OPERATING SYSTEM:-

An operating system is a large collection of a software which manages the resources of the computer
system, such as memory, processor, file system and input output devices. The user of a computer not
merely interacts with the physical hardware of the machine. He interacts with all three-a machine, a
compiler and an operating system. The positioning of operating system in overall computer system is
shown below:

Functions of an operating systems:- The main function performed by an operating system are as follows:-
1. File Management:- Operating systems are responsible for managing the files on a computer. This
includes creating, opening, closing, and deleting files. The operating system is also responsible for
organizing the files on the disk.
2. Device Management:- Operating systems provide essential functions for managing devices
connected to a computer. These functions include allocating memory, processing input and output
requests, and managing storage devices. This device could be a keyboard, mouse, printer, or any
other devices you may have connected.
3. Process Management:- The operating system’s responsibility is to manage the processes running on
your computer. This includes starting and stopping programs, allocating resources, and managing
memory usage.
4. Memory management:- Operating system is responsible for Allocating/deallocating memory to
store programs and deciding the amount of memory that should be allocated to the program. It
also control Memory distribution while multiprocessing and update the status in case memory is
freed. Keeps record of how much memory is used and how much is unused.
5. Job Accounting:- An operating system’s (OS) job accounting feature is a powerful tool for tracking
how your computer’s resources are being used. This information can help you pinpoint and
troubleshoot any performance issues and identify unauthorized software installations.

Types of operating system:-

1. Multiprogramming operating system:- On a single processor computer, a multiprogramming OS
can run many programs. In a multiprogramming OS, if one program must wait for an input/output
 transfer, the other programmes are ready to use the CPU. As a result, different jobs may have to
split CPU time
2. Multi processor operating system:- In operating systems, to improve the performance of more
than one CPU can be used within one computer system called Multiprocessor operating system.
Multiple CPUs are interconnected so that a job can be divided among them for faster execution.
When a job finishes, results from all CPUs are collected and compiled to give the final output.

3. Batch operating systems:- This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same
requirements and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator
to sort jobs with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to manage and
execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.

4. Time sharing operating system:- The Time-Sharing Operating System is a type of operating system
in which the user can perform more than one task and each task gets the same amount of time to
execute. It is also called a multitasking operating system. That time that each task get to execute is
called Quantum. This time quantum is minimal and in 10-100 milliseconds. Time quantum is also
known as time slot or time slice.

5. Network operating system:-

These type of it is operating systems allows shared access of files, printers, security, applications,
and aspects of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying
configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections etc.
 6. Real time operating system:-

MS -DOS:- MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was released by Microsoft in 1981. It was a command-line
operating system used in early PCs and became the foundation for many business and personal computers. MS-DOS
allowed users to manage files and run applications through text-based commands. It played a crucial role in the
development of personal computing by providing a standard interface for software and hardware.

In MS-DOS, files are primarily categorized into two types based on their function:

1 .Data Files: These files contain user data and are created and used by various applications. They can
include text documents, spreadsheets, databases, and other types of information.
2. System Files: These files are essential for the operation of the MS-DOS operating system. They include:

A. Executable Files (.EXE or .COM): These files contain programs or commands that the operating
system can run.
B. Batch Files (.BAT): These files contain a series of commands that are executed sequentially by the
command interpreter.
C. Configuration Files (CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT): These files store system settings and
configurations necessary for the system to boot and operate properly.
MS DOS Command:-
Internal Commands: Internal commands are the commands that are built into the MS-DOS operating
system. These commands are stored in the COMMAND.COM file, which is loaded into memory when the
computer starts up. Here are some commonly used internal commands: 1. DIR: This command is used to
list the files and directories in the current directory. 2. CD: This command is used to change the current
directory. 3. MD: This command is used to create a new directory. 4. RD: This command is used to remove
an empty directory. 5. REN: This command is used to rename a file or directory. 6. COPY: This command is
used to copy files. 7. DEL: This command is used to delete files. 8. TYPE: This command is used to display
the contents of a text file. 9. CLS: This command is used to clear the screen.
External Commands: External commands are the commands that are stored in separate files, usually with
an extension of .COM or .EXE. These commands are not loaded into memory when the computer starts up,
but are executed by MS-DOS when needed. Here are some commonly used external commands: 1.
FORMAT: This command is used to format a disk. 2. CHKDSK: This command is used to check the integrity
of a disk and fix any errors. 3. EDIT: This command is used to open the MS-DOS text editor. 4. XCOPY: This
command is used to copy files and directories, with additional options. 5. ATTRIB: This command is used to
change the attributes of a file or directory. 6. DEBUG: This command is used for low-level debugging of
programs. 7. DISKCOPY: This command is used to create an identical copy of a disk.
Windows Operating System:- Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft that provides a
graphical user interface (GUI) for interacting with a computer. It was first released in 1985 as Windows 1.0.
Windows allows users to run applications, manage files, and perform various tasks through windows,
icons, and menus, making it more user-friendly compared to command-line interfaces like MS-DOS. Over
time, Windows has evolved through multiple versions, such as Windows 95, XP, 7, 10, and the latest
Windows 11, each introducing new features and improvements. Windows is widely used in personal
computers, businesses, and schools due to its ease of use and broad software compatibility.