UNIT 8

Vector Calculus
VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
The vector differential calculus extends the basic concepts of (ordinary) differential calculus to
vector functions, by introducing derivative of a vector function and the new concepts of gradient,
divergence and curl.

5.1 VECTOR FUNCTION

If the vector r varies corresponding to the variation of a scalar variable t that is its length and
direction be known and determine as soon as a value of t is given, then r is called a vector
function of t and written as
r = f (t)
and read it as r equals a vector function of t.
Any vector f (t) can be expressed in the component form

f (t) = f1(t) i + f2 (t) j + f3 (t) k

Where f1(t), f2 (t), f3 (t) are three scalar functions of t.

r = 5t2 i + t j – t3 k
For example,
where f1(t) = 5t2, f2(t) = t, f3 (t) = – t3.

5.2 VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION

Let r = f (t) be a single valued continuous vector point function of a scalar variable t. Let O be
the origin of vectors. Let OP represents the vector r corresponding to a certain value t to the
scalar variable t. Then
r = f (t) ...(i)
333
334 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Let OQ represents the vector r + δ r corresponding to the value t + δt of the scalar variable
t, where δt is infinitesimally small.
Then,
Q
r + δ r = f (t + δt) ...(i)
®
Subracting (i) from (ii) dr
—
dt

dr ®
δ r = f (t + δt) – f (t) ...(iii)

r+
®
Dividing both sides by δt, we get
δr f ( t + δt ) − f ( t ) P
=
δt δt ®
r
Taking the limit of both side as δt → 0.
O

We obtain lim δ r = lim f (t + δt) − f (t)

δt→0
t→0
δt δt
Fig. 5.1
dr lim f (t + δt) − f (t) = d f (t)
= δt→0 .
dt δt dt

5.3 SOME RESULTS ON DIFFERENTIATION

H
d H dr d s
(a) (r − s ) = − ⋅
dt dt dt
H
d( sr ) ds dr
(b) = r+s
dt dt dt
d( a ⋅ b) H db da
(c) = a⋅ + ⋅b
dt dt dt
d da db
(d) ( a × b) = ×b+a×
dt dt dt
d
n s da H FG
db IJ dc FG IJ
(e)
dt
a × (b × c) =
dt
× (b × c ) + a ×
H
dt K
×c +a× b×
dt
⋅
H K
dr
Velocity v = r = ⋅
dt
dv d2 r
Acceleration a =
= ⋅
dt dt 2
Example 1. A particle moves along the curve x = t3 + 1, y = t2, z = 2t + 5, where t is the time.
Find the component of its velocity and acceleration at t = 1 in the direction i + j + 3k.
dr d 
Sol. Velocity = ( xi + y j + zk)
dt dt
d 3
= (t + 1)i + t 2 j + (2t + 5) k
dt

= 3t i + 2t j + 2 k
2
VECTOR CALCULUS 335

= 3i + 2 j + 2k , at t = 1.
Again unit vector in the direction of i + j + 3 k is

i + j + 3k i + j + 3 k
=
d1 2
+ 12 + 32 i =
11

Therefore, the component of velocity at t = 1 in the direction of i + j + 3 k is

d3i + 2 j + 2ki ⋅ di + j + 3ki =

3+2+6
=
11 11 11

d2 r FG IJ
d dr
Acceleration
dt 2
=
H K
dt dt
= 6ti + 2 j = 6i + 2 j , at t = 1

Therefore, the component of acceleration at t = 1 in the direction i + j + 3 k is

d6i + 2 j i ⋅ di + j + 3k i =

6+2
=
8
·
11 11 11
Example 2. A particle moves along the curve x = 4 cos t, y = 4 sin t, z = 6t. Find the velocity
and acceleration at time t = 0 and t = π/2. Find also the magnitudes of the velocity and accelera-
tion at any time t.
Sol. Let r = 4 cos t i + 4 sin t j + 6t k
H
at t = 0, v = 4 j + 6 k
π H
at t = , v = −4i + 6 k
2
at t = 0, |v| = 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13
π
at t =
2
, |v| = 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13 .

d2 r
Again, acceleration, a = = – 4 cos t i – 4 sin t j
dt 2
at t = 0, a = – 4 i
∴ at t = 0, |a| = (−4)2 = 4
π
at t = , a = – 4 j
2
π
at t = , |a| = (−4)2 = 4.
2
Example 3. If r = a ent + b e–nt, where a, b are constant vectors, then prove that
d2 r
− n2 r = 0
dt 2
Sol. nt
r = ae + be
−nt
...(i)
dr nt − nt
= ae ⋅ n + be ⋅ ( −n)
dt
336 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

d2 r
= ae nt ⋅ n 2 + be − nt ⋅ ( − n)2
dt 2

d2 r
= n 2 ae nt + be − nt = n2r [From (i)]
dt 2
d2 r
⇒ – n 2 r = 0. Hence proved.
dt 2
H H H
Example 4. If a , b , c are constant vectors then show that r = at 2 + bt + c is the path of a
point moving with constant acceleration.
Sol. r = at + bt + c
2

dr
= 2at + b
dt
d2 r
= 2a which is a constant vector.
dt 2
Hence, acceleration of the moving point is a constant. Hence proved.

EXERCISE 5.1
1. A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are x = e–t, y = 2 cos 3t,
z = sin 3t.
Find the velocity and acceleration at t = 0.
[Hint: r = xi + yj + zk ]
Ans. Vel. = 10 , acc. = 5 13
2. A particle moves along the curve

x = 3t2, y = t2 – 2t, z = t2.

H
Find the velocity and acceleration at t = 1. Ans. v = 2 10 , a = 2 11
3. Find the angle between the directions of the velocity and acceleration vectors at time t of
LM
Ans. arc cos t
2 OP
a particle with position vector r = (t 2 + 1)i − 2tj + (t 2 − 1)k .
MN 2
2t + 1 PQ
4. A particle moves along the curve x = 2t2, y = t2 – 4t, z = 3t – 5 where t is the time. Find
the components of its velocity and acceleration at time t = 1 in the direction i − 3 j + 2 k .

LMAns. 8 14 14 OP
MN 7
;−
7 PQ
5. If r = (sec t) i + (tan t) j be the position vector of P. Find the velocity and acceleration
π LMAns. 2 4  2
i + j, (5i + 4 j )
OP
of P at t =
6
.
N 3 3 3 3 Q
VECTOR CALCULUS 337

5.4 SCALAR POINT FUNCTION

If for each point P of a region R, there corresponds a scalar denoted by f(P), then f is called a
‘‘scalar point function’’ for the region R.
Example 1. The temperature f(P) at any point P of a certain body occupying a certain region
R is a scalar point function.
Example 2. The distance of any point P(x, y, z) in space from a fixed point (x0, y0, z0) is a
scalar function.
f(P) = (x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ⋅
Scalar field (U.P.T.U., 2001)
Scalar field is a region in space such that for every point P in this region, the scalar function
f associates a scalar f(P).

5.5 VECTOR POINT FUNCTION

If for each point P of a region R, there corresponds a vector f (P) then f is called “vector point
function” for the region R.
Example. If the velocity of a particle at a point P, at any time t be f (P), then f is a vector
point function for the region occupied by the particle at time t.
If the coordinates of P be (x, y, z ) then
f (P) = f1 (x, y, z) i + f2 (x, y, z) j + f3 (x, y, z) k.
Vector field (U.P.T.U., 2001)
Vector field is a region in space such that with every point P in the region, the vector
function f associates a vector f (P).
Del operator: The linear vector differential (Hamiltorian) operator ‘‘del’’ defined and
^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂
denoted as ∇ = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
This operator also read nabla. It is not a vector but combines both differential and vectorial
properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors.

5.6 GRADIENT OR SLOPE OF SCALAR POINT FUNCTION

If f(x, y, z) be a scalar point function and continuously differentiable then the vector
 ∂f  ∂f  ∂f
∇ f = i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z
is called the gradient of f and is written as grad f. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
∂f ∂f ∂f
Thus grad f = i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z = ∇ f

∂f ∂f ∂f
It should be noted that ∇f is a vector whose three components are , , ⋅ Thus, if f
∂x ∂y ∂z
is a scalar point function, then ∇f is a vector point function.
338 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

5.7 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF GRADIENT, NORMAL

Consider any point P in a region throught which a scalar field (U.P.T.U., 2001)
f(x, y, z) = c defined. Suppose that ∇f ≠ 0 at P and that there is
a f = const. surface S through P and a tangent plane T; for Normal N at P
instance, if f is a temperature field, then S is an isothermal sur- Z ^
face (level surface). If n , at P, is choosen as any vector in the N

df
tangent plane T, then surely must be zero.
dS
S P
df n^
Since = ∇f . n = 0
dS
for every n at P in the tangent plane, and both ∇f and n are
non-zero, it follows that ∇f is normal to the tangent plane T
and hence to the surface S at P. f = Constant
If letting n be in the tangent plane, we learn that ∇f is normal
X Y
to S, then to seek additional information about ∇f it seems
Fig. 5.2
logical to let n be along the normal line at P,.
df df
Then = , N = n then
ds dN
df
= ∇f ⋅ N = ∇ f ⋅ 1 cos 0 = ∇ f ⋅
dN
So that the magnitude of ∇f is the directional derivative of f along the normal line to S, in
the direction of increasing f.

