SECOND TERM NOTE

BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS1

WEEK ONE
TOPIC: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

(i) State drawing instruments and their uses.

(ii) Name the drawing instrument we use to draw (a) vertical line, (b)
horizontal line
(iii) Describe how to draw a circle using a pair of compasses.
(iv) Describe how to care for drawing tools.

REFERENCE: Basic Technology (for JSS) Book 1, pages 33 to 39.

The type of drawing we do in Basic Technology is called Technical Drawing. It is
Technical because we use special instruments for it and we follow sets of rules to draw.
Drawing instruments are different from drawing materials. Drawing materials are those
things that we can exhaust as we are using them e.g. pencil, paper, eraser, etc.
Drawing instruments are tools we can use over and over again.
Drawing Instruments
1 Drawing We use this to place our paper when drawing. They are of different
board sizes – full imperial size, half imperial size and standard size
(students drawing board).
2 T-square This is the instrument we use to draw horizontal lines, support
setsquares and to set paper on the board.
3 Compass We use this to draw circles and arcs.
4 Set squares There are three types – 30° by 60° set square, 45° by 45° set square
and adjustable set square. We use set squares to draw vertical lines,
slant lines and angles.
5 Protractor We use this instrument to measure angles.
6 Rulers To draw straight lines and taking measurements.
7 French To draw different curves.
curves
8 Templates For lettering and drawing regular shapes.
9 Divider It is used to transfer measurements

Drawing Horizontal and Vertical Lines

We use Tee square to draw horizontal lines, while we use set squares to draw vertical
lines, slant lines and angles.
Drawing materials
(i) Drawing papers: where the drawing is made.
(ii) Pencils: there are three grades of pencils we use in drawing. They are H-
grade, B-grade and HB pencil. H-grade pencils are hard pencils and are used
for initial drawing. B-grade pencils are soft pencil and are used for outlining.
And HB pencils are intermediate pencils and are used for lettering and
freehand sketching.
To Draw a Circle
(i) Fix the short pencil on your compass and adjust until the tip is equal to the tip
of the compass.
(ii) Stand on the centre of the paper and rotate the pencil round to draw the
required circle. (page 37).
How to Care for Drawing Instruments
(i) Do not use pin or sharp objects on a drawing board.
(ii) Do not deform the edge of a Tee square.
(iii) Always secure the Tee end tight.
(iv) Set squares and protractors are breakable plastics, and so should be handled
with care.

WEEK TWO
TOPIC: BOARD PRACTICE I
OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

(i) Set paper on the board.

(ii) Draw border line on the drawing paper and state the dimensions.
(iii) Describe the position of title block in a drawing paper
(iv) Name at least three things that must be written in a title block
(v) Sketch lines and circles.

REFERENCE: Basic Technology (for JSS) Book 1, pages 40 to 43.

HOW TO SET PAPER ON THE BOARD

We don’t just place the paper on the board anyhow. We set it on the board using Tee
square that all lines drawn with the Tee square must be parallel to one another.
STEPS
 1. Place the paper on the board and place the Tee square on top of it.
2. Square in the T-end of the T-square so that there is no gap between the board
and the T-square.
3. Adjust the paper to be in alignment with upper edge of the T-square.
4. Hold the edges of the paper with tape.

Once paper is set on the board, the very Tee square used to set the paper must be
used throughout the drawing.

BORDER LINES

Border lines are drawn along the four edges of the paper. The lines must be 10mm
away from the edges. They are drawn using T-square and the set squares.

TITLE BLOCK

This is a place in the bottom right hand corner of the drawing paper where information
about the drawing are given. It can be of any convenient length, but for students work
and uniformity, it is usually made 10cm (100mm) long by 5cm (50mm).

Information on title block include (i) name of the drawer (ii) title of the drawing (iii) scale
used in making the drawing (iv) class of the drawer (v) date of the drawing.

DRAWING LINES
Horizontal and Parallel lines are drawn with T-square, while vertical lines are drawn with
setsquares. A ruler can also be used to draw a straight line When a vertical line meets
with a horizontal line, the form a right angle.

