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Chapter 1: Introduction To Operating Systems: o o o o o o o o o o

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4 views2 pages

Chapter 1: Introduction To Operating Systems: o o o o o o o o o o

Uploaded by

ramyasree626262
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating Systems

1.1 What is an Operating System?

 Definition: An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary


between the user and computer hardware. It manages hardware resources and
provides services for computer programs.
 Examples: Windows, Linux, MacOS, Android.

1.2 Functions of an Operating System

1. Process Management:
o Manages processes in a system, including creation, scheduling, and
termination.
o Key Concepts: Process state, process control block (PCB), context switching.
2. Memory Management:
o Handles allocation and deallocation of memory space to processes.
o Key Concepts: Paging, segmentation, virtual memory.
3. File System Management:
o Manages files on storage devices, including their creation, deletion, and
access.
o Key Concepts: File attributes, directory structure, file operations.
4. I/O Management:
o Controls input and output devices, providing a means for processes to interact
with hardware.
o Key Concepts: Device drivers, buffering, spooling.
5. Security and Protection:
o Ensures data integrity and restricts unauthorized access to system resources.
o Key Concepts: User authentication, access control lists (ACLs), encryption.

1.3 Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System:


o Executes batches of jobs without user interaction. Jobs are collected,
processed, and outputted in batches.
o Example: Early mainframe systems.
2. Time-Sharing Operating System:
o Allows multiple users to interact with the computer simultaneously, providing
a responsive system.
o Example: Unix, Linux.
3. Distributed Operating System:
o Manages a group of independent computers and presents them as a single
coherent system to users.
o Example: Google’s Android OS in a distributed cloud environment.
4. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):
o Provides real-time processing, where the system responds to inputs within a
strict time limit.
o Example: VxWorks, QNX.
1.4 OS Architecture

1. Monolithic Architecture:
o All OS functions are performed in a single large block of code running in
kernel space.
o Advantage: High performance.
o Disadvantage: Difficult to maintain.
2. Layered Architecture:
o Divides the OS into layers, each built on top of the lower layers, with each
layer performing a specific function.
o Advantage: Modular and easier to maintain.
o Disadvantage: Potential performance overhead.
3. Microkernel Architecture:
o Minimizes kernel services to essential ones, with additional services running
in user space.
o Advantage: More modular and flexible.
o Disadvantage: Performance overhead due to user-space communication.

Practice Problems

1.1 Define an Operating System and list its primary functions.

1.2 Explain the difference between a Time-Sharing OS and a Real-Time OS.

1.3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Monolithic and Microkernel


architectures.

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