Hence, ‘‘The gradient e∇ f j of scalar field f(x, y, z) at P is vector normal to the surface
df
f = const. and has a magnitude is equal to the directional derivative in that direction.
dN

5.8 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

∂f ∂f ∂f
Let f = f(x, y, z) then the partial derivatives , , are the derivatives (rates of change) of f
∂x ∂y ∂z
in the direction of the coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ respectively. This concept can be extended to
define a derivative of f in a "given" direction PQ . s

Let P be a point in space and b be a unit vector from

P in the given direction. Let s be the are length measured
from P to another point Q along the ray C in the direction P ^ Q C
b
of b . Now consider
Fig. 5.3
f(s) = f(x, y, z) = f{x(s), y(s), z(s)}
df ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
Then = + + ...(i)
ds ∂x ds ∂y ds ∂z ds
VECTOR CALCULUS 339

df
Here is called directional derivative of f at P in the direction b which gives the rate of
ds
change of f in the direction of b.
dx  dy  dz 
Since, i+ j + k = b = unit vector ...(ii)
ds ds ds
Eqn. (i) can be rewritten as
FG i ∂f + j ∂f + k ∂f IJ ⋅ FG dx i + dy j + dz kIJ
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K H ds ds ds K
df
=
ds

df LMFG i ∂ + y ∂ + k ∂ IJ f OP ⋅ b = ∇f ⋅ b
ds
=
NH δx δy δz K Q ...(iii)

Thus the directional derivative of f at P is the component (dot product) of ∇f in the direction
of (with) unit vector b.
Hence the directional derivative in the direction of any unit vector a is

F I
df
ds
= ∇f ·
a
a
GH JK
df
Normal derivative = ∇f ⋅ n , where n is the unit normal to the surface f = constant.
dn

5.9 PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT

Property I: ( a ⋅ ∇) f = a ⋅ (∇f )

Proof: L.H.S. = ( a ⋅ ∇) f
RSa ⋅ FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ UV f
=
T H ∂x ∂y ∂z K W
RS(a ⋅ i) ∂ + (a ⋅ j) ∂ + ( a ⋅ k) ∂ UV f
=
T ∂x ∂y ∂z W
∂f ∂f ∂f
= ( a ⋅ i) + ( a ⋅ j ) + ( a ⋅ k) ...(i)
∂x ∂y ∂z
R.H.S. = a ⋅ ∇fb g
F ∂f + j ∂f + k ∂f IJ
a ⋅Gi
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∂f ∂f ∂f
= ( a ⋅ i ) ∂x + ( a ⋅ j ) ∂y + ( a ⋅ k ) ∂z ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii),

baH ⋅∇g f H
b g
= a⋅ ∇ f .
340 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Property II: Gradient of a Constant

The necessary and sufficient condition that scalar point function φ is a constant is that
∇φ = 0.
Proof: Let φ(x, y, z) = c
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Then, = = =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∴ ∇φ = i+j + k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= i.0 + j.0 + k.0
= 0.
Hence, the condition is necessary.
Conversely: Let ∇φ = 0.
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Then, i +j + k = 0.i + 0.j + 0.k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Equating the coefficients of i, j, k.
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
On both sides, we get = 0. = 0, =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ φ is independent of x, y, z
⇒ φ is constant.
Hence, the condition is sufficient.
Property III: Gradient of the Sum of Difference of Two Functions
If f and g are any two scalar point functions, then
∇ (f ± g) = ∇f ± ∇g
or grad (f ± g) = grad f ± grad g
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ( f ± g)
Proof: ∇ (f ± g) =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∂ ∂ ∂
= i ∂x ( f ± g ) + j ∂y ( f ± g) + k ∂z ( f ± g)

FG ∂f ∂g IJ FG ∂f ± ∂g IJ + k FG ∂f ∂g IJ
= i H ∂x ±
∂x K + j
H ∂y ∂y K H ∂z ±
∂z K
FG i ∂f ∂g ∂f I
+ k J ± Gi
F ∂g + j ∂g ∂g IJ
=
H ∂x + j
∂y ∂z K H ∂x ∂y + k
∂z K
∇(f ± g) = grad f ± grad g.

Property IV: Gradient of the Product of Two Functions

If f and g are two scalar point functions, then
∇(fg) = f∇g + g∇ f
or grad (fg) = f (grad g) + g (grad f).
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ( fg)
Proof: ∇(fg) =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
VECTOR CALCULUS 341

∂ ∂ ∂
= i ( fg) + j ( fg) + k ( fg)
∂x ∂y ∂z

FG ∂g + g ∂f IJ + j FG f ∂g + g ∂f IJ + k FG f ∂g + g ∂f IJ
= i f
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂y ∂y K H ∂z ∂z K
F ∂g + j ∂g + k ∂g IJ + g FG i ∂f + j ∂f + k ∂f IJ
f Gi
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∇(fg) = f∇g + g∇f.

Property V: Gradient of the Quotient of Two Functions

If f and g are two scalar point functions, then
FG f IJ g∇f − f∇g
∇
H gK =
g2
, g≠0

F fI
grad G g J
g(grad f ) − f (grad g)
or
H K =
g2
, ≠ 0.

F fI
∇ G gJ
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ FG f IJ
Proof:
H K =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K H g K
∂ F fI ∂ FfI ∂ FfI
= i G J
∂x H g K
+j G J
∂y H g K
+k G J
∂z H g K

∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
g −f g −f g −f
∂x ∂x + j ∂y ∂ y
= i + k ∂z 2 ∂z
g2 g2 g

LM ∂f + j ∂f + k ∂f OP − f LMi ∂g + j ∂g + k ∂g OP
N ∂z ∂y ∂z Q N ∂x ∂y ∂z Q
g i
=
g2

FG f IJ g∇f − f∇g
∇
H gK =
g2
.

Example 1. If r = xi + yj + zk then show that (U.P.T.U., 2007)

(i) ∇( a ⋅ r) = a , where a is a constant vector
r
(ii) grad r =
r
1 r
(iii) grad = – 3
r r
(iv) grad rn = nrn – 2 r , where r = r .
H
Sol. (i) Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a 3 k, r = xi + yj + zk ,
then a⋅r = ( a1i + a2 j + a3 k) ⋅ ( xi + yj + zk) = a1x + a2y + a3z.
342 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ
∴ ∇( a ⋅ r) =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K (a1x + a2y + a3z)
H
= a1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k = a . Hence proved.
∂ 2
(ii) grad r = Δr = Σi ( x + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
∂x
x x =r
= Σi 2 2 2 1/2 = Σi
(x + y + z ) r
xi + yj + zk r
Hence, grad r = = = r .
r r
F 1I 1 FI ∂ 1 −1 r FI
(iii) grad H rK = ∇
r
= HK∂r r
r = 2
r r HK
r
= − . Proved.
r3
(iv) Let r = xi + yj + zk.
∂ 2
Now, grad rn = ∇rn = Σi ( x + y 2 + z 2 )n/2
∂x
= n (x2 + y2 + z2)n/2–1 xi + yj + zk d i
exi + yj + zkj
ex + y + z j
2 2 2 (n–1)/2
= n(x + y + z ) 2 2 2 1/2

r
= nr n−1
r
= nr n−2 r .
Example 2. If f = 3x2y – y3z2, find grad f at the point (1, –2, –1). (U.P.T.U., 2006)

H FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ( 3x y − y z )
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
2 3 2
Sol. grad f = ∇f =

i c 3x y − y z h + j ( 3x y − y z ) + k ( 3x y − y z )
∂ 2 ∂3 2 ∂ 2 3 2 2 3 2
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
= i(6xy) + j(3x2 – 3y2z2) + k(–2y3z)
grad φ at (1, –2, –1) = i(6)(1)(–2) + j [(3)(1) – 3(4)(1)] + k(–2)(–8)(–1)
= –12i – 9j – 16k.
1
Example 3. Find the directional derivative of in the direction r where r = xi + yj + zk.
r
(U.P.T.U., 2002, 2005)
1 1
Sol. Here f(x, y, z) = = = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2
r x2 + y2 + z2
FG ∂ ∂ ∂ IJ c h − 1/2
Now ∇f = i
H ∂x
+j
∂y
+k
∂z K
x2 + y2 + z2
VECTOR CALCULUS 343

∂ 2
=
∂ 2
∂x
d
x + y2 + z2 i −1/2
i+
∂ 2
∂y
2 2 −1/2
( x + y 2 + z 2 ) −1/2 j + ∂z ( x + y + z ) k

RS− 1 (x + y + z ) UV RS
1 UV 1RS UV
j + − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −3/2 2 z k
T W
2 −3/2
2x i + − (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −3/2 2 y
T 2 W T W
2 2
=
2 2
−b xi + yj + zk g
cx + y + z h
=
2 2 2 3/2

and a = unit vector in the direction of xi + yj + zk

xi + yj + zk r
= As a =
x2 + y2 + z2 r
xi + yj + zk xi + yj + zk
∴ Directional derivative = ∇f · a = − ⋅
2 2
(x + y + z ) 2 3/2
cx + y + z h
2 2 2 1/2

(xi + yj + zk ) 2
= −G
F xi + yj + zk IJ 2
= −
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 Hx + y +z K2 2 2
⋅

Example 4. Find the directional derivative of φ = x2yz + 4xz2 at (1, – 2, –1) in the direction
2i – j – 2k. In what direction the directional derivative will be maximum and what is its magni-
tude? Also find a unit normal to the surface x2yz + 4xz2 = 6 at the point (1, – 2, – 1).
Sol. φ = x2yz + 4xz2
∂φ
∴ = 2xyz + 4z2
∂x
∂φ
2
∂y = x z,
∂φ
= x2y + 8xz
∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
grad φ = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (2xyz + 4z ) i + (x2z) j + (x2y + 8xz)k
2

= 8i – j – 10k at the point (1, – 2, – 1)

Let a be the unit vector in the given direction.
2i − j − 2k 2i − j − 2 k
Then a = =
4+1+ 4 3
dφ
∴ Directional derivative = ∇φ ⋅ a
ds
FG 2i − j − 2k IJ
= (8i – j – 10k) ·
H 3 K
16 + 1 + 20 37
= = ·
3 3
344 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Again, we know that the directional derivative is maximum in the direction of normal
which is the direction of grad φ. Hence, the directional derivative is maximum along grad
φ = 8i – j – 10k.
Further, maximum value of the directional derivative
= |grad φ|
= |8i – j – 10k|
= 64 + 1 + 100 = 165 .
Again, a unit vector normal to the surface
grad φ
=
|grad φ|

8i − j − 10k
= ·
165
Example 5. What is the greatest rate of increase of u = xyz2 at the point (1, 0, 3)?
Sol. u = xyz2
∂u ∂u ∂u
∴ grad u = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= yz2 i + xz2 j + 2xyz k
= 9j at (1, 0, 3) point.
Hence, the greatest rate of increase of u at (1, 0, 3)
= |grad u| at (1, 0, 3) point.
= |9j| = 9.
Example 6. Find the directional derivative of
φ = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2
at the points (3, 1, 2) in the direction of the vector yz i + zx j + xy k.
Sol. φ = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2
∂ 2 ∂
∴ grad φ = i ( x + y 2 + z 2 ) −1/2 + j ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −1/2
∂x ∂y
∂ 2
+ k ( x + y 2 + z 2 ) −1/2
∂z
LM
1 2 2 −3/2 1 OP LM
( 2 x ) + j − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −3/2 (2 y )
OP
N Q N Q
2
= i − (x + y + z )
2 2
1 LM
+ k − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −3/2
O
( 2 z )P
2 N Q
xi + yj + zk
= −
( x + y 2 + z 2 ) 3/2
2

3i + j + 2k
= − at (3, 1, 2)
(9 + 1 + 4) 3/2
3i + j + 2k
= − at (3, 1, 2)
14 14
VECTOR CALCULUS 345

