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3S Technology Applications
in Meteorology
Spatial information technology and its integration, such as remote sensing, geographic information
systems (GIS), and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), known as 3S technology, have
been extensively utilized in managing and monitoring natural disasters. This book illustrates the
3S integrated applications in the feld of meteorology and promotes the role of 3S in developing
precise and intelligent meteorology. It presents the principles of 3S technology and the methods for
monitoring different meteorological disasters and hazards as well as their application progress. The
case studies from the United States, Japan, China, and Europe were conducted to help all countries
understand the 3S technology functions in handling and monitoring severe meteorological hazards.
FEATURES
• Presents integral observations from GNSS, GIS, and remote sensing in estimating and
understanding meteorological changes
• Explains how to monitor and retrieve atmospheric parameter changes using GNSS and remote
sensing
• Shows three-dimensional modeling and evaluations of meteorological variation processing
based on GIS
• Helps meteorologists develop and use space-air-ground integrated observations for
meteorological applications
• Illustrates the practices in monitoring meteorological hazards using space information
techniques and case studies
This book is intended for academics, researchers, and postgraduate students who specialize in
geomatics, atmospheric science, and meteorology, as well as scientists who work in remote sensing
and meteorology, and professionals who deal with meteorological hazards.
3S Technology Applications
in Meteorology
Observations, Methods, and Modelling
Edited by
Shuanggen Jin
Designed cover image: © Shuanggen Jin
First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Shuanggen Jin; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences
of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all
material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available
on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent
to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-42513-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-42514-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-36311-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003363118
Typeset in Times
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Editor ...............................................................................................................................................vii
Contributors ......................................................................................................................................ix
Chapter 3 Spatial-Temporal Variation of GNSS ZTD and Its Responses to ENSO Events ....... 59
Tengli Yu, Yong Wang, Shuanggen Jin, Ershen Wang, and Xiao Liu
Chapter 4 Exploration of Cloud and Microphysics Properties from Active and Passive
Remote Sensing..........................................................................................................97
Jinming Ge, Chi Zhang, Jiajing Du, Qinghao Li, Yize Li, Zheyu Liang,
Yang Xia, and Tingting Chen
Chapter 5 Remote Sensing of Cloud Properties Using Passive Spectral Observations............ 129
Chao Liu, Shiwen Teng, Yuxing Song, and Zhonghui Tan
Chapter 6 Cloud Detection and Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval from MODIS Satellite
Imagery .................................................................................................................... 162
Jing Wei and Lin Sun
Chapter 7 Tropical Belt Widening Observation and Implication from GNSS Radio
Occultation Measurements....................................................................................... 194
Mohamed Darrag and Shuanggen Jin
Chapter 8 Upper Atmospheric Mass Density Variations and Space Weather Responses
from GNSS Precise Orbits ....................................................................................... 231
Andres Calabia and Shuanggen Jin
Chapter 9 Estimation and Variations of Surface Energy Balance from Ground, Satellite,
and Reanalysis Data ................................................................................................. 249
Usman Mazhar and Shuanggen Jin
v
vi Contents
Chapter 12 Global Soil Moisture Retrieval from Spaceborne GNSS-R Based on Machine
Learning Method......................................................................................................307
Yan Jia and Zhiyu Xiao
Chapter 13 Drought Monitoring and Evaluation in Major African Basins from Satellite
Gravimetry ............................................................................................................... 323
Ayman M. Elameen, Shuanggen Jin, and Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed
Alriah
Chapter 14 Flood Disaster Monitoring and Extraction Based on SAR Data and
Optical Data ............................................................................................................. 342
Minmin Huang and Shuanggen Jin
Chapter 15 Flood Hydrological Simulation and Risk Assessment Based on GIS...................... 365
Minmin Huang and Shuanggen Jin
vii
Contributors
Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed Alriah Jinming Ge
Nanjing University of Information Science College of Atmospheric Sciences
and Technology Lanzhou University
Nanjing, China Lanzhou, China
ix
x Contributors
1.1 BACKGROUND
Meteorological disaster is the direct or indirect damages caused by the atmosphere to human life,
economy, and national defense construction, which usually includes climate disasters and derived
disasters (Guan et al., 2015; Ye, 2022). Climate disasters are directly caused by severe weather
such as typhoons, rainstorms, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, high temperatures, drought and other
meteorological factors (Allan et al., 2006). The derived meteorological disasters are caused by
meteorological factors. According to statistics, nearly 90% of natural disasters were related to the
bad weather (United Nations, 2015). The derived meteorological disasters mainly include forest
fres, debris fow and landslides. Traditional meteorological disaster monitoring mainly uses quan-
titative observation instruments. For example, anemometers, rain gauges and temperature measur-
ing instruments are used to monitor high wind hazards, urban rainstorms and high temperatures,
respectively. Traditional meteorological disaster monitoring methods have various defciencies. For
instance, mechanical rain gauges such as siphon type gauges are mainly used to monitor rainstorms
(Li et al., 2010), while such instruments are cumbersome in operation and lack self-adjustment and
self-adaptation ability. In addition, the monitoring of meteorological hazards requires not only a
conventional meteorological observation network, but also a focus on the structural changes in the
atmospheric boundary layer that affect human activities and the human habitat, as well as the impact
of changes in the subsurface on meteorological conditions (Wang et al., 2009). However, such detec-
tion is diffcult to achieve, only relying on traditional ground-based observation instruments.
