JAVA

PRACTICE NOTEBOOK
BY/ MAHMOUD AHMED
 Practice
Beginner Level:

1. Data Types and Variables:

❖ Declare and initialize variables of different data types (int, double, char,
boolean).

❖ Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.

❖ Calculate the area and perimeter of a circle.

2. Control Flow:

❖ Write a program to check if a number is prime or not.

❖ Implement a simple calculator using switch-case.

❖ Create a program to print the Fibonacci series up to a given number.

❖ Print a pattern like a pyramid or a triangle using nested loops.

❖ Create a multiplication table using nested loops.

❖ Write a program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.

❖ Create a program to check if a number is a palindrome using a while loop.

3. Arrays:

❖ Find the largest and smallest element in an array.

❖ Reverse an array without using an extra array.

❖ Sort an array using bubble sort or selection sort.

❖ Find the average of all elements in an array.

❖ Find the second largest element in an array.

❖ Rotate an array by a given number of positions.

❖ Print a matrix in spiral order.

❖ Find the saddle point in a matrix.

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Intermediate Level:

1. Strings:

❖ Reverse a string without using any built-in functions.

❖ Check if a string is a palindrome.

❖ Count the number of vowels and consonants in a string.

2. Objects and Classes:

❖ Create a class Person with attributes like name, age, and address.

❖ Implement a method to calculate the age of a person.

❖ Create a class BankAccount with methods to deposit, withdraw, and check

balance.

3. Inheritance and Polymorphism:

❖ Create a class Animal with methods eat() and sleep().

❖ Create subclasses Dog and Cat that inherit from Animal and override the
methods.

❖ Demonstrate polymorphism by creating an array of Animal objects and

calling the methods on each object.

4. Exception Handling:

❖ Write a program to handle ArithmeticException and

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

❖ Create a custom exception to handle invalid input.

5. File I/O:

❖ Read a file and count the number of words and lines.

❖ Write a program to append text to an existing file.

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Input/Output:

1. Console Input/Output:

❖ Write a program to read a number from the user and print its square root.

❖ Create a program to calculate the simple interest using input from the user.

2. File I/O:

❖ Write a program to read a text file and count the number of words.

❖ Create a program to write a list of numbers to a file.

Advanced Level:

1. Collections Framework:

❖ Implement a custom ArrayList class.

❖ Sort a list of objects using a custom comparator.

❖ Create a program to find the frequency of words in a text file.

2. Generics:

❖ Create a generic class to store any type of data.

❖ Implement a generic method to swap two elements in an array.

3. Concurrency:

❖ Create a multi-threaded program to count the number of prime numbers

within a range.

❖ Implement a producer-consumer problem using threads and

synchronization.

4. Design Patterns:

❖ Design a singleton pattern to create a single instance of a class.

❖ Implement the observer pattern to notify multiple objects of a change in

state.

5. Functional Programming:

❖ Use lambda expressions to sort a list of strings.

❖ Implement a stream pipeline to filter and map elements from a list.

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Object-Oriented Programming:

1. Inheritance and Polymorphism:

❖ Create a hierarchy of classes for vehicles (Car, Bike, Truck) with properties
like speed, color, and methods like start(), stop(), accelerate().

❖ Implement polymorphism to call the start() method on different vehicle

objects.

2. Encapsulation:

❖ Create a class Person with private fields for name, age, and address.

❖ Provide public getter and setter methods to access and modify these fields.

3. Abstraction:

❖ Create an abstract class Shape with abstract methods area() and

perimeter().

❖ Create concrete subclasses Circle, Rectangle, and Triangle that extend

Shape and implement the abstract methods.

Collections Framework:

1. ArrayList and LinkedList:

❖ Implement a custom stack using an ArrayList.

❖ Create a program to check if a given string is a palindrome using a

LinkedList.

2. HashMap and HashSet:

❖ Create a program to count the frequency of words in a text file using a

HashMap.

❖ Implement a phonebook using a HashMap to store names and phone

numbers.

3. TreeSet and TreeMap:

❖ Sort a list of objects based on multiple criteria using a TreeSet.

❖ Create a program to store student records (name, roll number, marks) in a

TreeMap, sorted by roll number.

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Exception Handling:

1. Custom Exceptions:

❖ Create a custom exception InvalidAgeException to handle invalid age

values.

❖ Throw and catch the custom exception in a program.

2. Exception Propagation:

❖ Implement a method that throws an exception if a file is not found.

❖ Handle the exception in the calling method.

File I/O:

1. Serialization:

❖ Serialize an object of a custom class to a file.

❖ Deserialize the object from the file.

2. RandomAccessFile:

❖ Create a program to read and write data to a random access file.

Concurrency:

1. Thread Synchronization:

❖ Implement a multi-threaded program to count the number of prime

numbers within a range using synchronization.

2. Producer-Consumer Problem:

❖ Create a producer-consumer problem using threads and a shared buffer.

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 Hints & Tips
Beginner Level:

1. Data Types and Variables:

❖ Understand basic data types like int, double, char, and boolean.

❖ Learn how to declare and initialize variables.

❖ Practice simple arithmetic operations.

2. Control Flow:

❖ Use if-else statements for conditional execution.

❖ Use switch-case statements for multiple-choice decisions.

❖ Use for and while loops for repetitive tasks.

3. Arrays:

❖ Learn how to store and access elements in an array.

❖ Practice array operations like finding minimum, maximum, and average.

❖ Implement sorting algorithms like bubble sort and selection sort.

Intermediate Level:

1. Strings:

❖ Understand string manipulation techniques like concatenation, substring,

and character extraction.

❖ Practice string comparison and searching.

2. Objects and Classes:

❖ Grasp the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP).

❖ Learn how to define classes, objects, and methods.

❖ Understand encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

3. Exception Handling:

❖ Learn how to handle exceptions using try-catch blocks.

❖ Create custom exceptions to handle specific error conditions.

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 4. File I/O:

❖ Learn how to read from and write to files.

❖ Use file input/output streams to perform file operations.

Advanced Level:

1. Collections Framework:

❖ Understand the different types of collections (List, Set, Map).

❖ Learn how to use ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, HashMap, TreeSet, and

TreeMap.

❖ Practice iterator-based traversal and collection operations.

2. Generics:

❖ Learn how to create generic classes and methods to work with different
data types.

❖ Understand type parameters and type arguments.

3. Concurrency:

❖ Learn how to create and manage threads.

❖ Understand thread synchronization and inter-thread communication.

❖ Practice using synchronization primitives like synchronized blocks and

volatile keywords.

4. Design Patterns:

❖ Learn about common design patterns like Singleton, Observer, Factory,

and Strategy.

❖ Understand the problem they solve and how to implement them.

5. Functional Programming:

❖ Learn about functional interfaces, lambda expressions, and streams.

❖ Practice functional programming concepts like higher-order functions and

lazy evaluation.

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Additional Tips for Practice:

• Breakdown problems: Divide complex problems into smaller, more

manageable subproblems.

• Test your code: Use a debugger to step through your code and identify errors.

• Learn from others: Look at other people's code and learn from their solutions.

• Practice regularly: Consistent practice is key to improving your skills.

• Use online resources: There are many online resources available, such as
tutorials, forums, and coding challenges.

• Participate in coding challenges: Websites like HackerRank, LeetCode, and

Codewars offer a variety of coding challenges to test your skills.

• Contribute to open-source projects: This is a great way to learn from

experienced developers and contribute to real-world projects.

• Build your own projects: Create your own projects to apply your knowledge
and learn new skills.

• Stay up-to-date with the latest trends: Java is constantly evolving, so it's
important to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies.

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