Let a be the unit vector in the given direction, then

yzi + zxj + xyk
a =
y z + z 2 x2 + x 2 y 2
2 2

2i + 6 j + 3 k
= at (3, 1, 2)
7
dφ
Now, = a . grad φ
ds
FG 2i + 6 j + 3k IJ ⋅ FG − 3i + j + 2k IJ
=
H 7 K H 14 14 K
( 2 )( 3) + ( 6 )(1) + ( 3 )(2 )
= −
7.14 14
18 9
= − = − ·
7.14 14 49 14
Example 7. Find the directional derivative of the function φ = x2 – y2 + 2z2 at the point
P(1, 2, 3) in the direction of the line PQ, where Q is the point (5, 0, 4).
Sol. Here
Position vector of P = i + 2j + 3k
Position vector of Q = 5i + 0j + 4k
∴ PQ = Position vector of Q – Position vector of P
= (5i + 0j + 4k) – (i + 2j + 3k)
= 4i – 2j + k.
Let a be the unit vector along PQ, then
4i − 2 j + k 4i − 2 j + k
a = =
16 + 4 + 1 21
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Also, grad φ = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2x i – 2y j + 4z k
= 2i – 4j + 12k at (1, 2, 3)
dφ
Hence, = a . grad φ
ds
FG 4i − 2 j + k IJ ⋅ (2i − 4 j + 12k)
=
H 21 K
( 4)( 2) + ( −2)( −4) + (1)(12)
=
21
28
= ⋅
21
Example 8. For the function
y
φ = ,
x2 + y2
346 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

find the magnitude of the directional derivative making an angle 30° with the positive X-axis at
the point (0, 1).
y
Sol. Here φ =
x + y2
2

∂φ 2 xy
∴ = –
∂x (x + y 2 )2
2

∂φ x2 − y2 ∂φ
= 2 2 and =0
∂y 2
(x + y ) ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∴ grad φ = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ LM3 ∂φ = 0OP
= i
∂x
+j
∂y N ∂z Q
−2xy x2 − y2
= i+ j
( x 2 + y 2 )2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
= – j at (0, 1).
Let a be the unit vector along the line making an angle 30° with the positive X-axis at the
point (0, 1), then
a = cos 30° i + sin 30° j.
Hence, the directional derivative is given by
dφ
= a . grad φ
ds
= (cos 30° i + sin 30° j) · (–j)
1
= – sin 30° = – ·
2
Example 9. Find the values of the constants a, b, c so that the directional derivative of
φ = axy2 + byz + cz2x3 at (1, 2, –1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to Z-axis.
Sol. φ = axy2 + byz + cz2x3
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∴ grad φ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (ay2 + 3cz2x2) i + (2axy + bz) j + (by + 2czx3) k
= (4a + 3c) i + (4a – b) j + (2b – 2c) k. at (1, 2, –1).
Now, we know that the directional derivative is maximum along the normal to the surface,
i.e., along grad φ. But we are given that the directional derivative is maximum in the direction
parallel to Z-axis, i.e., parallel to the vector k.
Hence, the coefficients of i and j in grad φ should vanish and the coefficient of k should be
positive. Thus
4a + 3c = 0 ...(i)
4a – b = 0 ...(ii)
and 2b – 2c > 0
b > c ...(iii)
Then grad φ = 2(b – c) k.
VECTOR CALCULUS 347

Also, maximum value of the directional derivative =|grad φ|

⇒ 64 = |2 (b – c) k| = 2 (b – c) [3 b > c]
⇒ b – c = 32. ...(iv)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iv), we obtain
a = 6, b = 24, c = – 8.
Example 10. If the directional derivative of φ = ax2y + by2z + cz2x, at the point (1, 1, 1) has
x −1 y−3 z
maximum magnitude 15 in the direction parallel to the line = = , find the values
2 −2 1
of a, b and c. (U.P.T.U., 2001)
Sol. Given φ = ax2y + by2z + cz2x
FG ∂φ IJ FG ∂φ IJ FG ∂φ IJ
∴ ∇φ = i H ∂x K + j
H ∂y K + k
H ∂z K
= i(2axy + cz2) + j (ax2 + 2byz) + k (by2 + 2czx)
∇φ at the point (1, 1, 1) = i (2a + c) + j (a + 2b) + k (b + 2c).
We know that the maximum value of the directional derivative is in the direction of ∇ f
i.e., |∇φ| = 15 ⇒ (2a + c)2 + (2b + a)2 + (2c + b)2 = (15)2
But, the directional derivative is given to be maximum parallel to the line.
x −1 y−3 z
= =
2 −2 1
2a + c 2b + a 2c + b
⇒ = =
2 −2 1
⇒ 2a + c = – 2b – a ⇒ 3a + 2b + c = 0 (i)
and 2b + a = – 2(2c + b)
⇒ 2b + a = – 4c – 2b ⇒ a + 4b + 4c = 0 (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
a b c
= = = k (say)
4 −11 10
⇒ a = 4k, b = – 11k, and c = 10k.
Now, (2a + c) + (2b + a)2 + (2c + b)2 = (15)2
2

⇒ (8k + 10k)2 + (– 22k + 4k)2 + (20k – 11k)2 = (15)2

5
⇒ k = ±
9
20 55 50
⇒ a = ± ,b= ± and c = ± ·
9 9 9

z af
Example 11. Prove that ∇ f u du = f(u) ∇u.

Sol. Let z af
f u du = F(u), a function of u so that
∂F
∂u
= f(u)

FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ F
Then z af
∇ f u du =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
348 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

∂F ∂F ∂F
= i + j ∂y + k
∂x ∂z
∂F ∂u ∂F ∂u ∂F ∂u
= i + j + k
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z

FG
∂F i ∂u + j ∂u + k ∂u IJ
=
∂u ∂x H ∂y ∂z K
= f (u) ∇u. Hence proved.
Example 12. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and z = x2 + y2 – 3 at the
point (2, – 1, 2) (U.P.T.U., 2002)
Sol. Let φ1 = x + y + z – 9
2 2 2

φ2 = x2 + y2 – z – 3
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ
∴ ∇φ1 =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K (x2 + y2 + z2 – 9) = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk

∇φ1 at the point (2, – 1, 2) = 4i – 2j + 4k (i)

H FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ (x
∇φ 2 = H ∂x ∂y ∂z K 2
+ y2 – z – 3) = 2xi + 2yj – k

∇φ2 at the point (2, – 1, 2) = 4i – 2j – k (ii)

Let θ be the angle between normals (i) and (ii)
(4i – 2j + 4k) · (4i – 2j – k) = 16 + 4 + 16 16 + 4 + 1 cos θ
16 + 4 – 4 = 6 21 cos θ ⇒ 16 = 6 21 cos θ
8 8
⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos–1 ·
3 21 3 21

Example 13. If u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y2 + z2, w = yz + zx + xy, prove that grad u, grad v

and grad w are coplanar vectors. (U.P.T.U., 2002)
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ (x + y + z) = i + j + k
Sol. grad u =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ (x + y + z ) = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
2 2 2
grad v =

FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ (yz + zx + xy)
grad w =
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
= i ( z + y) + j ( z + x) + k ( y + x)
Now,
1 1 1
grad u (grad v × grad w) = 2 x 2 y 2 z
z+y z+x y+x
VECTOR CALCULUS 349

1 1 1
= 2 x y z
z+y z+x y+x
1 1 1
= 2 x+z+ y y+z+x z + y + x |Applying R2 → R2 + R3
z+ y z+x y+x

1 1 1
= 2 (x + y + z)
1 1 1 =0
y+z z+x x+y
Hence, grad u, grad v and grad w are coplanar vectors.
5 2
Example 14. Find the directional derivative of φ = 5x2y – 5y2z + z x at the point
2
x −1 y − 3 z
P(1, 1, 1) in the direction of the line = = · (U.P.T.U., 2003)
2 −2 1
LM 5 2 OP
N Q
2
Sol. ∇φ = 10 xy + z i + ( 5x − 10 yz) j + ( −5y 2 + 5zx)k
2
25
∇ φ at P(1, 1, 1) = i − 5j
2
x −1 y−3 z
Direction Ratio of the line = = are 2, – 2, 1
2 −2 1
2 −2 1
,
a f a f
Direction cosines of the line are ,
2 2
(2) 2 + ( −2)2 + (1) 2 2 2 + −2 + 1 2 2 + −2 + 1
2 −2 1
i.e., , ,
3 3 3
Directional derivative in the direction of the line
F 25 i − 5 jI ⋅ F 2 i − 2 j + 1 kI
= H 2 K H3 3 3 K
25 10
= +
3 3
35
= ·
3
RS f (r)r UV = 1 d (r f ).
T r W r dr
2
Example 15. Prove that ∇· 2

∇⋅S
R f (r)r UV = R|S exi + yj + zkj U|V
Sol.
T r W ∇ ⋅ |T f (r) r |W
∂ R f ( r )x U ∂ R f ( r ) y U ∂ R f ( r ) z U
= S V+ S V+ S V
∂x T r W ∂y T r W ∂z T r W
∂ R f (r )x U d R f (r) U ∂r f (r )
Now, S
∂x T r W
V = x S
dr T r W ∂x
V + r
350 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

RS1 df − f (r) UV x + f (r) ∂r x

= x
T r dr r W r r 2 as =
∂x r
x 2 df (r ) x 2 f (r )
= 2
− 3 f (r) +
r dr r r
RS UV
∂ f (r ) y y 2 df (r ) y 2 f (r )
Similarly,
∂y rT W =
r 2 dr
− 3 f (r ) +
r r
∂ R f (r )z U
and S V
∂z T r W
=
z 2 df (r) z 2
r 2 dr
− 3 f (r ) +
r
f ( r)
r
Now using these results, we get
LM f (r)r OP df ( r ) 2
∇·
N r Q =
dr
+ f (r )
r
1 d 2
= (r f )⋅ Hence proved.
r 2 dr
r
Example 16. Find f(r) such that ∇ f = and f(1) = 0.
r5
Sol. It is given that
∂f ∂f ∂f r xi + yj + zk
i+ j+ k = ∇ f =
∂x ∂y ∂z 5 = r5
r
∂f x ∂f y ∂f z
So, = 5, = 5 and = 5
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
∂f ∂f ∂f x y z
We know that df = ∂x dx + ∂y dy + ∂z dz = 5 dx + 5 dy + 5 dz
r r r
xdx + ydy + zdz rdr
df = = = r–4dr
r 5
r5
−3
r
Integrating f(r) = +c
−3
1
Since 0 = f(1) = − +c
3
1
So, c =
3
1 1 1
Thus, f(r) = – ·
3 3 r3

