Renewable Energy Resources

Unit-II
Solar Thermal Energy: Solar radiation, flat plate
collectors and their materials, applications and
performance, focusing of collectors, solar thermal power
plants, thermal energy storage for solar heating and
cooling, limitations.

Dr. Masood Rizvi

Ph.D. (NIT-Kurukshetra)

Associate Professor (EEED)

Solar Radiation

 The solar radiations received by the earth’s surface depends on

various factors, like location, weather conditions, climate,
absorption, reflection, scattering and attenuation by aerosol,
particulates present in the atmosphere.

 The solar radiation may be explained in two categories:

Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Solar Radiation

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Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation

 The intensity of sun’s radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere

is called extraterrestrial radiation. It has no diffuse
components. The radiations are measured as an average earth-
sun distance on a surface normal to radiation.
 The energy flux is called solar radiation and may be defined as
The energy received from the sun per unit time on a
unit area of surface, perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the radiation at the earth’s mean
distance from the sun outside the atmosphere.”

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Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation

 It is denoted by ISC and is estimated as 1367 W/m2.

1. The value of solar constant remains constant throughout the
year.
2. Its value changes with location.
 The extraterrestrial radiation observed on different days is
known as apparent extraterrestrial solar radiation (irradiance)
and can be calculated on any day of the year with the given
equation:

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Terrestrial Solar Radiation

 The radiations receive on the earth surface is called the

terrestrial radiation and is nearly 70% of extraterrestrial
solar radiation. Its maximum value on horizontal earth
surface is 1000 W/m2, because a large part of radiations
are absorbed, reflected, attenuated back by earth’s
atmosphere.

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Types of Solar Radiations
 (A) Direct or Beam Radiation (𝑰𝒃 ): The radiation received
on the earth’s surface directly without change in direction and
does not get absorbed, reflected and scattered while passing
through atmosphere.
 (B) Diffuse radiation (𝑰𝒅 ): The radiation received on earth
surface at a location from all the directions. This radiation
changes the original direction after scattering, reflection in the
atmosphere as well as by ground surface. Its average value is
nearly 20% in the morning hrs and decreases to 5-10% of the
total radiation during the clear day but increase in the hazy and
cloudy conditions of sky.
 (C) Total or Global Radiation (𝑰𝒕 ): The sum of beam and
diffuse radiation intercepted at the surface of the earth per unit
area of location is called the total /global radiation or
insolation: 10/20/202
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𝑰𝒕 = 𝑰𝒃 + 𝑰𝒅
Air Mass
 It is a term used to assess the distance travelled by a beam
radiation through the atmosphere before reaching the location
on the earth’s surface.
 It is defined as the ratio of the path of the sun’s ray through the
atmosphere to the length of the path when the sun is directly
over head or sun is at its zenith.
𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

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Basic Sun-Earth Angles
 Angle of latitude of a particular location: It is the vertical angle between
the line joining that point of location to the center of the earth and its
projection on an equatorial plane. It is 00 for a point on the equator and
±900 for a point at the poles.
 Declination angle (δ): It is the angle made between the line joining the sun
to earth and its projection on the equatorial plane. Due to the inclination of
earth’s axis, the line joining the Sun and Earth will not lie on the equatorial
plane. It varies through the year from + 23.450 to -23.450.
 Its value can be calculated as:

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Basic Sun-Earth Angles
 Hour angle (ω): It is the angle representing the position of the sun with
respect to clock hour and with reference to sun’s position at 12 noon. In
other words it represents the angle through which the earth must rotate so
that the meridian at a point comes into alignment with sun’s rays. It is a
constant and equal to 150 /ℎ𝑟.
 Solar altitude angle (α): It shows a horizontal plane drawn at any place on
earth. At any point the line joining sun to the center of this horizontal plane
and the line joining the projection of sun and the center of the horizontal
plane makes a vertical angle α, which is called the altitude angle.

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Basic Sun-Earth Angles
 Zenith angle (θZ): If a vertical line is drawn to this horizontal plane, at its
center, the line joining sun and the center of the plane will make an angle
θZ with this vertical. This angle is called the zenith angle.
 Local solar time (LST): This is also called Local Apparent Time (LAT)
td calculated using various values of θZ. The time so calculated is the Local
Solar Time. This will vary from the actual clock time by approximately 4
minutes. This variation changes with the month of the year.

