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Functions

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9 views27 pages

Functions

Uploaded by

julee9800
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUNCTIONS

⚫ Functions are building blocks of the


programs.
⚫ They make the programs more modular
and easy to read and manage.
⚫ All C++ programs must contain the function
main( ).
⚫ The execution of the program starts from
the function main( ).
Function is divided into three
sections

⚫ Function
Declaration
⚫ Function Call
⚫ Function Definition
Form of Function
Syntax: Function Declaration
return_type function_name(parameter list) ;
Syntax : Function Call
int main()
{ Function_name(parameter list);
}
Syntax: Function Definition
{
______
__ ____
}
FunctionDeclaration
⚫ A function declaration is made by declaring the
return type of the function, name of the function and
the data types of the parameters of the function.
⚫ Always terminated by semicolon.
⚫ The general form of function declaration :-
return_type function_name(parameter list);
⚫ The return_type specifies the type of the
data the function returns.
⚫ The parameter list could be empty .
⚫ The parameter list should contain both
data type and name of the variable.
⚫ For example,
int factorial(int n, float j)
Function Arguments
⚫ Arguments contain the actual value which is to be
passed to the function when it is called.
⚫ The sequence of the arguments in the call of the
function should be same as the sequence of the
parameters in the parameter list of the
declaration of the function.
⚫ When a function call is made arguments
replace the parameters of the function.
The Return Statement and Return values

⚫ A return statement is used to exit from the


function where it is.
⚫ It returns a value to the calling code.
⚫ The general form of the return
statement is:-
return expression;
Example
⚫#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h> int
factorial(int n);
⚫int main ()
⚫{
⚫ int n1,fact;
⚫ cout <<"Enter the number whose factorial has to be calculated"
⚫ << endl;
⚫ cin >> n1;
⚫ fact=factorial(n1);
⚫ cout << "The factorial of " << n1 << " is : " << fact << endl;
⚫ getch();
}
int factorial(int n)
{
int i=0,fact=1;
if(n<=1)
{
return(1);
}
else
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
return(fact);
}

}
Pass/Call by value
⚫ Copies of the arguments are created .
⚫ The parameters are mapped to the copies of the
arguments created.
⚫ The changes made to the parameter do not affect the
arguments.
Example
#include<iostream.h
> #include<conio.h>
int add(int n);

int main()
{
int
number,result;
number=5;
cout << " The initial value of number : " << number <<
endl;
result=add(number);
cout << " The final value of number : " << number << endl;
cout << " The result is : " << result << endl;
getch();
return(0);
}

int add(int number)


{
number=number+100;
return(number);
}
Pass/Call by reference
⚫ Pass by reference is the second way
of passing parameters to the
function.
⚫ The address of the argument is copied
into the parameter.
⚫ The changes made to the parameter affect
the arguments.
Example-
#include<iostream.h
> #include<conio.h>
void swap(int &a,int &b)
{
int t=a;
a=b;
b=t;
}
int main()
{
int m=1,n=2;
cout<<"Value of m before
swaping\t"<<m<<endl; cout<<"Value of n before
swaping\t"<<n<<endl;
swap(m,n);
cout<<"Value of m after
swaping\t"<<m<<endl; cout<<"Value of n after
swaping\t"<<n<<endl;
getch();
}
Return by reference

⚫ A function can also return a reference.


⚫ Example:
#include<iostream.
h>
#include<conio.h>
int &max(int &x,int &y)
{
if(x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
int main()
{
int m=1,n=2;
max(m,n)=4;
cout<<"Value of
m"<<m<<endl; cout<<"value of
n"<<n<<endl; getch();
return 0;
}
Inline Functions
⚫ An inline function is a function that
expanded in line when it is
invoked.
⚫ That is the compiler replaces the function
call with the corresponding function code
.
⚫ Syntax:
inline function-header
{}
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int multiply(int);
int main( )
{
int x;
cout<< "\n Enter the Input Value: ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"\n The Output is: " << multiply(x);
getch();
}
inline int multiply(int x1)
{
return 5*x1;
}
Default Arguments
⚫ Default values are specified when the
function is declared.
⚫ Compier looks at the prototype to see
how many arguments function uses.
⚫ Default arguments are useful in situations
where some arguments always have the
same value.
Example
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h> int
main()
{
float amount;
float value(float p,int n,float r=0.15); //prototype
void printline(char ch='*',int len=40); //prototype
printline(); //uses default values for argumennts amount =
value(5000.00,5); //default for 3rd argument
cout<<"\n Final value = "<<amount<<"\n\n";
printline('='); //use default value for 2nd argument
return 0;
}
float value(float p, int n, float r)
{
int year =1;
float sum = p;
while(year <= n)

{
sum = sum*(1+r);
year = year+1;
}
getch();
return(sum);
}
void printline(char ch, int len)
{
for(int
i=1;i<=len;i++)
printf("%ch",ch);
printf("\n");
}
Function Overloading
⚫ A function is overloaded when same name is
given to different function.
⚫ The two functions with the same name
will differ at least in one of the following.
a) The number of parameters
b) The data type of parameters
c) The order of appearance
Example
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class arithmetic {
public:
void calc(int num1)
{
cout<<"Square of a given number: " <<num1*num1 <<endl;
}
void calc(int num1, int num2 )
{
cout<<"Product of two whole numbers: "
<<num1*num2 <<endl;
}
};
int main() //begin of main
function
{
arithmetic
a; a.calc(4);
a.calc(6,7);

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