EXERCISE 5.2

1. Find grad f where f = 2xz4 – x2y at (2, –2, –1). Ans. 10i − 4 j − 16 k

2. Find ∇ f when f = (x2 + y2 + z2) e − x2 + y2 + z2 · a f H

Ans. 2 − r e − r r
VECTOR CALCULUS 351

3. Find the unit normal to the surface x2y + 2xz = 4 at the point (2, –2, 3).
1 LMAns. b gOPQ
3 N
i − 2 j − 2k ±

4. Find the directional derivative of f = x2yz + 4xz 2 at (1, –2, –1) in the direction
37 OP LM
2i – j – 2k. Ans.
3 Q N
5. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and z = x2 + y2 – 3 at the point
LMAns. θ = cos FG 8 21 IJ OP
H 63 K PQ
−1
(2, –1, 2) .
MN
6. Find the directional derivative of f = xy + yz + zx in the direction of vector i + 2j + 2k at
LMAns. 10 OP
the point (1, 2, 0).
N 3Q

7. If ∇f = 2xyz3i + x2z3j + 3x2yz2k, find f (x, y, z) if f (1, – 2, 2) = 4. Ans. f = x 2 yz 3 + 20

8. Find f given ∇f = 2xi + 4yj + 8zk. Ans. f = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4z 2

9. Find the directional derivative of φ = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2 at the point P(3, 1, 2) in the direction
LMAns. −
9 OP
of the vector, yzi + xzj + xyk.
N 49 14 Q
2
10. Prove that ∇2f(r) = f ′′(r) + f ′ ( r) ·
r
FG x IJ
11. Show that ∇2 Hr K
3 = 0, where r is the magnitude of position vector r = xi + yj + zk.
[U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2002]
12. Find the direction in which the directional derivative of f(x, y) = (x2 – y2)/xy at
LMAns. 1+i OP
(1, 1) is zero.
N 2 Q
1
13. Find the directional derivative of in the direction of r , where r = xi + yj + zk.
r
LM 1OP
N Q
Ans. − 2 (U.P.T.U., 2003)
r
14. Show that ∇r–3 = – 3r–5 r .

r
15. If φ = log | r |, show that ∇φ = · [U.P.T.U., 2008]
r2

5.10 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR POINT FUNCTION

If f (x, y, z) is any given continuously differentiable vector point function then the divergence of

f scalar function defined as (U.P.T.U., 2006)

352 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ⋅ f = i ⋅ ∂ f + j ⋅ ∂ f + k ⋅ ∂ f = div f
∇⋅ f = H ∂x ∂y ∂z K ∂x ∂y ∂z .

5.11 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF DIVERGENCE

Let v = vxi + vy j + vz k be the velocity of the fluid at P(x, y, z).

Here we consider the case of fluid flow along a rectangular parallelopiped of dimensions
δx, δy, δz
Mass in = v·x δyδz (along x-axis)
Z
Mass out = vx(x + δx) δyδz
FG v
∂vx IJ S
=
H ∂x
x +
δx δyδz
K @y
D
v x (x + @x)
|By Taylor's theorem Vx R C
Net amount of mass along x-axis A
@z P
FG ∂v x IJ
= vx δyδz – vx + H ∂x K
δx δyδz Q @x B

∂v x O X
= – δxδyδz
∂x
|Minus sign shows decrease.
Similar net amount of mass along y-axis Y
∂v y Fig. 5.4
= – δxδyδz
∂y
∂v z
and net amount of mass along z-axis = − δxδyδz
∂z
F ∂v + ∂v + ∂v I δxδyδz
∴ Total amount of fluid across parallelopiped per unit time = − GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
x y z

Negative sign shows decrease of amount

F ∂v + ∂v + ∂v I δxδyδz
⇒ Decrease of amount of fluid per unit time = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
x y z

Hence the rate of loss of fluid per unit volume

F ∂v + ∂v + ∂v I
= GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
x y z

= ∇ ⋅ v = div v.
Therefore, div v represents the rate of loss of fluid per unit volume.
VECTOR CALCULUS 353

Solenoidal: For compressible fluid there is no gain no loss in the volume element
∴ div v = 0
then v is called Solenoidal vector function.

5.12 CURL OF A VECTOR

If f is any given continuously differentiable vector point function then the curl of f (vector
function) is defined as
∂f ∂f ∂f
Curl f = ∇ × f = i × + j× +k× (U.P.T.U., 2006)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Let f = fx i + fy j + fz k, then
i j k
∇ × f = ∂ / ∂x ∂ / ∂y ∂ / ∂z ·
fx fy fz

5.13 PHYSICAL MEANING OF CURL

Here we consider the relation v = w × r , w is the angular velocity r is position vector of a point
on the rotating body (U.P.T.U., 2006)

curl v = ∇ × v
= ∇ × (w × r )
LMwHH = w i + w j + w kOP
1 2 3

N r = xi + yj + zk Q
= ∇ × [(w1 i + w 2 j + w 3 k ) × (xi + yj + zk )]

i j k
= ∇ × w1 w2 w3
x y z
= ∇ × [( w2 z − w 3 y)i − (w1 z − w 3 x) j + ( w1 y − w2 x)k ]
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ × [(w z − w y)i − (w z − w x) j + (w y − w x)k]
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K 2 3 1 3 1 2

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
w2 z − w 3 y w 3 x − w1 z w 1 y − w 2 x
= (w1 + w1) i – (–w2 – w2) j + (w3 + w3) k
= 2 (w1i + w2j + w3k) = 2w

Curl v = 2w which shows that curl of a vector field is connected with rotational properties
of the vector field and justifies the name rotation used for curl.
354 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Irrotational vector: If curl f = 0, then the vector f is said to be irrotational. Vice-versa, if

f is irrotational then, curl f = 0.

5.14 VECTOR IDENTITIES

Identity 1: grad uv = u grad v + v grad u

Proof: grad (uv) = ∇ (uv)
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ (uv)
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∂ ∂ ∂
= i (uv) + j (uv) + k (uv)
∂x ∂y ∂z
FG
∂v ∂u IJ FG
∂v ∂u ∂vIJ FG∂u IJ
H K H K H
= i u ∂x + v ∂x + j u ∂y + v ∂y + k u ∂z + v ∂z K
F ∂v + j ∂v + k ∂v IJ + vFG i ∂u + j ∂u + k ∂u IJ
uG i
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
or grad uv = u grad v + v grad u .
H H
Identity 2: grad ( a · b ) = a × curl b + b × curl a +
H
b aH ⋅ ∇g b + (b ⋅ ∇) aH
∂ H H
H
∂a H H ∂b F H
IJ
Proof: grad ( a · b ) = Σi
∂x
a ⋅ b = Σi
∂x
e j GH
⋅b + a ⋅
∂x K
IJ FG IJ
H
H ∂a H
FGH ∂b
= Σi b ⋅
∂x
+ Σi a ⋅
H ∂x K H
.
K ...(i)

H ∂b
H
FG H ∂b
H
IJ FG
H ∂
H
IJ
H K
b
Now, a × i×
∂x
= a⋅
∂x H
i − ( a ⋅ i)
dx K
H ∂b FG
H
IJ
H ∂b
H
HFG IJ b ∂b
H
g
⇒ a⋅
∂xH i = a
K × i ×
∂x
+ a
H K
⋅ i
∂x
H ∂b
H
FG IJH ∂b
H
FG IJ
H
H
∂b
b g
⇒ Σ a⋅
∂x H K
i = ∑a × i×
∂x
+ ∑ a ⋅i
H K ∂x
H ∂b
H
FG H IJ ∂b
H
FG IJ
H ∂ FG IJ bH
⇒ Σ a⋅
∂x H K
i = a × ∑ i×
∂x
+ ∑ a ⋅i
H K ∂x H K
H ∂b
H
FG H IJ H H H
b g
⇒ Σ a⋅
∂x H K
i = a × curl b + a ⋅ ∇ b · ...(ii)
L L
Interchanging a and a , we get
H ∂aHFG IJ
H H H H
e j
Σ b⋅
∂xH K
i = b × curl a + b ⋅ ∇ a ...(iii)

From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

H H H H H H H H H H
grad ( a · b ) = a × curl b + b × curl a + ( a · ∇) b + ( b · ∇) a .
VECTOR CALCULUS 355

Identity 3: div (u a ) = u div a + a · grad u (U.P.T.U., 2004)

Proof: div (u a ) = ∇·(u a )
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ⋅(uaH)
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∂ H ∂ H ∂ H
= i⋅ (ua ) + j ⋅ (ua ) + k ⋅ (ua )
∂x ∂y ∂z
RS
∂u H ∂a
H
UV RS
∂u H
H
∂a ∂u H UV RS
H
∂a UV
= i ⋅
T
∂x
a + u
∂x
+ j ⋅
∂y
a
W T
+ u
∂y
+ k ⋅
∂z
a + u
∂zW T W
RS H
∂a
= u i⋅ + j⋅ + k⋅
∂a
H H
∂a H
+a⋅ i
∂u
+j
UV RS
∂u
+k
∂u UV
T∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂yW T ∂z W
or div (u a ) = u div a + a · grad u .

Identity 4: div ( a × b ) = b · curl b – a · curl b [U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2003]

Proof: div ( a × b ) = ∇ · ( a × b )
∂ H H
= Σi ⋅ ( a × b )
∂x
H
FG
∂a H H ∂b
H
IJ
= Σi ⋅
∂x H
×b+a×
∂x K
∂a
H H
FG IJ
H ∂b
H
FG IJ
= Σi ⋅
∂x H
× b + Σi ⋅ a ×
K
∂x H K
FG ∂a
H H
IJ
H
∂b H FG IJ
= Σ i×
H ∂x K
⋅b − Σ i ×
∂x H
⋅a
K
H H H
= (curl a ) · b – (curl b) · a
H H H H
or div ( a × b ) = b · curl a – a · curl b .
H H H
Identity 5: curl (u a ) = u curl a + (grad u) × a [U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2003]
H H
Proof: curl (u a ) = ∇ × (u a )
∂ H
= Σi × (ua )
∂x
∂u H FG H
∂a IJ
= Σi ×
∂x
a+u
H ∂x K
FG IJ
∂u H ∂a
H
FG IJ
= Σ i
H K
∂x
× a + uΣ i ×
∂x H K
H H
= (grad u) × a + u curl a
H H H
or curl (u a ) = u curl a + (grad u) × a .
356 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

H H H H H H H H H H
Identity 6: curl( a × b ) = a div b – b div a + ( b ·∇) a – ( a · ∇) b
H H H H
Proof: curl ( a × b ) = ∇ × ( a × b )
∂ H H
= Σi × ( a × b )
∂x
H
FG
∂a H H ∂b
H
IJ
= Σi ×
∂x H
×b+a×
∂x K
∂a
H H
FG H ∂b
H
IJ FG IJ
= Σi ×
∂x H
× b + Σi × a ×
∂x K H K
FG IJ
= Σ ( i. b ) ∂ a − Σ i ⋅ ∂ a b + Σ i ⋅ ∂ b a − Σ ( i . a ) ∂ b
FG IJ
∂x ∂x H
∂x K ∂x H K
H ∂ H
∂a H
H
FG
∂b H IJ
H H ∂ H FG IJ FG IJ
= Σ (i . b ) a − Σ i ⋅
H
∂x ∂x
b + Σ i⋅
∂xH a − Σ a⋅i
K ∂x
b
H K H K
H H H H H H H
= ( b · ∇) a – (div a ) b + (div b ) a – ( a .∇) b
H H H H H H H H
= ( b · ∇) a – ( a · ∇) b + a div b – b div a .
H H H H H H H H H H
or curl ( a × b ) = a div b – b div a + ( b · ∇) a – ( a · ∇) b .

