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Computer -

Uploaded by

fatimakaleem456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

computer sciences
 Computer :-

Computer is an electronic device which takes an information as an INPUT from the user ,
processes it according to the given instructions and gives an output accordingly.

Basically, computer is a machine which allows us to compute our data.

 Hardware :-

Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of
an analog or digital computer. The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a
computing device from software, which consists of written, machine-readable instructions or
programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute the instructions.

Some of hardware devices are :-

i. External hardware devices include :-


 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Printer
 Scanners

Ii. Internal hardware devices:-

 Motherboard
 Hard drives
 Ram

 Software:-

IT Software means any representation of instruction, data, sound, and image including
source code and object code recorded in a machine, readable form and capable of being
manipulated or providing interactivity to use by means of automatic data processing
machines.

Examples of software:-
Firefox

Microsoft Word

Excel

Google chrome

TYPES OF SOFTWARE :-

 Application Software. ...


 System Software. …

Application software:-
Application software (App) is a kind of software that performs specific functions for the end
user by interacting directly with it. The sole purpose of application software is to aid the user
in doing specified tasks.

Web browsers like Firefox, and Google Chrome, as well as Microsoft Word and Excel, are
examples of application software that is used on a personal computer or laptop. It also
includes smartphone apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram, as well as games such as
Candy Crush Saga and Ludo. There are also app versions of popular services that people rely
on every day, such as weather or transportation information, as well as apps that connect
end users with their businesses.

System software:-
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's
hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model,
the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. The
operating system is the best-known example of system software.

Operating system:-

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

 ASCII:-
ASCII abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a
character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in
computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because of technical
limitations of computer systems at the time it was invented, ASCII has just 128 code points,
of which only 95 are printable characters, which severely limited its scope. Many computer
systems instead use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these
are the same as the ASCII set.

 Just as numbers are binary patterns of ones and zeros, letters are represented using
ones and zeros too!
 Since there is an overlap between the ones and zeros that represent numbers and
letters, the ASCII standard was created to map specific letters to specific numbers.
 For example, the letter A was decided to map to the number 65.
 If you received a text message, the binary under that message might represent the
numbers 72, 73, and 33. Mapping these out to ASCII, your message would look as
follows:
 H I !
72 73 33

 Thank goodness for standards like ASCII that allow us to agree upon these values!
 Here is an expanded map of ASCII values:

 Binary:-

In computer science and mathematics, binary is a system where numbers and values are
expressed 0 or 1. Binary is base-2, meaning that it only uses two digits or bits. For
computers, 1 is true or "on", and 0 is false or "off". The concept of binary and bits are based
on of Boolean Algebra

The collection of 0’s and 1’s are called binary.


Programming

Computer programming involves building things with code. Programming is a hands-on


technical skill that involves designing, creating, and refining code to solve problems, build
applications, and more.

Computer science is a theoretical field that spans mathematics and computer systems.

Different programing languages :-

1. C
2. C#
3. C++
4. CSS
5. HTML
6. Java
7. JavaScript
8. Objective-C
9. PHP
10. Perl
11. Python
12. Ruby
13. SQL

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