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Solar Angles
Sun’s position relative to a vertical surface

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Earth Angle

1.Angle of Latitude (Φ)

2.Declination (δ)
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3.Hour Angle (ω) 4 10:27
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2. Declination (δ)

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3. Hour Angle (ω)

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Sun Angle

1. Inclination Angle (Altitude) (𝛼)

2. Zenith Angle (θz)
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3. Solar Azimuth Angle (γs) 4 10:27

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Surface Angle
1.Surface Azimuth Angle (γ)
2.Tilt Angle or Slope (β)
3. Angle of Incidence (θ)

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Solar Thermal Energy

 The application of solar thermal energy ranges from solar

cooker of 1 kW to power plant of 200 MW.
 These systems are grouped into
low temperature (< 1500 ℃ )
medium temperature (1500 - 3000 ℃ )
high temperature (5000 –10000 ℃ ).

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Solar Collectors

 Solar collectors are used to collect the solar energy and

convert the incident radiations in thermal energy by absorbing
them.
 This heat is absorbed by flowing fluid in the tube of collector.

 These are of two types:

Non concentrating collectors
Concentrating collectors

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Non concentrating collectors

 Non concentrating collectors: In these collectors the area of

collector to intercept the solar radiation is equal to the absorber
plate and has concentration ratio of 1. These can be
categorized as:

Flat Plate Collectors

Vacuum Tube Collectors

Unglazed Flat Plate Collectors

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Comparison of Concentrating type and Non-
concentrating type Solar collectors
 In the Concentrating type solar radiation is converged from a
large area into a smaller area using optical means
 Beam radiation which has a unique direction and travels in a
straight line, can be converged by reflection or refraction
techniques
 Diffused radiations, however, have no unique direction and so
do not obey optical principles
 Therefore, diffuse components can not be concentrated.
 Thus concentrating type solar collectors mainly make use of
beam radiation component (plus very little diffuse component
coming directly over absorber), while non-concentrating (flat
plate) collectors absorb both beam as well as diffuse radiation,
which is a distinct advantage of flat plate collector 10/20/202
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 Flat Plate Collectors

 A flat plate collector is simple in construction and does not

require sun tracking.
 Therefore, it can be properly secured on a rigid platform and
thus becomes mechanically stronger than those requiring
flexibility for tracking purposes.
 As the collector is installed outdoors and exposed to
atmospheric disturbances (rain, storm, etc.), the flat plate type
is more likely to withstand harsh outdoor conditions.
 Also because of its simple stationary design, a flat plate
collector requires little maintenance

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 Flat Plate Collectors

 The principal disadvantage of flat plate collector is that

because of absence of optical concentration, the area from
which heat is lost is large. Also due to same reason high
temperatures cannot be attained.
 Main advantage of concentrating type collectors is that high
temperatures can be attained due to concentration of radiation.
This also yields high-temperature thermal energy

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 Flat Plate Collectors

 These are the most important part of any solar thermal energy system.
 It is simplest in design and absorbs direct and diffuse radiations both and
converts it into useful heat.
 It is suitable for heating to temperature below 1000 C.

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Utilizes the both the beam as well as 1. Large heat losses by conduction and
diffuse radiation for heating radiation.
2. Less maintenance requires 2. No tracking of sun.
3. Low water temperature is achieved. 3. Low water temperature is achieved.

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Vacuum Tube Collectors

 The performance of a flat plate collector can be improved by

suppressing or reducing the heat lost from the collector by
convection and conduction. This is done by having a vacuum
around the absorber.
 As a consequence, it becomes essential to use a glass tube as
the cover because only a tubular surface is able to withstand
the stresses introduced by the pressure differences as a result
of the vacuum.
 The collector consists of a number of long tubular modules
stacked together

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Vacuum Tube Collectors

 Looks like fluorescent lamp contains several individual

parallel glass tubes.
 Each tube contains an absorber tube bounded to a heat pipe,
covered with selective coating and suspended in vacuum.
 These tube collectors are more efficient than flat collectors
because they perform well in both direct and diffuse solar
radiation.
 These collectors are best suited for moderate temperature
applications where the demand temperature is above 950 C and
very cold climates.