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
Identity 7: div grad f = ∇ · (∇f) = 2
+ 2
+ 2
= ∇2 f
∂x ∂y ∂z
Proof: div grad f = ∇ · (∇f)
FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ⋅ FG i ∂f + j ∂f + k ∂f IJ
=
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
∂ F ∂f I ∂ F ∂f I ∂ F ∂f I
= G J+ G J+ G J
∂x H ∂x K ∂y H ∂y K ∂z H ∂z K
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
or div grad f = ∇2 f .
Identity 8: curl grad f = 0
Proof: curl grad f = ∇ × (∇f)
∂ ∂f FG
∂f ∂f IJ
= Σi
∂x
× i
∂x
+j
∂yH+k
∂z K
F ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f I
= Σi × i GH ∂x 2
+j
∂x∂y
+k
∂x∂z JK
F ∂2 f ∂2 f I
= Σ k GH ∂ x∂ y
−j
∂x∂z JK
Fk ∂ f − j ∂ f I + Fi ∂ f − k ∂ f I + F j ∂ f − i ∂ f I
2 2 2 2 2 2
= GH ∂x∂y ∂x∂z JK GH ∂y∂z ∂y∂x JK GH ∂z∂x ∂z∂y JK
or curl grad f = 0 .
VECTOR CALCULUS 357

H
Identity 9: div curl f = 0
H H
Proof: div curl f = ∇ · (∇ × f )
∂
H
∂f R|SH
∂f
H
∂f U|V
= Σi ⋅
∂x
i×
∂x
+ j×
|T
∂y
+k×
∂z |W
∂2 f
H
R|S ∂2 f
H
∂2 f
H
U|V
= Σi ⋅ i × 2 + j ×
∂x |T ∂x∂y
+k×
∂x∂z |W
R|S
H
∂2 f
H
∂2 f
H
∂2 f U|V
∂x |T
= Σ ( i × i) ⋅ 2 + ( i × j ) ⋅
∂x∂y
+ (i × k ) ⋅
∂x∂z |W
∂2 fR|S
H
∂2 f
H
U|V
= Σ k⋅
∂x∂y |T
− j⋅
∂x∂z |W
R|S H
∂2 f ∂2 f
H H
∂2 f ∂2 f U|V
H
R|S U|V R|S j ⋅ ∂ Hf − i ⋅ ∂ Hf U|V
2 2
= k⋅
|T
∂x∂y
− j⋅
∂ x∂ z
+ i⋅
∂y∂z
−k⋅
∂y∂x |W+
|T |W |T ∂z∂x ∂z∂y |W
H
div curl f = 0 .
H H H
H H ∂ 2 f ∂ 2 f ∂2 f
Identity 10: grad div f = curl curl f + 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
H H
Proof: Curl curl f = ∇ × (∇ × f )

∂
H
∂f |RSH
∂f
H
∂f |UV
= Σi
∂x
× i×
∂x
+ j×
|T
∂y
+k×
∂z |W
∂2 f
H
|RS ∂2 f
H H
∂2 f |UV
= Σi × i × 2 + j ×
∂x |T ∂x∂y
+k×
∂x∂z |W
LMR|F
H H
IJ H H
U|V R|F I U|
MNS|TGH S|GH V|
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= Σ i ⋅ 2 i − (i ⋅ i ) ⋅ 2 + i ⋅
∂x ∂x K
∂x∂y
j − ( i ⋅ j)
∂x∂y |W T JK W
RF ∂ f I ∂ f UO
H H
P
TH ∂x∂z JK k − (i ⋅ k) ∂x∂z VWPQ
+ SG i ⋅
2 2

L F
= Σ MG i ⋅
∂ fI F ∂ f I
H H
F ∂ f I O
H H

MNH ∂x JK i + GH i ⋅ ∂x∂y JK j + GH i ⋅ ∂x∂z JK kPPQ − Σ ∂x

2 2 2 2
∂ f
2 2

H
H H H
L
= Σ MG i ⋅
F ∂ fI
H
F ∂ f I
H
F ∂ f I O
H
J i + i⋅ j + Gi ⋅ J kP ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
∂ f ∂ f ∂ f
NMH H∂x K H GH ∂xH∂y JK H ∂x∂z K PQ
⇒ Curl curl f + +
2
+ 2 2 2
...(i)
∂x ∂y ∂z
H ∂ | RSi ⋅ ∂f + j ⋅ ∂f + k ⋅ ∂f |UV
Again, grad div f = Σi
∂x T | ∂x ∂y ∂z W|
R ∂ f U
H H H
| |
|T ∂x + j ⋅ ∂x∂y + k ⋅ ∂x∂z V|W
= Σi Si ⋅
2 2 2
∂ f ∂ f
2
358 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

L F
Σ MG i ⋅
∂ f I  F  ∂ f I  F  ∂ f I O
H H H

MNH ∂x JK i + GH j ⋅ ∂x∂y JK i + GH k ⋅ ∂x∂z JK i PPQ

2 2 2
= 
2

L F
Σ MG i ⋅
∂ f I  F  ∂ f I  F  ∂ f I O
H H H

MNH ∂x JK i + GH i ⋅ ∂z∂x JK j + GH i ⋅ ∂y∂z JK kPPQ

2 2 2
=  ...(ii)
2

From eqns. (i) and (ii), we prove

H H H
grad div f = curl curl f + ∇2 f
H H H
Example 1. If f = xy2 i + 2x2yz j – 3yz2 k then find div f and curl f at the point (1, – 1, 1).
H
Sol. We have f = xy2 i +2x2yz j – 3yz2 k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
div f = (xy 2 ) + ( 2x 2 yz) + (–3yz 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= y2 + 2x2z – 6yz
= (– 1)2 + 2 (1)2 (1) – 6 (– 1)(1) at (1, – 1, 1)
= 1 + 2 + 6 = 9.
H
Again, curl f = curl [xy2 i + 2x2yz j – 3yz2 k]
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
xy 2 2 x 2 yz −3 yz 2
RS ∂ (−3 yz ) − ∂ (2x yz)UV + j RS ∂ (xy ) − ∂ (−3 yz )UV
W T ∂z W
2 2 2 2

T ∂y
= i
∂z ∂x
R∂
+ k S ( 2 x yz ) −
∂
2 U
( xy )V
2

T ∂ x ∂ y W
= i [–3z2 – 2x2y] + j [0 – 0] + k [4xyz – 2xy]
= (–3z2 – 2x2y)i + (4xyz – 2xy) k
= {–3 (1)2 – 2(1)2(–1)} i + {4(1)(–1)(1) – 2(1)(–1)} k at (1, –1, 1)
= – i – 2k.
Example 2. Prove that
H H
(i) div r = 3. (ii) curl r = 0.
H H
Sol. (i) div r = ∇ · r
FG
∂ ∂ ∂ IJ
= i
∂xH +j
∂y
+k
∂z K
⋅ ( xi + yj + zk )

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( x ) + ( y ) + ( z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
H H
(ii) curl r = ∇ × r
FG
∂ ∂ ∂ IJ
H K
= i ∂x + j ∂y + k ∂z × ( xi + yj + zk )

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z
VECTOR CALCULUS 359

LM ∂ (z) − ∂ ( y)OP + j LM ∂ (x) − ∂ (z)OP + k LM ∂ (y) − ∂ (x)OP

= i
N ∂y ∂z Q N ∂z ∂x Q N ∂x ∂y Q
= i (0) + j (0) + k (0)
= 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.
Example 3. Find the divergence and curl of the vector
(x2 – y2) i + 2xy j + (y2 – xy) k.
H
Sol. Let f = (x2 – y2) i + 2xy j + (y2 – xy) k.
H ∂ 2 ∂ ∂
Then div f = ( x − y 2 ) + (2 xy) + ( y 2 − xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2x + 2x + 0 = 4x
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
and curl f = ∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 − y2 2xy y 2 − xy

LM ∂ ( y ∂ OP LM
∂ 2 ∂ 2 OP
Q N Q
2
− xy ) − ( 2 xy ) + j (x − y 2 ) − ( y − xy )
N ∂y
= i
∂z ∂z ∂x

LM ∂ (2xy) − ∂ (x 2
− y2 )
OP
N ∂x Q
+ k
∂y
= i [2y – x) – 0] + j [0 – (–y)] + k [(2y) – (– 2y)]
= (2y – x) i + y j + 4y k. Ans.
H H
Example 4. If f (x, y, z) = xz3 i – 2x2yz j + 2yz4 k find divergence and curl of f (x, y, z)
(U.P.T.U., 2006)
H FG i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ IJ ⋅ cxz i − 2x yz j + 2yz k h
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K
3 2 4
Sol. div f =

∂ ∂ ∂
= ( xz 3 ) − (2x 2 yz) + (2 yz 4 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= z3 – 2x2z + 8yz3
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
curl f =
∂x ∂y ∂z
xz 3 −2 x 2 yz 2 yz 4

RS ∂ (2yz ) + ∂ (2x yz)UV − j RS ∂ (2yz ) − ∂ (xz )UV

W T ∂x W
4 2 4 3
= i
T ∂y ∂z ∂z

R∂ ∂ U
+ k S ( −2x yz) − ( xz )V
2 3

T ∂ x ∂ y W
= i (2z4 + 2x2y) – j (0 – 3z2x) + k (– 4xyz – 0)
= 2 (x2y + z4) i + 3z2xj – 4xyz·k.
360 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

H
Example 5. Find the directional derivative of ∇. u at the point (4, 4, 2) in the direction of
H
the corresponding outer normal of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 36 where u = x4 i + y4 j + z4 k.
H
Sol. ∇. u = ∇. (x4i + y4j + z4k) = 4(x3 + y3 + z3) = f (say)
∴ (∇f)(4, 4, 2) = 12 (x2i + y2j + z2k)(4, 4, 2) = 48(4i + 4j + k)
Normal to the sphere g ≡ x2 + y2 + z2 = 36 is
(∇g)(4, 4, 2) = 2 (xi + yj + zk)(4, 4, 2) = 4(2i + 2j + k)

a = unit normal =
∇g
=
b
4 2i + 2 j + k g
∇g 64 + 64 + 16
2i + 2 j + k
=
3
The required directional derivative is
2i + 2 j + k
∇f. a = 48 (4i + 4j + k).
3
= 16(8 + 8 + 1) = 272.