WEEK THREE
TOPIC: BOARD PRACTICE II
OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

(i) State two types of lettering used in drawing.

(ii) Which instrument do we use to draw horizontal lines on a board?
(iii) Demonstrate simple constructions on the board.

Writing words and numbers in drawing must be done in a way that they should be clear
and easy to read. This writing down numbers and words, is known as lettering. There
are two types of lettering – upright and slanting types.

Characteristics of Good Lettering

(i) There should have equal spacing

(ii) It must be legible
(iii) Uniformity in size.

For classroom work, template can be used for lettering.

PRACTICAL DRAWING: Board Practice

1. How to draw parallel lines

2. How to draw circles
3. How to bisect a line.

WEEK FOUR AND FIVE

REFERENCE: Basic Technology (for JSS) Book 1, pages 45 to 48

TOPIC: FREEHAND SKETCHING

Freehand sketching is a quick way of putting down one’s idea on a paper without many
drawing tools. In freehand sketching, pencil, paper and eraser is required. The best
pencil for freehand sketching is HB pencil.

There are some rules that will guide one in freehand sketching.

(i) There should be no shading.

 (ii) As much as possible make the drawing 3D.
(iii) Where possible, inclined the drawing at 30°.

PRACTICAL DRAWING

With free hand sketch the following hand tools:

(i) Engineering pliers - Basic Tech Workbook 1, page 22

(ii) Open end spanner - Basic Tech Workbook 1, page 22
(iii) Hammer (anyone of ball peen, cross peen, and claw hammer) - Basic Tech
Textbook page 65.
(iv) A Panel saw - Basic Tech Textbook page 56.

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: WORKBENCH

OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

(i) Define a workbench

(ii) List out workbench appliances.
(iii) With a good diagram show a workbench

A workbench is a platform where woodworkers carry out all their woodwork activities. As
a barman serves on a counter, a student writes on a desk, and a butcher cuts meat on a
table, so a woodworker works on a workbench. The size is about 2m by 0.80m by
0.90m. The centre part is always lower than the two sides. The lower centre part is
called the well. On the two opposite ends of the higher sides, we have the stops. The
vice and the hook are fixed on the opposite sides.

Workbench Appliances

(i) The well: This is where tools are kept during work operations.
(ii) Bench stop: This is a small piece of wood or metal fixed on top of the bench.
It is used to prevent wood or work piece from slipping off the bench during
planning.
(iii) Bench hook: to elevate work piece during planning, sanding, or mortising.
You can hang or store used tools within arm’s reach
(iv) Bench vice: This is a work-holding device made up of cast iron. It is fixed to
the side of the bench and used to hold the work piece firmly during cutting or
rebating.
(v) Clamps: this is used to secure materials during cutting, gluing etc.
WORKBENCH DIAGRAM TO BE DRAWN IN THE CLASS

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: WOODWORK HAND TOOLS

OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to give at least
two examples each for the following woodwork hand tools:

(a) measuring tool (b) driving tool (c) marking tool (d) cutting tool, (e) boring
tool (f) work-holding tool

REFERENCE: Basic Technology (for JSS) Book 1, pages 49 to 59

Hand tools are those tools we can pick in our hands to work with. They are different
from machine tools which are tools we must fix on a machine before we can use them.
Woodwork hand tools are classified into six. Each class depends on the type of work we
use it to do.

1. Measuring Tools: - these are tools we use to measure. They are used to
measure to length, depth, thickness, angles, accuracy of a straight line, accuracy
of a flat surface, etc. Tools like protractors, rulers, measuring tape, callipers,
micrometre screw gauge, levels, etc. are all measuring tools.
2. Marking Out Tools: - these are tools we use to mark our work piece before
cutting, mortising, or rebating. They include marking gauge, divider, punches,
scriber, compasses, trammel, surface table etc.
3. Cutting Tools: - these are tools we use to cut. They include saw, planes, chisels
(for cutting mortise holes, key holes and rebates in wood), spokeshave, etc.
(i) SAWS: - there different types of saws we use in the workshop. They serve
different purposes.
(a) Rip saw – this is the saw we use to cut along the length of the wood. It is
usually long with big teeth.
(b) Cross-cut saw – we use this type of saw to cut across the length of the wood.
It is not as long as the rip saw.