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Vacuum Tube Collectors

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Unglazed Flat Plate Collectors

 Specially designed for low-temperature applications such as

the heating of swimming pools etc where demand of
temperature is at below 300 C.
 Made-up of either rubber or UV- stabilized black polymer
plastic.
 A large portion of sun’s energy is absorbed and lost both due
to the absence of glazing.
 Having life span of 15-20 years.

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Unglazed Flat Plate Collectors

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Construction and Materials for Flat Plate
Collectors
 Material needed for flat plate collectors can be classified into following
groups:
 Physical properties – tensile strength, density etc.
 Thermal properties – thermal conductivity, heat capacity etc.
 Environmental properties – corrosion resistant, degradation of material
due to UV radiation, moisture penetration etc.
 The materials generally used for various components of a flat plate
collector are as given below:
 (a) Absorber Plate and Tubes:
 (b) Thermal Insulation:
 (c) Transparent Cover Plates:
 (d) Casing:
 (e) Selective Coating: 10/20/202
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Materials for Flat Plate Collectors

 (a) Absorber Plate and Tubes:

These plates should have high tensile strength; and high
thermal conductivity and they should be corrosion-resistant
(generally made of copper, aluminum, steel, etc).
Generally black chrome, black copper oxides, black nickel
etc are used for its coating to have high absorptivity.
 (b) Thermal Insulation:
The material used for insulation should have low thermal
conductivity, stability at high temperatures up to 2000 ℃,
and be non-corrosive.
Insulating materials generally used are mineral wool, rock
wool, glass, thermocol, foam, etc.
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Materials for Flat Plate Collectors

 (c) Transparent Cover Plates:

Cover plates must have high strength, high solar energy
transmittance and high durability against UV radiation.
Usually plain glass plates or toughened of 4 to 5 mm
thickness are used.
 (d) Casing:
This contains all the above components which is placed at
an angle facing south at an inclination to the horizontal
equal to the latitude of the place plus 150.
It is made of aluminum, steel or fiber glass in rectangular
shape.

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Materials for Flat Plate Collectors

 (e) Selective Coating:

This surface has high absorptivity of incoming solar
radiation and low value of emissivity.
Selective surfaces are essential to reduce the heat losses
from absorber plate and increase the temperature of
absorbing surface i.e. it should have high collector
efficiency.
Various methods of these coatings which are employed are
by electroplating, anodic oxidation, chemical conversion
etc.
Generally Black chrome, black nickel, aluminum nitride etc
are used for this purpose.
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Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
Fin Efficiency Factor (F)
 It indicates the effectiveness of a fin in transferring the thermal
energy to the tube from the projected plane.
 It is defined as a ratio of actual heat transferred to the heat that
would be transferred if entire plate area (fins) is at base
temperature. It is represented by letter F.

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Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
Fin Efficiency Factor (F)

Where: Qact = actual rate of heat transferred to tube base (W/m2)

Ac= collector area (m2); It = incident total radiations (W/m2); UL
= overall heat loss coefficient (W/m2 ℃); Tp= plate temperature
(0℃); Ta = ambient temperature (0℃); α0τ0 = product of
absorptivity and transmitivity; α0τ0I0 = heat energy absorbed by
collector / area (W/m2); UL(Tp - Ta) = overall heat loss / area
(W/m2).

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Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
Collector Efficiency Factor (F’)
 It is defined as the ratio of useful heat removed by flowing
fluid in the tubes to the heat removed with the assumption that
the collector absorbing plate is at local fluid temperature (Tf)
throughout.
 This factor is constant for given collectors and depends on the
design and flow rate of fluid through tubes.
 Decreases with an increase in spacing between the tubes and
increases with the thermal conductivity of the material and its
thickness.

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Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
Collector Heat Removal Factor (FR)
 It is defined as a ratio of actual useful energy gain by fluid to
the energy gain if the entire collector is at fluid inlet
temperature.
 It reduces the actual useful heat gain by flowing fluid in the
tube.