Example 6. A fluid motion is given by v = (y + z)i + (z + x)j + (x + y)k show that the motion
is irrotational and hence find the scalar potential. (U.P.T.U., 2003)
Sol. Curl v = Δ× v
F i ∂ + y ∂ + k ∂ I × by + zgi + az + xf j + bx + ygk
= GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= = i (1 – 1) – j (1 – 1) + k (1 – 1) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
y+z z+x x+ y

Hence v is irrotational.
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Now dφ = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
F i ∂φ + j ∂φ + k ∂φ I ⋅ bidx + jdy + kdzg
= GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I φ ⋅ dr = ∇φ⋅ dr = v ⋅ dr
= GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK v = ∇φ

= [(y + z) i + (z + x) j + (x + y) k]. (idx + jdy + kdz)

= (y + z) dx + (z + x) dy + (x + y) dz
= ydx + zdx + zdy + xdy + xdz + ydz
On integrating φ = zb g zb
ydx + xdy + zdy + ydz + g z bzdx + xdzg
= zb g zb g za
d xy + d yz + d zx
φ = xy + yz + zx + c
f
Thus, velocity potential = xy + yz + zx + c.
VECTOR CALCULUS 361

H
H H H H H
b H
gH
b g b g
Example 7. Prove that a × ∇ × r = ∇ a ⋅ r − a ⋅ ∇ r where a is a constant vector and
r = xi + yj + zk. (U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. Let H
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
H
r = r1i + r2j + r3k
i j k
F∂r3 ∂r2 I FG
∂r3 ∂r1 IJ j + FG ∂r − ∂r IJ k
∴ ∇× r =
∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
GH JK H
= i ∂y − ∂z – ∂x − ∂z K H ∂x ∂y K
2 1

r1 r2 r3

i j k
e
Now a × ∇ × r =j a1 a2 a3
∂r3 ∂r2 ∂r1 ∂r3 ∂r2 ∂r1
− − −
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

|RSFG a ∂r2 ∂r ∂r I FG
JK H ∂r IJ |UVi
=
|TH 2
∂x
− a 2 1 – a3 1 − a 3 3
∂y ∂z ∂x K |W
|RF ∂r ∂r I F ∂r ∂r I |U
– SG a ∂x − a ∂y J − G a ∂y − a ∂z J V j
|TH K H K |W
2 1 3 2
1 1 3 3

|RF ∂r ∂r I F ∂r ∂r I |U
+ SGH − a ∂x + a ∂z JK − G a ∂y − a ∂z J Vk
|T H K |W
3 1 3 2
1 1 2 2

F ∂ ∂ + k ∂ I ba r + a r + a r g – LMa ∂ + a ∂ + a ∂ OP br i + r j + r kg
H ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
= Gi + j 1 1
N ∂x ∂y ∂z Q
2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

= ∇ nb a j + a j + a k g ⋅ br j + r j + r k gs
1 2 3 1 2 3

R| F ∂ ∂ ∂ I U|
– Sb a i + a j + a k g ⋅ G i + j + k J Vbr i + r j + r k g
T| 1
H ∂x ∂y ∂z K W|
2 3 1 2 3

= ∇e a ⋅ rj − e a ⋅ ∇jr · Hence proved.

Example 8. Find the directional derivative of Ö.(Öf) at the point (1, –2, 1) in the direction of
the normal to the surface xy2z = 3x + z2 where f = 2x3y2z4. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I (2x y z ) = (6x y z )i + (4x yz )j + 8x y z )k
Sol. ∇f = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 3 2 4 2 2 4 3 4 3 2 3

F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I . {(6x y z )i + (4x yz )j + (8x y z )k}

∇.(∇f) = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 2 2 4 3 4 3 2 3

or ∇.(∇f) = 12x y2z4 + 4x3 z4 + 24x3 y2z2 = F(x, y, z) (say)

Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
Now ∇F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK (12x y2z4 + 4x3 z4 + 24x3 y2z2)

= (12y2 z4 + 12x2 z4 + 72x2 y2z2)i + (24xyz4 + 48x3 yz2) j

+ (48x y2z3 + 16x3z3 + 48x3y2z)k
362 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

∴ (∇F)(1, –2, 1) = 348i – 144j + 400k

Let g(x, y, z) = xy2z – 3x – z2 = 0
Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
∇g = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK (xy2z – 3x – z2)

= (y2z – 3) i + (2xyz) j + (xy2 – 2z) k

(∇g)(1, –2, 1) = i – 4j + 2k
∇g i − 4 j + 2k i − 4 j + 2k
a = unit normal = = =
∇g 1 + 16 + 4 21
Hence, the required directional derivative is

∇F . a = (348i – 144j + 400k) .

b i − 4 j + 2k g
21
348 + 576 + 800 1724
= = .
21 21
Example 9. Determine the values of a and b so that the surface ax2 – byz = (a + 2)x will be
orthogonal to the surface 4x2y + z3 = 4 at the point (1, –1, 2).
Sol. Let f ≡ ax2 – byz – (a + 2)x = 0 ...(i)
g ≡ 4x y + z – 4 = 0
2 3
...(ii)
Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
grad f = ∇f = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK {ax2 – byz – (a + 2)x}

= (2ax – a – 2)i + (–bz)j + (–by)k

(∇f)(1, –1, 2) = (a – 2)i – 2bj + bk ...(iii)
Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
grad g = ∇g = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK (4x2y + z3 – 4)

= (8xy)i + (4x2)j + (3z2)k

(∇g)(1, –1, 2) = – 8i + 4j + 12k ...(iv)
Since the surfaces are orthogonal so

e∇ f j . e∇gj = 0
⇒ [(a – 2)i – 2bj + bk] . [– 8i + 4j + 12k] = 0
– 8(a – 2) – 8b + 12b = 0 ⇒ – 2a + b + 4 = 0 ...(v)
But the point (1, –1, 2) lies on the surface (i), so
a + 2b – (a + 2) = 0 ⇒ 2b − 2 = 0 ⇒ b = 1
Putting the value of b in (v), we get
5
− 2a + 1 + 4 = 0 ⇒ a =
2
5
Hence, a = , b = 1.
2
VECTOR CALCULUS 363

Example 10. Prove that A = (x2 – yz)i + (y2 – zx)j + (z2 – xy)k is irrotational and find the
scalar potential f such that A = ∇f.

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Sol. ∇ × A = = (–x + x)i – (–y + y)j + (–z + z) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
x 2 − yz y 2 − zx z 2 − xy

Hence, A is irrotational.
∂f ∂f ∂f
Now A = ∇f = i +j +k = (x2 – yz)i + (y2 – zx)j + (z2 – xy)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Comparing on both sides, we get
∂f ∂f ∂f
= (x2 – yz), = (y2 – zx) and = (z2 – xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂f ∂f ∂f
∴ df = dx + dy + dz = (x2 – yz)dx + (y2 – zx)dy + (z2 – xy)dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (x2 dx + y2 dy + z2 dz) – (yzdx + zxdy + xydz)
1
or df = d(x3 + y3 + z3) – d(xyz)
3
On integrating, we get
1
f = (x3 + y3 + z3) – xyz + c.
3

EXERCISE 5.3

1. Find div A , when A = x2zi – 2y3z2j + xy2zk. Ans. 2xz – 6 y 2 z 2 + xy 2

xi + yj + zk
2. If V = , find the value of div V . (U.P.T.U., 2000)
x2 + y2 + z2
LMAns. 2 division ex j OPQ
N
2
+ y2 + z2

3. Find the directional derivative of the divergence of f (x, y, z) = xyi + xy2j + z2k at the point
LM
13 OP
(2, 1, 2) in the direction of the outer normal to the sphere, x2 + y2 + z2 = 9. Ans.
3N Q
H H 3
4. Show that the vector field f = r / r is irrotational as well as solenoidal. Find the scalar
LM 1
OP
potential.
MN
(U.P.T.U., 2001, 2005) Ans. –
x 2 + y2 + z2 PQ
364 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

FG k × grad 1 IJ
H rK
5. If r is the distance of a point (x, y, z) from the origin, prove that curl + grad

FG k. grad 1IJ
H rK
= 0, where k is the unit vector in the direction OZ. (U.P.T.U., 2000)

6. Prove that A = (6xy + z3)i + (3x2 – z)j + (3xz2 – y) k is irrotational. Find a scalar function
f (x, y, z) such that A = ∇f. Ans. f = 3 x 2 y + xz 3 – zy + c2

7. Find the curl of yzi + 3zxj + zk at (2, 3, 4). Ans. – 6i + 3 j + 8 k

8. If f = x2yz, g = xy – 3z2, calculate ∇.(∇f × ∇g). Ans. zero
9. Determine the constants a and b such that curl of (2xy + 3yz)i + (x2 + axz – 4z2)j + (3xy
+ 2byz) k = 0. Ans. a = 3, b = −4
10. Find the value of constant b such that
3 2 2
A = (bxy – z ) i + (b – 2)x j + (1 – b) xz k has its curl identically equal to zero.
Ans. b = 4

H FG 1 IJ = a ⋅ r ·
11. Prove that a . ∇
H rK r 3

12. Prove that ∇ e a ⋅ uj = e a ⋅ ∇ju + a × curl u a is a constant vector.

F xI
13. Prove that ∇ GH JK = 0.
2
3
r
2
14. Prove that ∇2f(r) = f ″(r) + f ′ (r).
r
15. If u = x2 + y2 + z2 and v = xi + yj + zk , show that div euvj = 5u
F a × rI = 3r a ⋅ re j
16. Prove the curl GH r JK
3 −
a
r3
+
r5
.

  
e j
17. Find the curl of v = exyz i + j + k at the point (1, 2, 3). b
Ans. e 6 i − 21 j + 3k g
18. Prove that ∇ × ∇f = 0 for any f (x, y, z).
19. Find curl of A = x 2 yi – 2 xzj + 2 yzk at the point (1, 0, 2). Ans. 4 j
H
20. Determine curl of xyz2i + yzx2j + zxy2 k at the point (1, 2, 3).

a f b g b g
Ans. xy 2z – x i + yz 2x − y j + zx 2 y − z k ;10i + 3k
LMAns. c OP
21. Find f(r) such that f(r) r is solenoidal.
N rQ 3

22. Find a, b, c when f = (x + 2y + az)i + (bx – 3y – z)j + (4x + cy + 2z)k is irrotational.

[Ans. a = 4, b = 2, c = –1]
23. Prove that (y2 – z2 + 3yz – 2x)i + (3xz + 2xy)i + (3xy – 2xz + 2z)k are both solenoidal and
irrotational. [U.P.T.U., 2008]
VECTOR CALCULUS 365

5.15 VECTOR INTEGRATION

Vector integral calculus extends the concepts of (ordinary) integral calculus to vector functions. It
has applications in fluid flow design of under water transmission cables, heat flow in stars, study
of satellites. Line integrals are useful in the calculation of work done by variable forces along
paths in space and the rates at which fluids flow along curves (circulation) and across boundaries
(flux).

