mol}

\]

\[

M = rac{n}{V} = rac{0.204}{0.050} = 4.08 \, ext{mol/L}

\]
#### Normality:

\[

N = M \cdot 3 = 4.08 \cdot 3 = 12.24 \, ext{N}

\]

#### Relative Uncertainty:

\[

rac{\Delta N}{N} = rac{\Delta M}{M} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

\]

\[

rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.003

\]

#### Absolute Uncertainty:

\[

\Delta N = N \cdot rac{\Delta N}{N} = 12.24 \cdot 0.003 = 0.037 \, ext{N}

\]

**Summary of Results:**

1. **Mass Concentration:**

\( C = 400 \, ext{g/L} \)

\( \Delta C = 1.2 \, ext{g/L} \)

\( rac{\Delta C}{C} = 0.3 \% \)

2. **Normality:**

\( N = 12.24 \, ext{N} \)
\( \Delta N = 0.037 \, ext{N} \)

\( rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.3 \% \)

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