Unit 2- Installation and configuration of Android

Course Outcome:
Configure Android environment and development tools.

Unit Outcomes:
2a. Describe function of the given component to operate the specified IDE. 2b.
Explain the given term related to virtual machine.
2c. Explain the given basic term related to Android development tools. 2d.
Describe the features of given android emulator.
2e. Describe the steps to configure the given android development environment
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Contents:

1.1 Operating System, Java JDK, Android SDK

1.2 Android Development Tools (ADT)
1.3 Android Virtual Devices (AVDs)
1.4 Emulators
1.5 Dalvik Virtual Machine, Difference between JVM and DVM
1.6 Steps to install and configure Android Studio and SDK
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2.1 Operating System, Java JDK, Android SDK
Operating System

• A mobile OS is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, PDAs, or other

mobile devices.
• Mobile OSs combine features of a personal computer OS with other features useful
for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered
essential in modern mobile systems;

Touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera,
speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, etc

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources.
An operating system intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware.
The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute
programs in a convenient and efficient act as an manner.

An operating system is a software that manages the computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and to
prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.
Types of Operating Systems

An operating system performs all the basic tasks like managing file, process, and memory.
Thus operating system acts as manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus
operating system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them into batches. It is the
responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs.

Examples of batch-based operating system are: Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.

Time-Sharing Operating System

Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets
time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to
execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task.

Examples of time-sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.

Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is recent advancement in the world of computer technology
and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Remote access
is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow
shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a
small private network.

Examples of network operating system are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.
Real-Time Operating System

These types of Oss serve the real-time systems. The time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. Real-time systems
are used when there are time requirements are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots etc.

Two types of real-time operating system which are as follows:

1. Hard real - time systems

2. Soft real-time systems

Examples of real-time operating systems are: Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems etc.

Java JDK

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used for
developing Java applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE), an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation
generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in Java development.

The JDK is a development environment for building applications, applets, and

components using the Java programming language.

The JDK is a software package that contains a variety of tools and utilities that make it
possible to develop, package, monitor and deploy applications that build for any standard
Java platform, including Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE); Java Platform, Micro
Edition (Java ME); and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE).
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a
software development environment which is used to to develop Java applications and
applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools,

JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java platforms released by Oracle
Corporation:

1. Standard Edition Java Platform

2. Enterprise Edition Java Platform

3. Micro Edition Java Platform

and a The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (IVM) few other resources such
as an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation
generator (Javadoc), etc. to complete the development of a Java Application.

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.
It is called a virtual machine because it doesn't physically exist. It is a specification
that provides a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. JVM (Java
Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e. JVM is
platform dependent). JVM is a part of Java Run Environment (JRE).

The JVM performs following operation:

o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JRE
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a set of software tools for development of Java
applications. It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform core classes and
supporting libraries.

JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is also written as Java RTE. The Java
Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java
applications.
It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically
exists. It contains a set of libraries plus other files that JVM uses at runtime.

The implementation of JVM is also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro
Systems.
Android SDK
Android development starts with the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). It is a
software development kit that enables developers to create applications for the
Android platform.

The Android SDK (software development kit) is a set of development tools used to develop
applications for Android platform. The Android SDK includes the following:

• Required libraries
• Debugger
• An emulator
• Relevant documentation for the Android application program interfaces (APIs)
• Sample source code
• Tutorials for the Android OS

2.2 Android Development Tools (ADT)

1. Android Studio

Developed by Google, Android Studio is an all-rounder integrated development environment

that allows the Android developers to get what they desire without an Integrated Development
Environment or IDE.
Android has Gradle-base support that has features like visual layout editor, intelligent code
editor, real-time profilers and APK analyzer. It acts just like any other Java IDE in terms of
error investigating and file hierarchy.

2. Visual Studio – Xamarin

Xamarin was launched in 2011 which is the best free IDE for delivering an enterprise- quality,
cross-platform approach. Xamarin supplies add-ins to Microsoft Visual Studio that allows
developers to build Android, iOS, and Windows apps within the IDE

3. IntelliJ IDEA

The framework based assistance, productivity boosters, unobtrusive intelligence, duplicates,

and inspections are provided with the IDE. Using this IDE, you can do in- depth coding, quick
navigation, and error analysis. It supports mobile app development with the help of Java, Scala,
Kotlin, Groovy.

4. Eclipse IDE

It is one of the most popular IDES of Android apps. The open-source software is free to use.
Released under the Eclipse Public License, it holds a large community having plenty of plugins
and configurations. Highly customizable offers full support for Java programming language
and XML.

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2.3 Android Virtual Devices (AVDs)

An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is a configuration that defines the characteristics of an
Android phone, tablet, Wear OS, Android TV, or Automotive OS device that you want to
 simulate in the Android Emulator. The AVD Manager is an interface you can launch from
Android Studio that helps you create and manage AVDs.

To open the AVD Manager, do one of the following:

• Select Tools > AVD Manager.

• Click AVD Manager in the toolbar.

To create a new AVD:
1. Open the AVD Manager by clicking Tools > AVD
Manager.