5.16 LINE INTEGRAL

ej
Let F r be a continuous vector point function. Then z
C
F ⋅ dr , is known as the line integral of

ej
F r along the curve C.

Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k where F1, F2, F3 are the components of F along the coordinate axes
and are the functions of x, y, z each.
  
Now, r = xi + yj + zk
∴   
dr = dxi + dyj + dzk

∴ z F ⋅ dr = ze je
F1i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ dxi + dyj + dzk j
zb
C C

=
C
F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz .g
Again, let the parameteric equations of the curve C be
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
z = z (t)

then we can write C z F ⋅ dr =

t1 z LMN a f
dx
t2

dt
+ F2 t
dy
F1 t
dt
+ F3 t
dz
dt
af
dt a f OPQ
were t1 and t2 are the suitable limits so as to cover the arc of the curve C.
Note: work done =
H
F ⋅ drz
z
C
H
Circulation: The line integral F ⋅ dr of a continuous vector point functional F along a
C
closed curve C is called the circulation of F round the closed curve C.
This fact can also be represented by the symbol Ü.

Irrotational vector field: A single valued vector point Function F (Vector Field F ) is called
irrotational in the region R, if its circulation round every closed curve C in that region is zero
that is

z F ⋅ dr = 0

z
C

or F ⋅ dr = 0.
366 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

5.17 SURFACE INTEGRAL

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
bgH
Let F r be a continuous vector point function. Let r = F (u, v) be a smooth surface such
that F (u, v) possesses continuous first order partial derivatives. Then the normal surface integral
ej
of F r over S is denoted by

H
z ej
S z ej

F r ⋅ da = F r ⋅ ndS
S
where da is the vector area of an element dS and n is a unit vector normal to the surface dS.
Let F1, F2, F3 which are the functions of x, y, z be the components of F along the coordinate

z
axes, then
Surface Integral = 
F ⋅ ndS

z
S

= F ⋅ da

zz e
S

= je
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ dydzi + dzdxj + dxdyk j
zz b
S

=
S
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy . g
5.17.1 Important Form of Surface Integral
e   
Let dS = dS cos αi + cos βj + cos γ k j ...(i)
where α, β and γ are direction angles of dS. It shows that dS cos α, dS cos β, dS cos γ are
orthogonal projections of the elementary area dS on yz. plane, zx-plane and xy-plane respectively.
As the mode of sub-division of the surface S is arbitrary we have chosen a sub-division formed
by planes parallel to coordinate planes that is yz-plane, zx-plans and xy plane.
Clearly, projection on the coordinate planes will be rectangles with sides dy and dz on yz
plane, dz and dx on xz plane and dx and dy on xy plane.
Hence {
i ⋅ dS = dS cos αi + cos βj + cos γ kj
 ⋅ i
}
i ⋅ n dS= dS cos α = dy dz
dy dz
Hence dS = .
i. n
Similarly, multiplying both sides of (i) scalarly by j and k respectively, we have
dz dx
dS = ...(ii)
j ⋅ n
dx dy
and dS =
k ⋅ n

Hence z
F ⋅ ndS
 = S1 zz
F ⋅ n
dy dz
i ⋅ n
...(iii)

=
S2 zz
F ⋅ n
dz dx
j ⋅ n ...(iv)

=
S3 zz
dx dy
F ⋅ n
k ⋅ n
where S1, S2, S3 are projections of S on yz, zx and xy plane respectively.
...(v)
VECTOR CALCULUS 367

5.18 VOLUME INTEGRAL

ej
Let F r is a continuous vector point function. Let volume V be enclosed by a surface S given by

r = f u, v a f ...(i)
sub-dividing the region V into n elements say of cubes having
volumes
ΔV1, ΔV2, .... ΔVn
Hence ΔVk = Δxk Δyk Δzk
k = 1, 2, 3, ... n P
where (xk, yk, zk) is a point say P on the cube. Considering the
sum

∑ Fbxk , yk , zk gΔVk
n

k =1
Fig. 5.5
taken over all possible cubes in the region. The limits of sum when n → ∞ in such a manner that
the dimensions ΔVk tends to zero, if it exists is denoted by the symbol

zV
ej
F r dV ⋅ or z
V
FdV or zzz
V
F dx dy dz
is called volume integral or space integral.
If F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k , then

z ej
F r dV
V
= i zzz
V
F1 dx dy dz + j zzz
V
F2 dx dy dz + k zzz
V
F3 dx dy dz

where F1, F2, F3 which are function of x, y, z are the components of F along X, Y, Z axes
respectively.
Independence of path

If in a conservative field F
ÜC F ⋅ dr = 0
along any closed curve C.
Which is the condition of the independence of path.

Example 1. Evaluate
xy-plane from (0, 0) to (4, 4).
zC
F ⋅ dr where F = x 2 y 2 i + yj and the curve C, is y2 = 4x in the

Sol. We know that

r = xi + yj

∴ dr = dxi + dyj

∴ F ⋅ dr = ex y i + yjj ⋅ edxi + dyjj

2 2

= x2y2dx + ydy
∴ z
C
F ⋅ dr = ze
C
x 2 y 2 dx + ydy j
368 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

=
But for the curve C, x and y both vary from 0 to 4.
z
C
x 2 y 2 dx + z C
y dy ⋅

∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr =
4 2 4
x 4x dx + y dy z
0
a f z 0
[Πy2 = 4x]

z z
C

3 4 4
= 4 x dx + y dy
0 0

Fx I F y I
4G J +G J
4 4 2 4

=
H 4K H 2K 0 0
= 256 + 8 = 264.

Example 2. Evaluate zb g
x dy – y dx around the circle x2 + y2 = 1.

Sol. Let C denote the circle x2 + y2 = 1, i.e., x = cos t, y = sin t. In order to integrate around
C, t varies from 0 to 2π.

∴ zb
C
x dy − y dy g = z FGH
0
2π
x
dy
dt
−y
dx
dt
dt
IJ
K
= ze
0
2π
cos 2 t + sin 2 t dt j
=
= (t)2π
z
0
2π
dt

0
= 2π.

Example 3. Evaluate zC
H H H
F ⋅ dr , where F = (x2 + y2) i – 2xy j, the curve C is the rectangle in
the xy-plane bounded by y = 0, x = a, y = b, x = 0. Y

Sol. z
C
H H
F ⋅ dr = z {e
C
j
x 2 + y 2 i – 2xyj ⋅ dxi + dyj }m r
=
Now, C is the rectangle
C z {e
x 2 + y 2 dx − 2xy dy
OACB. j } ...(i) B
(0, b)
y=b
C (a, b)

On OA, y = 0 ⇒ dy = 0
x=0 x=a
On AC, x = a ⇒ dx = 0
On CB, y = b ⇒ dy = 0
On BO, x = 0 ⇒ dx = 0 O y=0 A X
(0, 0) (a, 0)
∴ From (i),

z z ex + 0jdx + z b–2aygdy + z ex + b jdx + z

Fig. 5.6
H H 2 2 2
F ⋅ dr = 0 dy
C OA AC CB BO

= x dx − 2 az y dy + z ex + b jdx + z 0 dy
za 2 b 0 2 2 0
0 0 a b

Fx I F y I Fx I
3 a

= G J − 2aG J + G + b xJ + 0
2 b
3 0

H 3K H 2K H 3 K
2

0 0 a
VECTOR CALCULUS 369

a3 a3
= − ab 2 − − ab 2
3 3
= – 2ab2.
Example 4. Evaluate z C
H H H
F ⋅ dr , where F = yz i + zx j + xy k and C is the portion of the curve
π
H
r = (a cos t) i + (b sin t) j + (ct) k from t = 0 to .
2
H
Sol. We have r = (a cos t) i + (b sin t) j + (ct) k.
Hence, the parametric equations of the given curve are
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
z = ct
H
dr
Also, = (– a sin t) i + (b cos t) j + ck

z
dt
Now,
H H
F ⋅ dr =
z H drH
F⋅ dt

zb
C C dt
= gb
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ − a sin ti + b cos t j + ck dt g
zb
C
= gb g
bct sin t i + act cos t j + ab sin t cos t k ⋅ − a sin ti + b cos t j + ck dt

ze
C

=
C
− abc t sin 2 t + abc t cos 2 t + abc sin t cos t dt j
= abc z e
C j
t cos 2 t − sin 2 t + sin t cos t dt

= abc
C z FGH
t cos 2 t +
sin 2 t I
2 K
J dt
z FGH sin 2 t I
π
= abc 2 t cos 2 t +
0 2 K
J dt
L sin 2t cos 2t cos 2t O 2
π

abc Mt
=
N 2 + 4 − 4 PQ0
π

=
abc
2
bt sin 2tg0 = 0.2
Y C

z
(4,12)

Example 5. Evaluate F. dr where F = xyi + (x2 + y2)j and C

c
is the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 4 and the line x = 4 from y = 0 to
y = 12.
Sol. Here the curve C consist the line AB and BC.

Since r = xi + yj (as z = 0)
A B
dr = dxi + dyj

z
O X

so
C
F . dr = z{
ABC
e j} m
xyi + x 2 + y 2 j . dxi + dyj r
(2, 0)

Fig. 5.7
(4, 0)
370 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

= z{
AB
e
xy dx + x 2 + y 2 dy + z
j } {xy dx + ex
BC
2
j }
+ y 2 dy

= z
x=2
4
0 . dx + z 12
y=0
e
0 + 16 + y 2 dy =j z0
12
e16 + y jdy
2

L y OP
= M16 y +
3 12

MN 3 PQ
= [192 + 576] = 768.
0

Example 6. If F = (–2x + y)i + (3x + 2y)j, compute the circulation of F about a circle C in
the xy plane with centre at the origin and radius 1, if C is transversed in the positive direction.
Sol. Here the equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 1 2 2
x + y =1
Let x = cos θ, y = sin θ |As r = 1
C
F = (–2cos θ + sin θ)i + (3 cos θ + 2sin θ)j
r = xi + yj = (cos θ)i + (sin θ)i O

So dr = {(– sin θ)i + (cos θ)j}dθ

Thus, the circulation along circle C = z F . dr

Fig. 5.8

z
C

nb−2 cos θ + sin θgi + b3 cos θ + 2 sin θg js . nb− sin θgi + bcos θg jsdθ
2π
=
θ=0

= z 2π
e 2 sin θ cos θ − sin 2
θ + 3 cos 2 θ + 6 sin θ cos θ dθ j
z z
0

=
2π

0
e8 sin θ cos θ + 4 cos 2
j
θ − 1 dθ =
2π

0
b 4 sin 2θ + 2 cos 2θ + 1gdθ
2π 2π 2π
= −2 cos 2θ 0 + sin 2θ 0 + θ 0 = − 2 cos 4π − cos 0 + sin 4π − sin 0 + 2π
= 2π.

