EXERCISE CHAP 7
1:
a)
The possible simple random samples of size 2 from the population {A, B,
C, D, E} are:
1. AB
2. AC
3. AD
4. AE
5. BC
6. BD
7. BE
8. CD
9. CE
10.DE
b)
The total number of possible samples of size 2 from a population of size
5 can be calculated using the combination formula:
Since the selection process is random, each sample has an equal
probability of being selected. The probability is:
c)
Assume random number 1 corresponds to A, random number 2
corresponds to B, and so on (A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4, E=5). Based on the
given random digits:
The digits 8 and 0 do not correspond to any valid labels, so
they are ignored.
Continue with the digits: 5 (E), 7 (ignored), 5 (E again,
which repeats), 3 (C), 2 (B).
The sequence of valid elements is E, C, B. Picking the first unique pair of
elements in order of occurrence: E and C.
Thus, the sample is EC.
2:
a)
Given Data:
Population mean for male graduates (μ) = $168,000
Population standard deviation (σ) = $40,000
Sample size (n) = 40
Question: Probability that the sample mean is within $10,000
of the population mean (168,000±10,000).
Compute the standard error of the mean (SE):
Define the range for the sample mean:
The range is 168,000±10,000, which is:
158,000 ≤ Sample Mean ≤ 178,000
Convert to z-scores:
For 178,000:
For 158,000:
Step 4: Find the probability:
Using a standard normal table, the probability for z=1.58 is
approximately 0.9429, and for z=−1.58, it is approximately 0.0571.
The probability within this range is:
P=0.9429−0.0571=0.8858
Thus, the probability is approximately 88.58%.
b)
Given Data:
Population mean for female graduates (μ) = $117,000
Population standard deviation (σ) = $25,000
Sample size (n) = 40
Question: Probability that the sample mean is within $10,000 of
the population mean (117,000±10,000).
Compute the standard error of the mean (SE):
Define the range for the sample mean:
The range is 117,000±10,000, which is:
107,000 ≤ Sample Mean ≤ 127,000
Convert to z-scores:
For 127,000:
For 107,000:
Find the probability:
Using a standard normal table, the probability for z=2.53 is
approximately 0.9943, and for z=−2.53, it is approximately 0.0057.
The probability within this range is:
P=0.9943−0.0057=0.9886
Thus, the probability is approximately 98.86%.
c)
Comparison of probabilities:
Probability in part (a) (male graduates) = 88.58%
Probability in part (b) (female graduates) = 98.86%
The probability is higher in part (b). This is because the standard
deviation (σ) for female graduates is smaller ($25,000 vs. $40,000),
resulting in a smaller standard error. A smaller standard error leads to a
narrower distribution, increasing the likelihood of the sample mean
being within the specified range.
d)
Given Data:
Population mean for male graduates (μ) = $168,000
Population standard deviation (σ) = $40,000
Sample size (n) = 100
Question: Probability that the sample mean is more than $4,000
below the population mean (168,000−4,000=164,000).
Compute the standard error of the mean (SE):
Convert to a z-score:
For 164,000:
Step 3: Find the probability:
Using a standard normal table, the probability for z=−1 is approximately
0.1587.
Since we are looking for the probability of the sample mean being more
than $4,000 below the population mean, we are interested in:
P (z <− 1) = 1 − 0.1587 = 0.8413
Thus, the probability is approximately 84.13%.
3:
a)
Given Data:
Population proportion (p) = 0.30
Sample size (n) = 100
The sampling distribution of the sample proportion p is approximately
normal (Central Limit Theorem) if n⋅p≥5 and n⋅ (1−p) ≥ 5. Both
conditions are satisfied:
n⋅p=100⋅0.30=30≥5
n⋅(1−p) =100 ⋅ (1−0.30) = 70≥5
Mean of p:
μ(p ) = p =0.30
Standard deviation of p:
Thus, the sampling distribution of p is approximately normal with:
μ(p) =0.30 and σ(p) ≈ 0.0458
b)
We calculate the z-scores for 0.20 and 0.40:
For p^ =0.20:
For p^ =0.40:
Using the standard normal table, the probability for z=2.18 is
approximately 0.9854, and for z=−2.18, it is approximately 0.0146.
The probability that p^ is between 0.20 and 0.40 is:
P(0.20≤p^ ≤0.40) = P(z=2.18) − P(z=−2.18) = 0.9854−0.0146 = 0.9708
Thus, the probability is approximately 97.08%.
c)
We calculate the z-scores for 0.25 and 0.35:
For p^ =0.25:
For p^ =0.35:
Using the standard normal table, the probability for z=1.09 is
approximately 0.8621, and for z=−1.09, it is approximately 0.1379.
The probability that p^ is between 0.25 and 0.35 is:
P (0.25≤p^ ≤ 0.35) = P(z=1.09) −P (z = −1.09) = 0.8621− 0.1379
= 0.7242
Thus, the probability is approximately 72.42%.
4:
a)
Given Data:
Population proportion (p) = 0.17
Sample size (n) = 800
The sampling distribution of the sample proportion p^ is approximately
normal (by the Central Limit Theorem) if n⋅p≥5 and n ⋅ (1−p) ≥5. Let's
check if these conditions are satisfied:
n⋅p= 800⋅0.17 = 136(≥5) n ⋅ (1−p) = 800 ⋅ (1−0.17) = 664(≥5)
Both conditions are satisfied, so the sampling distribution of p^ is
approximately normal.
Mean of p^:
The mean of the sample proportion is equal to the population
proportion:
μ(p^) = p =0.17
Standard deviation of p^:
The standard deviation of the sample proportion is calculated using the
formula:
Thus, the sampling distribution of p^ is approximately normal with:
μ(p^) = 0.17 and σp^ ≈0.0133
b)
We want to find the probability that p^ is within 0.02 of the population
proportion (p=0.17):
0.17 − 0.02 ≤ p^ ≤ 0.17 + 0.02
0.15 ≤ p^ ≤ 0.19
Next, we calculate the z-scores for 0.15 and 0.19:
For p^ = 0.19:
For p^ = 0.15:
Using the standard normal table, the probability for z=1.50 is
approximately 0.9332, and for z= −1.50, it is approximately 0.0668.
The probability that p^ is between 0.15 and 0.19 is:
P(0.15 ≤ p^ ≤0.19) = P(z=1.50) − P(z=−1.50) =0.9332 − 0.0668 = 0.8664
Thus, the probability is approximately 86.64%.
c)
Now, we repeat the calculation for n=1600 households.
Standard deviation of p^ for n = 1600:
Calculate the z-scores for 0.15 and 0.19:
For p^ = 0.19:
For p^ = 0.15:
Using the standard normal table, the probability for z = 2.13 is
approximately 0.9834, and for z = −2.13, it is approximately 0.0166.
The probability that p^ is between 0.15 and 0.19 for n = 1600 is:
P(0.15≤ p^ ≤0.19) = P(z=2.13) − P(z=−2.13) = 0.9834 − 0.0166 = 0.9668
Thus, the probability is approximately 96.68%.