Where: Tfo= outlet fluid temperature; Tfi= inlet fluid temperature

(0℃); m = mass flow rate of fluid (Kg/s); Cf = specific heat
capacity of fluid (KJ/Kg K). 10/20/202
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Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
Collector Efficiency (η)
 It is the ratio of useful energy absorbed by collector to the
incident solar energy over it

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 Factor Affecting the Performance of Flat
Plate Collectors:

 Incident Solar Radiation: As the solar flux increases, the

heat absorbed by the collector increases, thereby the
performance of the collectors improves.
 Selective Surfaces: By using materials for surfaces that are
highly sensitivity to radiation, the absorption could be
maximized. The selective surface should be able to withstand
the high temperature of 300-4000 ℃ should not oxidize and be
non-corrosive.

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 Number of Cover Plates: The increase in number of cover
plate reduces the internal convective heat losses but also
prevents the transmission of radiation inside the collector.
More than two cover plate should not be used to optimize the
system.
 Collector Tilt: The flat plate collectors do not track sun and
should be tilted at angle latitude of the location for an average
better performance. The collector is placed with south facing at
northern hemisphere to receive maximum radiation throughout
the day.
 Spacing between Absorber Plates and Glass Cover: The
more space between the absorber and cover plate the less
internal heat losses. The collector efficiency will be increased.
However on the other hand, increase in space between them
provides the shading by side wall in the morning and evening
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and reduces the absorbed solar flux. PM
 Fluid Inlet Temperature: As the inlet temperature of the fluid
increases, the operating temperature of the collector increases.
This lead to increased losses and decrease in efficiency.
 Dust on Cover Plate: The efficiency of collector decreases
with dust particles on the cover plate because the transmission
radiation decreases by 1%. Frequent cleaning is required to get
the maximum efficiency of collector.

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Concentrating Type Collectors

 These types of collectors are also known as focusing

collectors.
 These are used for medium (100-3000 ℃) and high
temperature (above 3000 ℃) application such as steam
production for the generation of electricity.
 The collector system comprises of a concentrator and absorber
(receiver). The concentrator is an optical system in the form of
reflecting mirrors or reflecting lenses.
 The collector is installed with a tracking device for
continuously following the sun.

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Concentrating Type Collectors

 The receiver includes an energy absorbing surface, transparent

cover and other accessories.
 The system receives the solar radiation on the large
concentration area and focused it on to a an absorber having
relatively much lesser area.
 These systems have high collector efficiency which lies
between 50-70%.

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Types of Solar Concentrating Collectors

 These are further divided into two categories

Focusing type or concentrating type collectors
Non-focusing type collectors
 Focusing Type Concentrator:
Parabolic trough reflector
Mirror strip reflector,
Fresnel lens collector
Parabolic dish collector
 Non-Focusing Type Collectors:
Flat plate collector with plane reflector
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Compound parabolic concentrator 4 10:27
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Parabolic Trough Reflector
 This type is line focusing type collector.
 In this type of collector, the solar radiations falling on the area
of the parabolic reflector are concentrated at the focus of the
parabola.
 These are usually made of highly polished or glass-like shine
surfaces.
 The temperature at the absorber tube is obtained at nearly 4000
℃.
 Because of its parabolic shape, it can focus the sun at 30 to
100 times its normal intensity on a receiver.

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Mirror Strip Reflector Type Concentrating Collector

 It has the plane or slightly curved mirror strips mounted on a

flat base.
 The individual mirrors are placed at such an angle that
reflected solar radiations fall on the same focal line where the
absorber pipe is placed.
 The collector pipe is rotated so that the reflected rays on the
absorber remain focused with respect to changes n sun’s
elevation.

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Fresnel Lens Concentrating Collector

 In this collector a Fresnel lens which consists of fine, linear

grooves on the surface of refracting material of optical quality
on one side and flat on the other side is used.
 The solar radiations which fall normal to the lens are refracted
by the lens and are focused on a line where the absorber
(receiver) tube is placed.
 A Fresnel lens collector is generally made of acrylic plastic
sheets having overall dimensions of 4.7 m × 0.05 m.

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Parabolic Dish Collector

 It is point focusing type collector which have a mirror like

reflectors and an absorber at the focal point.
 The concentrating ratio of these collectors is 100 and
temperature of the receiver can reach up to 20000 ℃.
 These collectors have higher efficiency for converting solar
energy to electricity in the small-power plant.

