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555 Timer

555 Timer for MAKAUT 3rd SEM

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Aritra Das
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39 views12 pages

555 Timer

555 Timer for MAKAUT 3rd SEM

Uploaded by

Aritra Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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555 Timers

Lecture 23
Multivibrators
• Relaxation oscillator
• Uses two stage amplifier
• Switching between saturation and cut off
• The operation of the multivibrators is based on the fact that no two
active element has exact characateristics
• Types: Astable, Bistable, Monostable
555 Timer

A block diagram representation of the internal ckt


of 555 IC timer
The 555 circuit
The circuit of a 555 timer consist of the following component:
• Two comparators
• An SR Flip-flop
• Transistor operating as switch
• Power supply, Vcc
• Resistive voltage divider network
Operation: The SR Flipflop exhibits set & reset condition, when i/p S=1,R=O, then o/p Q =1 & Q’ = 0 → Set Condition & for i/p S=0,R=1,
then o/p Q =0 & Q’ = 1 → Reset Condition. ‘1’ → Vcc and ‘0’ → Ground
Implementing Monostable Multivibrator using 555 IC
• The adjoining figure shows the monostable multivibrator using the 555 timer IC. Initially
the Flip-flop will be in the reset state (Stable state), thus Q’ will be high. As Q’ is connected
to the base of the transistor so the high state of the Q’ turns the transistor ON.
• As transistor is working as a switch over here hence, switch ON means transistor is in
saturation. Vc will be close to zero volt.
• For comparator 1 (C1), input at inverting terminal is 2/3 Vcc & i/p at non inverting terminal
is 0, hence the output of the C1 is low.
• For comparator 2 (C2), voltage at inverting terminal is kept high > VTL, hence C2 o/p is
also low. So the net output is zero.
• To trigger the monostable multivibrator, a negative i/p pulse, is applied to trigger terminal.
As this trigger voltage goes below VTL, the o/p of C2 goes to high level, which sets the
Flip-flop.
• So Q=1, Q’ = 0 & net output = 1.
• When Q’ = 0, transistor turns off, and capacitor now begins to charge through R & its
voltage Vc rises exponentially towards Vcc. → This is Quasi stable state
• This state prevails until Vc reaches and begin to exceed, the threshold of C1 i.e. VTH.
• When Vc > VTH, then o/p of C1 goes high which gives a high o/p at R pin of Flip-flop
which resets the Flip-flop giving Q=0, Q’=1. This turns the transistor ON, and capacitor
now begins to discharge. The multivibrator is now in its stable state and ready to receive a
triggering pulse.
Implementing Monostable Multivibrator using 555 IC

The output waveform of the monostable multivibrator is


depicted. The width of the pulse Ton, is the time interval that
the multivibrator spends in the quasi stable state.
Let the trigger pulse is applied at t=0, then

The exponential waveform of Vc can be written as


Astable Multivibrator using 555 timer
• The astable multivibrator ckt is build using 555 IC, by connecting two external
resistors & a capacitor to the IC.
• Initially capacitor is discharged and Flip-flop is Set. Thus output is high so Q’ =0
then transistor is Off.
• Capacitor will charge up through series combined resistor RA & RB, and voltage
across it, Vc will rise exponentially towards Vcc with time constant C(RA +RB)
• When Vc >VTL, o/p of C2 goes low so S=0. But it has no effect on circuit operation
and Flipflop remains set.
• But when Vc increases further and exceeds VTH, then o/p of C1 goes high so R=1,
flipflop gets reset. This turns ON the transistor as Q’ =1. The saturated transistor
creates a voltage of almost zero volt at node 7. Thus C begans to discharge
through RB & collector of Q1. Vc now starts to discharge with time constant CRB
towards 0 Volts.
• When Vc <VTL, o/p of C2 goes high so S=1 and Flipflop set so Q’= 0 which turns off
the transistor producing high output and capacitor C begins to charge.
• This rise continues until Vc reaches Vth at which C1 o/p goes high resetting the
flipflop and the cycle continues.
Numerical
For a astable multivibrator with 1000 pF, capacitor, find RA and RB, that
results in oscillation frequency of 100kHz & duty cycle 75%.

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