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Unit-3 (Part-2)
Internet Addressing
Overview
Internet Addressing refers to the system used to identify and locate devices on a network. The most common forms of
addressing are:
• IP Address: A numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., 192.168.1.1 for IPv4 or 2001:db8::1 for IPv6).
• Hostname: A human-readable name associated with an IP address (e.g., www.google.com).
• DNS (Domain Name System): Resolves hostnames to IP addresses.

IP Addressing
IP addressing is the system used to identify devices on a network. Each device (or host) is assigned a unique address to
facilitate communication.

Structure of an IP Address
An IP address is a 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) identifier used in networking.
IPv4 Address
• Consists of 4 octets (8 bits each), separated by dots: e.g., 192.168.1.1
• Each octet can range from 0 to 255 (8 bits = 28=256 possible values).
IPv6 Address
• Consists of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits (16 bits per group), separated by colons:
e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

IPv4 Addressing
Classes of IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 addresses are divided into classes based on their leading bits, which define their range and network/host structure.
Class Range Purpose Default Subnet Mask
A 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 Large networks 255.0.0.0
B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Medium-sized networks 255.255.0.0
C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Small networks 255.255.255.0
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Multicast -
E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Experimental -

Example: Class A IP Example: Class B IP Example: Class C IP

• Address: 10.0.0.1 • Address: 172.16.5.4 • Address: 192.168.1.10
• Network Portion: 10 • Network Portion: 172.16 • Network Portion:
• Host Portion: 0.0.1 • Host Portion: 5.4 192.168.1
• Default Subnet Mask: • Default Subnet Mask: • Host Portion: 10
255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 • Default Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0
Public and Private IP Addresses
• Public IPs: Globally unique and routable on the internet.
o Example: 8.8.8.8 (Google DNS server).
• Private IPs: Used within local networks, not routable on the internet.
o Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
o Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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Subnetting
Subnetting divides a network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks (subnets).
Subnet Mask
A subnet mask determines which part of an IP address is the network portion and which is the host portion.
• Example:
o IP: 192.168.1.10
o Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
▪ Network Portion: 192.168.1
▪ Host Portion: 10
CIDR Notation
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) allows flexible subnetting by specifying the number of bits used for the network
portion.
• Example:
o 192.168.1.10/24
▪ /24 means the first 24 bits are the network portion.
▪ Equivalent Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0.

IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 addresses are designed to overcome IPv4's limitations, offering a much larger address space.
Structure
• 128 bits divided into 8 groups of 16 bits, written in hexadecimal.
• Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
Abbreviation Rules
1. Omit leading zeros in each block.
o Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 → 2001:db8:0:0:0:8a2e:370:7334.
2. Use :: to replace consecutive blocks of zeros.
o Example: 2001:db8:0:0:0:8a2e:370:7334 → 2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334.

IPv6 Address Types

1. Unicast: Represents a single device.
2. Multicast: Represents a group of devices.
3. Anycast: Represents a group of devices, delivering to the nearest one.

IPv4 vs IPv6
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address Size 32 bits 128 bits
Address Space 2322^{32} (4.3 billion) 21282^{128} (340 undecillion)
Header Size 20 bytes 40 bytes
Address Notation Dotted decimal Hexadecimal
Security Optional (IPSec) Mandatory (IPSec built-in)

InetAddress Class
Overview
The InetAddress class in Java represents an IP address. It provides methods to resolve hostnames to IP addresses and vice
versa.

Key Features

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• Represents both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
• Provides static factory methods to create InetAddress objects.

Factory Methods
1. InetAddress.getByName(String host):
o Resolves a hostname to an IP address.
o Example:
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("www.google.com");
System.out.println(address);

2. InetAddress.getAllByName(String host):
o Returns all IP addresses for a given hostname.
o Example:
InetAddress[] addresses = InetAddress.getAllByName("www.google.com");
for (InetAddress addr : addresses) {
System.out.println(addr);
}

3. InetAddress.getLocalHost():
o Retrieves the address of the local machine.
o Example:
InetAddress localAddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(localAddress);

4. InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress():
o Returns the loopback address (127.0.0.1).

Instance Methods
1. getHostName():
o Returns the hostname of the InetAddress.
o Example:
System.out.println(address.getHostName());

2. getHostAddress():
o Returns the IP address as a string.
o Example:
System.out.println(address.getHostAddress());

3. isReachable(int timeout):
o Checks if the address is reachable within the given timeout.
o Example:
o System.out.println(address.isReachable(5000)); // 5 seconds

TCP/IP
Overview
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, connection-oriented protocol for data transmission.
• IP (Internet Protocol): Handles addressing and routing of packets across networks.
• TCP/IP: Combination of TCP and IP protocols that form the foundation of the Internet.

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Client Sockets
Overview
Client sockets enable communication between a client application and a server using TCP.
Key Class: Socket
Constructor
• Socket(String host, int port):
o Creates a connection to a server.
o Example:
o Socket socket = new Socket("example.com", 80);
Methods
1. getInputStream():
o Returns the input stream to read data from the server.
2. getOutputStream():
o Returns the output stream to send data to the server.
3. close():
o Closes the connection.

URL Class
Overview
The URL class represents a Uniform Resource Locator and is used to access resources on the web.
Key Methods
1. URL(String spec):
o Creates a URL object from a string.
o Example:
o URL url = new URL("https://example.com");
2. openStream():
o Opens a stream to read data from the URL.

URLConnection Class
Overview
The URLConnection class represents a communication link between an application and a URL.
Key Methods
1. getInputStream():
o Reads data from the URL.
2. getOutputStream():
o Sends data to the URL.

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3. setRequestProperty(String key, String value):
o Sets request headers.

TCP/IP Server Sockets

Overview
The ServerSocket class is used to create a server that listens for incoming client connections.
Constructor
• ServerSocket(int port):
o Creates a server socket on the specified port.
Methods
1. accept():
o Waits for a client connection and returns a Socket object.
o Example:
o ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080);
o Socket client = server.accept();
2. close():
o Closes the server socket.

Datagram (UDP)
Overview
The DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for communication over UDP.
Key Classes
1. DatagramSocket:
o Represents a socket for sending and receiving datagrams.
o Example:
o DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
2. DatagramPacket:
o Represents a data packet sent or received over a DatagramSocket.

Practical Example: Sending a Datagram

import java.net.*;

public class UDPSender {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
String message = "Hello, UDP!";
byte[] buffer = message.getBytes();
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InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("example.com");

DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length, address, 12345);
socket.send(packet);
socket.close();
}
}

Practical Example: Receiving a Datagram

import java.net.*;

public class UDPReceiver {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(12345);
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);

socket.receive(packet);
String received = new String(packet.getData(), 0, packet.getLength());
System.out.println("Received: " + received);
socket.close();
}
}

Ajay Parashar IT@HCST