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Types of Solar Concentrating Collectors

 These are further divided into two categories

Focusing type or concentrating type collectors
Non-focusing type collectors
 Focusing Type Concentrator:
Parabolic trough reflector
Mirror strip reflector,
Fresnel lens collector
Parabolic dish collector
 Non-Focusing Type Collectors:
Flat plate collector with plane reflector
Compound parabolic concentrator 10/20/202
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Flat Plate Collector with Plane Reflector

 It uses a flat plate collector with plane mirror reflector attached

on its edges to reflect the additional solar radiations into the
receiver, thus the total solar radiation received by the receiver
are increased. The mirrors used are called booster mirrors.
 These collectors utilize direct and diffuse both types of
radiations and achieved fluid temperature higher by 300 ℃
than in FPC.

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Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC)

 It is also called Winston collectors. It consists of two facing

parabolic mirror segments attached to a flat receiver
(absorber).
 It collects both direct and diffuse solar radiation with high
acceptance angle and requires occasional sun tracking.
 The temperature attained is in the range from 1000 ℃ to 1500
℃. However, temperature up to 2000 ℃ can be achieved using
an evacuated type of tubular absorber.

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 Center Receiver Type (Solar Power Tower)

Solar power tower is a type of solar

collector.
• This system uses 100-1000 flat tracking
mirrors called heliostats to reflect the
large solar energy at one point (receiver).
•Each heliostat is rotated in two
directions to track the sun and they
together behave like a broken very large
parabolic reflector.
• A concentration ratio of up to 3000 can
be achieved with this system and capable
of generating steam of high pressure and
high temperature suited for the
generation of electricity in steam power 10/20/202
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plants.
Advantages of concentrating Collectors over
Flat Plate Collectors:

Cost of concentrator system/unit area is

less.
Requires less absorber area.
Has high collection efficiency since heat
losses are less.
Suitable for large power generation since
high temperatures of the fluid can be
attained.
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 Disadvantages of concentrating Collectors
over Flat Plate Collectors:

 System needs tracking of sun which increases the capital

cost.
 Diffuse solar radiations cannot be collected on receiver.
 Requires higher maintenance to retain the quality of
reflecting surfaces.
 Has high initial cost and maintenance cost.

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 Solar Thermal System
A solar thermal system is use to convert solar energy into other
forms of energy which may be utilized for various applications
like:
 Heating water for domestic use and for swimming pools;
 Heating and cooling of buildings;
 Day lighting of buildings;
 Cooking food;
 Solar distillation (water treatment etc);
 Electricity generation;
 Powering earth satellites etc.
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Solar Thermal Power plant

A solar power plant converts solar energy into electrical energy. It

can be divided into following categories:
1.Low temperature solar power plant using flat plate collectors
2.Medium temperature solar power plant using concentrated solar
collectors
3. High temperature solar power plant using tower system.

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Low Temperature Solar Power System

•The low temperature solar power plants uses the working fluid
temperatures in the range of 600 ℃ to 1000 ℃ which can be
obtained using flat plate collectors.

•Since the water can be only heated 800 ℃ in FPC, the systems
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needs to use a working fluid having low boiling temperature like
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butane gas.
 The cold water is circulated into the collector with the help of
a circulating pump.
 The heated water is circulated in a heat exchanger called butane
boiler, where it generates the butane gas at high pressure. This
butane gas supplied to a butane turbine to produce mechanical
power due to expansion of butane gas.
 The vapour coming out of the turbine is condensed in a
condenser and sent back for recirculation with the help of feed
pump.
 The mechanical power output of turbine is converted into
electric power by generator.

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Medium temperature Solar Power Plant

•These systems employ an array of parabolic through concentrating

collectors spread over a large area.

•The general range of working temperature is between 2500 ℃ to

400 ℃ . 10/20/202
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 The working fluid, usually water, is heated as it circulates through
the receivers.
 This heat is transferred to storage tank and fed to water where the
steam is generated in the steam generator.
 This steam is utilized to run a turbine coupled to a electric
generator, which converts it into electrical energy by electro-
mechanical energy conversion.
 The exhaust of steam turbine is condensed in the condenser with
the help of cold water circulated in the condenser.
 A 30 MW plant have been installed in Rajasthan under the
department of non-conventional energy sources.