2. Click Create Virtual Device, at the bottom of the AVD Manager dialog.
The Select Hardware page appears.
 Notice that only some hardware profiles are indicated to include Play Store. This indicates
that these profiles are fully CTS compliant and may use system images that include the Play
Store app.

3. Select a hardware profile, and then click Next.

If you don't see the hardware profile you want, you can create or import a hardware profile.
The System Image page appears.
4. Select the system image for a particular API level, and then click Next.
The Recommended tab lists recommended system images. The other tabs include a more
complete list. The right pane describes the selected system image. x86 images run the fastest
in the emulator.

If you see Download next to the system image, you need to click it to download the system
image. You must be connected to the internet to download it.

The API level of the target device is important, because your app won't be able to run on a
system image with an API level that's less than that required by your app, as specified in the
minSdkVersion attribute of the app manifest file. For more information about the relationship
between system API level and minSdkVersion, see Versioning Your Apps.

If your app declares a <uses-library> element in the manifest file, the app requires a system
image in which that external library is present. If you want to run your app on an emulator,
create an AVD that includes the required library. To do so, you might need to use an add-on
component for the AVD platform; for example, the Google APIs add-on contains the Google
Maps library.
The Verify Configuration page appears.
Change AVD properties as needed, and then click Finish.

Now you get a new AVD ready for launching your apps on it.

2.4 Emulators

The Android Emulator simulates Android devices on your computer so that you can test your
application on a variety of devices and Android API levels without needing to have each
physical device.
The emulator provides almost all of the capabilities of a real Android device. You can
simulate incoming phone calls and text messages, specify the location of the device,
simulate different network speeds, simulate rotation and other hardware sensors, access the
Google Play Store, and much more.
Testing your app on the emulator is in some ways faster and easier than doing so on a physical
device. For example, you can transfer data faster to the emulator than to a device connected
over USB.
The emulator comes with predefined configurations for various Android phone, tablet, Wear
OS, and Android TV devices.
 In short, An Android emulator is an Android Virtual Device (AVD) that represents a specific
Android device. You can use an Android emulator as a target platform to run and test your
Android applications on your PC. Using Android emulators is optional.
Launch the Android Emulator without first running an app

To start the emulator:

1. Open the AVD Manager.
2. Double-click an AVD, or click Run

.
The Android Emulator loads.
While the emulator is running, you can run Android Studio projects and choose the emulator
as the target device. You can also drag one or more APKs onto the emulator to install them,
and then run them.

2.5 Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM)

As we know the modern JVM is high performance and provides excellent memory
management. But it needs to be optimized for low-powered handheld devices as well.

The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is an android virtual machine optimized for mobile
devices. It optimizes the virtual machine for memory, battery life and performance.

Dalvik is a name of a town in Iceland. The Dalvik VM was written by Dan Bornstein.

The Dex compiler converts the class files into the .dex file that run on the Dalvik VM. Multiple
class files are converted into one dex file.

Fig.: The compiling and packaging process from the source file
 The javac tool compiles the java source file into the class file.

The dx tool takes all the class files of your application and generates a single .dex file. It is a
platform-specific tool.

The Android Assets Packaging Tool (aapt) handles the packaging process.

Difference between JVM and DVM

DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

It is Register based which is designed torun It is Stack based.
on low memory.
DVM uses its own byte code and runs JVM uses java byte code and runs “.class”
“.Dex” file. From Android 2.2 SDK Dalvik file having JIT (Just In Time).
has got a Just in Time compiler
DVM has been designed so that a device Single instance of JVM is shared with
can run multiple instances of the VM multiple applications.
efficiently. Applications are given their
own instance.
DVM supports Android operating JVM supports multiple operating
system only. systems.
For DVM very few Re-tools are available. For JVM many Re-tools are available.

There is constant pool for every It has constant pool for every class.
application.
Here the executable is APK. Here the executable is JAR.

2.6 Steps to install and configure Android Studio and SDK

Installation

Follow steps below for complete installation and configuration of Android Studio.

Step 1) Download Android Studio

You can download Android Studio from this link or go
to developer.android.com homepage and search for downloads. Choose appropriate
platform either for windows, mac or linux. Following are the pre requirements for
windows operating system.
Pre-requirements
• Microsoft windows 7/8/10 (32 or 64 bits)
• Minimum 3GB RAM (recommended 8GB)
• 2GB disk space
• 1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution size
• Intel processor for accelerated emulator
• Android SDK
Note: If you don’t have Android SDK, you can download with Android studio. Go to the end
of download’s page and find android-studio-bundle-162.4069837-windows.exe it includes
SDK also.
Step 2) Run .exe file
Now the next step is to launch .exe file you just download. Following screen will appear

Step 1: Run .exe file

Click next and select Android SDK checked if you don’t have it already. Better is to leave the
default settings.

Make sure Android virtual device is also checked.

 Step 2: Choose components Next
step is to accept license and agreement. Click on I Agree

Step 3: Accept license

Next step is to set location of installation. Please make sure your disk has minimum required
space before clicking on Next. For Android Studio installation location must
have at least 500MB free space. For Android SDK installation, selected location must have
at least 3.25GB free space.