3S technology specifcally refers to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Remote
Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) (Zhang, 2020; Li, 2003). 3S technology,
as the core technology of spatial informatics, can provide a full range of resource and environ-
mental data and quickly obtain multi-platform, multi-temporal, multi-band, high-precision and
high-resolution massive space-time information (Li, 2003; Li et al., 1998). The combination of 3S
technology observations in meteorology can overcome the shortcomings of traditional meteorologi-
cal instruments such as low accuracy and poor self-adaptive capability for observing certain meteo-
rological parameters. For example, images acquired from satellite remote sensing can draw a map
of water distribution in the atmosphere and rainfall distribution through light recognition equipment
and infrared sensors, which can effectively improve the observation ability of rainfall in heavy rain-
storms. GNSS Radio Occultation (GNSS RO) can achieve high vertical resolution and spatial cover-
age of the atmospheric parameter profles, which can effectively solve the problems of poor stability
and low vertical resolution of traditional observation means such as radar and reanalysis data and
effectively improve the monitoring ability of meteorological disasters. 3S technology can not only
enrich the means of meteorological observations and improve the ability of meteorological observa-
tions, but also collect, store and analyze meteorological data by GIS. For example, GIS can carry
out statistical analysis of meteorological disaster data, assess meteorological disasters risks and
improve the ability to defend against meteorological disasters. GIS can also evaluate the disaster
DOI: 10.1201/9781003363118-1 1
2 3S Technology Applications in Meteorology
situation of meteorological disasters through the integration and analysis of information. Therefore,
3S technology has become an important means of meteorological observation, processing and anal-
ysis, and can improve the comprehensive management and assessment of meteorological disasters
(Li, 2003; Li, 1998). With the development of 3S, more closely combined meteorological parameter
observation and disaster monitoring and forecast will be constantly improved.
Author: J. Säilä
Language: Finnish
Sommitteli
J. J. [J. Säilä]
Mutta kohta oli idän rohkea kotka levittävä siipensä lentoon yli
meren ja ulapoiden iskeäkeeen kyntensä lännen monista taisteluista
uupuneesen jalopeuraan.
*****
Uljaasti sanoi hän nyt miehilie, ettei ollut muuta neuvoa enään
jäljellä kuin yksimielisesti karkoittaa vihollinen pois ja vapauttaa maa
raskaasta rasituksesta. Sentähden oli yleinen kansan kapina vielä
saman päiwän ehtoona klo 8 pantava toimeen. Kaikki alukset olivat
poistettavat rannoilta loitommaksi, ettei venäläiset pääsisi
pakenemaan ja äkkiä yllätettävä heidän kimppuunsa sijoitus
asemissaan. Ensin aikoi hän itse tehdä ylläkön vihollisten päällikön
pääkortteeriin. Strömsvikin kartanoon, missä Nejdhardt 10 kasakan
kanssa majaili ruununvouti Taxell'in luona.
Päätös oli tehty. Salaman tavoin olivat Arén’in uljaat sanat
sytyttäneet miesten mielet. Tuo synkkyys, mikä äsken kuvastui
heidän kasvoissaan, oli nyt kadonnut ja uljuus loisti nyt silmistä.
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Kaunis oli keväinen ilta toukokuun 6 p:nä, kun klo 9 j.pp. nähtiin
erityinen joukkio verkalleen liikkuvan koilliseen suuntaan Finströmin
pitäjän Bambölen kylästä, missä Arén'in asunto oli. Siinä oli sankarit
Arén ja Gummerus ratsain ja heitä seuraa 100 Finströmin
talonpoikaa jalkaisin, enimmät varustettuina terävillä seipäillä, syystä
että ennenmainitun venäläisten käskyn johdosta ampuma-aseet
olivat riistetyt pois. Harvalla ainoastaan oli tuo tunnettu, mainio
hyljeslinkku. Arénin vanhemman veljen, Malmbergin johdolla
lähetettiin Hammarlandiin 30 miestä estämään vihollisen pakoa,
mutta itse pääjoukko marssi Strömsvikiin vihollispäällikön
pääkortteeriin siten yhdellä iskulla masentaaksean vihollisen.
*****
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