(c) Panel saw – this is a multipurpose saw in a workshop. In the absence of rip
saw and cross-cut saw it can be used for both purposes. It is usually shorter than
the cross-cut saw.

(d) Tenon saw – this is a special saw for cutting tenon joint.

(e) Dovetail saw – a special saw for cutting dovetail joints.

(f) Bow saw – for cutting curves in wood.
(g) Coping saw – a special saw for cutting curves in wood.

(h) fret saw – for cutting curves in thin wood and plywood. (NB: both bow, coping
and fret saws are all for cutting curves. The difference is in the thickness of the
wood. Bow is for 50mm and above; coping is for 15mm to 40mm and fret is for
8mm and below).

(ii) PLANES: - plane is a woodwork tool for smoothing the wood. There are four
main types of plane namely
(a) try plane – a long plane for levelling the surface of long wood.

(b) jack plane – for initial rough planning. It also used to remove marks from
wood. It’s a general purpose plane and the longest type of plane.
(b) smoothing plane – gives smoother planning after jack plane has been used.

(c) spokeshave – a special plane for removing light wooden particles from wood,
especially on edges and curves.

(iv) CHISELS: - Chisels are used to cut holes like key holes and mortise holes.
They are used for shaping and carving wood. They can also be used to
 remove a marked spot on a work piece. Examples of chisels are flat chisel,
round nose chisel and diamond nose chisel.

4. Driving Tools: - These are tools used to pushing in nails, screws, nuts, bolt and
studs. They include spanners, screwdrivers, Allen keys, hammers, etc.
(i) SPANNERS: - spanner can be open end spanner, ring spanner, socket
spanner or Allen key. They are all use to drive in or drive out bolts and
nuts. They are of different sizes.

(ii) HAMMERS: - hammers are used to drive in nails into wood. They are
named by the shape of their peen. So we have cross peen, ball peen
tapered peen or claw hammer.
 (iii) SCREWDRIVERS – We use these to drive in screws. They can be flat or
star depending on the shape of the tip.

5. Boring Tools: - these are tools we use to make holes on wood or to expand an
existing hole. They include drills, bradawl, brace, etc.

6. Work holding Devices: - to hold a work piece firmly while other operations like
cutting or marking are going on. They include vices, clamps, pliers, pincers, etc.
we have three main types of clamp – G-clamp. F-clamp and Sash clamp.
WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: METALWORK HAND TOOLS

OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to

Give two examples each for the following woodwork hand tools:

(a) measuring tool (b) driving tool (c) marking tool (d) cutting tool, (e) boring
tool (f) work-holding tool

REFERENCE: Basic Technology (for JSS) Book 1, pages 62 to 68

Metal work hand tools like woodwork hand tools are the tools we pick in our hands to
work. Like woodwork hand tools, they are classified into six main types depending on
their uses.

S/NO TYPE FUNCTION EXAMPLES

1 Marking out To mark out part of the work piece Scriber, compass, punches,
tools that should be cut, plane, drill or divider, etc.
decorated.

2 Measuring To take different measurements Callipers (different callipers

tools like depth, height, diameter, etc. like odd-leg, depth, inner
surface, outer surface,
callipers), rules, try square,

3 Cutting tools These tools cut off part of the Hacksaw, files, chisels,
work piece as you are using them. shears, snips, etc.

4 Driving tools These are the tools we use to Screwdrivers, spanners

drive in bolts, nuts, screws, and (flat, ring and socket), Allen
studs in or out of a metal work keys, ratchets, hammers,
piece. adjustable spanners, etc.

5 Boring tools We use these tools to make holes Drills, bradawls, and brace.
on metals or to expand an
 existing hole.

6 Work holding These are the tools we use to Vices, clamps (G-clamp, F-
tools hold our work firmly when cutting clamp and sash clamp),
or performing other operations. pliers, pincers,