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High Temperature Solar Thermal Power Plants

Such plants use heliostat sand have high thermal

efficiency, can build in the capacity of 50 MW to 200
MW. 10/20/202
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 The solar dish collectors receive solar radiations which are
collected at a common focusing point. Small volumes of the
fluid are heated at this point high temperature.
 In central tower receiver an array of plane mirrors called
heliostats which are individually controlled and tracked to
reflect the solar radiations on a receiver kept on a tower of
about 500 m height.
 The feed water in the absorber-receiver called boiler is
converted into high steam of about 6000 ℃ - 7000 ℃.
 This steam is supplied in a conventional steam power plant
coupled to an electric generator to generator electrical power.

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Solar Pond

The concept of solar pond is based on the observation that

some natural lakes have higher temperature at bottom where
salt concentration is higher.

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 The heat of hot brine solution from solar pond is used to
evaporated the working substance at constant pressure in the
boiler.

 This vapour is used to run the vapour turbine to produce

mechanical power is utilized to run a generator to produce the
electrical power.

 The exhaust of the turbine is condensed in the condenser at

constant pressure with the help of cooling water.

 The condensate is returned to the boiler by a pump. Thus the

cycle is repeated.
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Solar Water Heater

The solar water heaters are used to raise the temperature of

water and store it for various purposes as when needed.
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 It consists of the following main components connected with
the help of insulated piping:
(i) Flat plate collector (ii) Storage tank
(iii) Heat exchanger (iv) Pump
 The water is heated in the flat plate collectors. The low
temperature water is fed from bottom side of collector and
high temperature water is taken out from the top of the
collector.
 The storage tank is insulated to retain the heat of water with
minimum losses. The heated water is stored in the tank for
further use.
 The heat exchanger is incorporated between the collector and
storage tank. It is installed and good quality of water is used in
primary cycle of the collector.
 Pumps are used for circulation of fluid. 10/20/202
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Solar Cooling System

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 The cycle used for cooling with utilization of solar energy is vapour
absorption cycle is used in remote area having scarcity of power.
 The performance of vapour absorption system depends upon the working
fluid pair i.e. refrigerant and absorbent.
 The absorption systems are classified as:
(a)Ammonia/water absorption system
(b)Ammonia/water/hydrogen Electrolux absorption system
(c)Lithium bromide (Libr)/water absorption system.
Simple Ammonia/Water Absorption System
 The most commonly used refrigerant in the absorption system is ammonia.
It is cheap and readily available and has a great affinity with water is used
as an absorbent and absorbs NH3 very fast.
 The ammonia-water absorption system is used for cooling duties up to
-500 ℃. The heat required in the generator is supplied by water heated in
FPC.
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 Its main components and their working can be explained as:
(a)The Absorber: The absorber acts as a suction pump. The
water is used as absorbent to absorb the low-pressure suction
vapour of NH3 coming out of evaporator. During absorption
the ammonia discharges its latent heat of condensation to the
water which raises its temperature. Thus it is always desirable
to cool the absorbent solution by cooled circulated external
water or by means to keep the absorbent temperature as low as
possible.
(b) Pump: The NH3 rich solution from the absorber is pumped
to the generator by means of using small capacity pump. The
pump raises the pressure of mixture.
(c) Generator: The heat from collector is supplied to the
generator to boil off the rich mixture of NH3/water. 10/20/202
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(d) Pressure Reducing Valve: The weak solution left in the
generator at condensed pressure is returned back to absorber
through pressure reducing valve. The pressure reduces from
condenser pressure to absorber pressure.
(e) Condenser: The high pressure ammonia vapour leaving the
generator gets condensed in water-cooled condenser.
(f) Expansion Device: The condensed liquid ammonia from
condenser is supplied through expansion device to evaporator.
The Expansion device lower the pressure and temperature of
liquid ammonia.
(g) Evaporator: Low temperature and low pressure liquid
ammonia enters in the evaporator where it boils of by
absorbing latent heat from surrounding to produce
refrigeration effect. The liquid NH3 changes to low pressure
suction vapour. The suction vapour is absorbed in absorber to
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maintain the continue circulation of NH3 in system. PM
Thank You

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