Step 4: Install location

Next step is to choose the start menu folder, where you want to create shortcut. If you don’t
want to create a shortcut just mark Do not create shortcut.
Step 5: Choose start menu folder
And hit Install button.
It will start installation. Once it’s done following window will appear.

Step 6: Finish
This informs you installation has completed. Click Finish. Make sure Start Android
Studio is checked. Following splash screen of Android Studio will appear.

Step 7: Android Studio Splash Screen

Step 3) Configure Android Studio
When you run it for the first time it will ask for Android Studio settings.

Step 8: Import settings

If you don’t have any previous settings click on the second option (I don’t have a
previous version of Studio or I don’t want to import my settings).

Select a theme and click next.

Step 9: Select theme

At the very first run it needs to download some necessary components, wait till it
completes.

Step 10: Download components

And it’s all done.
Step 11: Done
Click on Finish and start building your Android apps.
Introduction to Android Studio User Interface
Android Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). You have seen
download and installation in this tutorial. Let’s learn some basics of Android Studio. Here
is the a screenshot of a running Android studio.
 Android Studio screen
Red mark shows

1: Tool bar- It is collection of many tools like cut, copy, paste, run debug and others. 2:
Navigation bar- It helps you to navigate through the recent open files of your project.
3: Project hierarchy- It is the hierarchy of your project’s folders.
4: Component Tree- It shows component used in an activity in the form of a tree structure.
5: Properties window- It shows properties of selected item on the screen.
6: Layout editor- It shows graphical layout, how your app will look like.
7: Palette window- Palette window shows component, layouts, and widgets available in
Android Studio.

Create an Android project

This lesson shows you how to create a new Android project with Android Studio, and it
describes some of the files in the project.
To create your new Android project, follow these steps:
1. Install the latest version of Android Studio.
2. In the Welcome to Android Studio window, click Start a new Android Studio
project.

Figure 1. Android Studio welcome screen

If you have a project already opened, select File > New > New Project.
3. In the Choose your project window, select Empty Activity and click Next.
4. In the Configure your project window, complete the following:
• Enter "My First App" in the Name field.
• Enter "com.example.myfirstapp" in the Package name field.
• If you'd like to place the project in a different folder, change its Save location.
• Select either Java or Kotlin from the Language drop-down menu.
• Select the checkbox next to Use androidx.* artifacts.
• Leave the other options as they are.
5. Click Finish.
After some processing time, the Android Studio main window appears.
Figure 2. Android Studio main window
Now take a moment to review the most important files.
First, be sure the Project window is open (select View > Tool Windows > Project) and the
Android view is selected from the drop-down list at the top of that window. You can then see
the following files:

app > java > com.example.myfirstapp > MainActivity

This is the main activity. It's the entry point for your app. When you build and run your
app, the system launches an instance of this Activity and loads its layout.

app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

This XML file defines the layout for the activity's user interface (UI). It contains a
TextView element with the text "Hello, World!"

app > manifests > AndroidManifest.xml

The manifest file describes the fundamental characteristics of the app and
defines each of its components.

Gradle Scripts > build.gradle

There are two files with this name: one for the project, "Project: My First App," and
one for the app module, "Module: app." Each module has its
own build.gradle file, but this project currently has just one module. Use each
 module's build.file to control how the Gradle plugin builds your app. For more
information about this file, see Configure your build.

Run your app

In the previous section, you created an Android app that displays "Hello, World!" Youcan now
run the app on a real device or an emulator.

Run on a real device

Set up your device as follows:

1. Connect your device to your development machine with a USB cable. If you developed on
Windows, you might need to install the appropriate USB driver for your device.
2. Perform the following steps to enable USB debugging in the Developer
options window:
a. Open the Settings app.
b. If your device uses Android v8.0 or higher, select System. Otherwise, proceed to the next
step.
c. Scroll to the bottom and select About phone.
d. Scroll to the bottom and tap Build number seven times.
e. Return to the previous screen, scroll to the bottom, and tap Developer options.
f. In the Developer options window, scroll down to find and enable USB debugging. Run

the app on your device as follows:

1. In Android Studio, select your app from the run/debug configurations drop-down menu in the
toolbar.
2. In the toolbar, select the device that you want to run your app on from the target device drop-
down menu.

Figure 1. Target device drop-down menu

1. Click Run .
Android Studio installs your app on your connected device and starts it.
You now see "Hello, World!" displayed in the app on your device.
To begin to develop your app, continue to the next lesson.

Run on an emulator

Run the app on an emulator as follows:

1. In Android Studio, create an Android Virtual Device (AVD) that the
emulator can use to install and run your app.
2. In the toolbar, select your app from the run/debug configurations drop-down menu.
3. From the target device drop-down menu, select the AVD that you want to
run your app on.

Figure 2. Target device drop-down menu

4. Click Run .
Android Studio installs the app on the AVD and starts the emulator. You now
see "Hello, World!" displayed in the