Example 7. Compute the work done in moving a particle in the force field F = 3x2 i +
(2xz – y)j + zk along.
(i) A straight line from P(0, 0, 0) to Q(2, 1, 3).
(ii) Curve C : defined by x2 = 4y, 3x3 = 8z from x = 0 to x = 2.
Sol. (i) We know that the equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
x−0 y−0 z−0 x y z
⇒ = = ⇒ = =
2−0 1−0 3−0 2 1 3
x y z
or = = = t (say), so x = 2t, y = t, z = 3t
2 1 3
VECTOR CALCULUS 371

∴ r = xi + yj + zk = 2ti + tj + 3tk
⇒ dr = (2i + j + 3k)dt
and F = (12t2)i + (12t2 – t)j + (3t)k

The work done =

zP
Q
F . dr = z
0
1
e12t ji + e12t − tj j + a3tfk . 2i + j + 3k dt
2 2
As t varies
from 0 to 1

=
ze
0
1
24t 2 + 12t 2 − t + 9t dt = j ze
1

0
j
36t 2 + 8t dt

LM 36t 3
+
8t 2 OP 1

N 3 Q
= = 12 + 4 = 16.
2 0

F 3x 3 x 2 I
3x 3 3x 4 x 2 3x 3 F I
(ii) F = 3x 2 i + 2x. GH 8
−
4
j+
8JK k = 3x 2 i +
4
−
4
j+
8
k GH JK
x2 3x 3
r = xi + yj + zk = xi + j+ k
4 8
F i + x j + 9x kI dx 2
dr = GH 2 8 JK
Work done =
z 2

x=0
F . dr = z0
LM3x i + F 3x − x I j + 3x kOP . Li + x j + 9x kOdx
MN GH 4 4 JK 8 PQ MN 2 8 PQ
2
2
4 2 3 2

= zF 3x + 3x − x + 27x I dx
GH
0
2

8 8
2
64 JK
5 3 5

= Mx +
L x − x + 27x OP
3
6 4 6 2

N 16 32 64 × 6 Q 0

64 16 27 × 64 1 9
= 8+ − + = 8+ 4− +
16 32 64 × 6 2 2
= 16.
Example 8. If V is the region in the first octant bounded by y2 + z2 = 9 and the plane

x = 2 and F = 2x2yi – y2j + 4xz2k. Then evaluate zzz e V

j
∇ ⋅ F dV.

Sol. ∇ ⋅ F = 4 xy − 2 y + 8xz
The volume V of the solid region is covered by covering the plane region OAB while x varies

zzz e j
from 0 to 2. Thus,
∇ ⋅ F dV
V

= zzz
2 3
x =0 y =0 z=0
9− y 2
b4xy − 2y + 8xzgdz dy dx
372 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

= zz
2 3

0 0
4xyz − 2 yz + 4xz 2
0
9− y2
dy dx

= z z LMNb
2 3

0 0
g jOPQ dy dx
4xy − 2y 9 − y 2 + 4 x 9 − y 2 e
LM I F y IO
z MMNa
3

F 1
4x − 2fG − c 9 − y hJ + 4xG 9 y − J P
3
3

K H 3 K PPQ
2

H 3
2 2
= dx
0

z a
0

9 4 x − 2f + 72x dx
2
=
0

2
= 18x 2 − 18x + 36x 2
0

= 180.

zz e
Fig. 5.9
Example 9. Evaluate
S
j
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dS , where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y2 +
z2 = a2 in the first octant. (U.P.T.U., 2005)

Sol. zz e j
H
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dS = zz e je
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dy dz i + ⋅ dz dx j + dx dy k j
zz b
S S

=
S
yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dx dy g
= zz a
0 0
a2 − z2
yz dy dz + zz a
0 0
a2 − x 2
zx dz dx + zz
a
0 0
a2 − y 2
xy dx dy

z zFGH y2 IJK dz + z xFGH z2 IJK dx + z y FGH x2 IJK dy

2 a2 − z 2 2 a2 − x 2 2 a2 − y 2
a a a
= 0 0 0

z z z
0 0 0

ze a − z jdz + xea − x jdx + ye a j

1 a 2 1 2 1 a 2 2 a 2
= − y 2 dy
2 0 2 2 0 0

1Fa z z I 1Fa x x I 1Fa y y I

2 2 4 a 2 2 4 a 2 2 4 a

G − J + G − J + G − J
= 2H 2 4K 2H 2 4K 2H 2 4K
0 0 0
4 4 4 4
1a 1a 1a 3a
= + + = .
8

zz
2 4 2 4 2 4

Example 10. Evaluate F . n ds , where F = zi + xj – 3y2 zk and S is the surface of the

S
cylinder x2 + y2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.
Sol. Since surface S : x2 + y2 = 16
Let f ≡ x2 + y2 – 16
Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
∇f = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK (x2 + y2 – 16)

= 2xi + 2yi
VECTOR CALCULUS 373

’f 2xi  2 yj Z
unit normal n =
’f 4x 2  4 y 2
E
C D

n =
b
2 xi  yj g xi  yj xi  yi
/
2 x y 2 2 16 4

FG xi  yj IJ 1
Now F . n = (zi + xj – 3y2 zk).
H 4 K 4
(zx + xy)
A
O
B
Here the surface S is perpendicular to xy-plane so we will
take the projection of S on zx-plane. Let R be that projection. X Y
2 2
x +y =16
dx dz dx dz 4dx dz
? ds = Fig. 5.10
n . j y y
4

zzS
F . n ds =
z ze
R
zi  xj  3 y 2 zk . j bxi 4 yjg . y4 dx dz
= z z FGH
R
zx  xy
y
dx dz
I
JK
Since z varies from 0 to 5 and y = 16  x 2 on S. x is also varies from 0 to 4.
I
? zzR
F zx  xy I dx dz
GH y JK = zz5

z 0 x
4

0
F
GG
H
xz
16  x 2
JJ
 x dx dz
K
z LMN OP dz
zb
4
=
5
 z 16  x 2 
x2 5
g
4 z  8 dz
0 2 Q
0
0

= (2z2 + 8z)05 = 50 + 40 = 90.

Example 11. Evaluate zzz V

IdV, where I = 45x2 y and V is the closed region bounded by

the planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Sol. Putting y = 0, z = 0, we get 4x = 8 or x = 2
Here x varies from 0 to 2
y varies from 0 to 4 – 2x
and z varies from 0 to 8 – 4x – 2y

Thus zzz IdV = zzz 45x 2 y dx dy dz

z z z
V
V
2 4  2x 8  4x  2 y
= 45x 2 y dx dy dz
x 0 y 0 z 0

= 45 zz 2 4 2x
x2y z
8  4x  2 y
0
dx dy

zz b
0 0

= 45
2 4  2x

0 0
x 2 y 8  4x  2 y dx dy g
374 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

z 2

0
LM
N
= 45 x 2 4 y 2 − 2xy 2 −
2 O
3 PQ
y dx 3
4 − 2x

z
0

2
L 2 2 O
x M 4b 4 − 2xg − 2xb 4 − 2xg − b 4 − 2xg P dx
2 3

N Q
2
= 45
3

z
0

x b 4 − 2xg dx
45 2 3
2
=

ze
3 0

j
2
= 15 x 2 64 − 8x 3 − 96x + 48x 2 dx
0

LM 64x − 8x − 96x + 48x OP

3 6 4 5 2

N 3 6 4 5 Q
= 15
0

15M
L 512 − 256 − 384 + 1536 OP
=
N3 3 5 Q
= 128.

EXERCISE 5.4

1. Find the work done by a Force F = zi + xj + yk from t = 0 to 2π, where r = cos t i + sin
tj + tk.
LMHint: Work done = FH ⋅ drH OP.
MN z PQ Ans. 3π

z
C

2. Show that F ⋅ dr = –1, where F = (cos y) i – xj – (sin y) k and C is the curve y = 1 − x2

C
in xy-plane from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
3. Find the work done when a force F = (x2 – y2 + x) i – (2xy + y) j moves a particle from
2 LM OP
origin to (1, 1) along a parabola y2 = x. Ans.
3 N Q
4. zC
xy 3 dS where C is the segment of the line y = 2x in the xy plane from A(– 1, – 2, 0) to

LMAns. 16OP
B(1, 2, 0).
N 5Q

e j e j
5. F = 2xzi + x 2 − y j + 2z − x 2 k is conservative or not.

Ans. ∇ × F ≠ 0, so non - conservative

e j
6. If F = 2x − 3z i − 2xyj − 4xk , then evaluate
2
zzz H
∇FdV , where V is bounded by the plane
V

LMAns. 8 OP
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4.
N 3Q
VECTOR CALCULUS 375

7. Show that zzS

bounded by the planes;

F ⋅ ndS =
3
2
, where F = 4xzi – y2j + yzk and S is the surface of the cube

LMAns. 3 OP
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
H
N 2Q
8. If F = 2yi − 3 j + x k and S is the surface of the parobolic cylinder y2 = 8x in the first
2

octant bounded by the planes y = 4, and z = 6 then evaluate zzS

 .
F ⋅ ndS Ans. 132

9. If A = bx − ygi + bx + yg j evaluate Ü A ⋅ dr around the curve C consisting of y = x2 and

LMAns. 2 OP
y2 = x.
N 3Q
10. Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field A = 3xyi − 5zj + 10xk along
the curve x = t2 + t, y =2t2, z = t3 from t = 1 to t = 2. Ans. 303
11. Find the surface integral over the parallelopiped x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
H
when A = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk. Ans. 33
12. Evaluate zzz V
∇ × AdV , where A = (x + 2y) i – 3zj + x k and V is the closed region in the

LMAns. 8 b3i − j + 2kgOP

first octant bounded by the plane 2x + 2y + z = 4.
N 3 Q
13. Evaluate zzz V
fdV where f = 45x2y and V denotes the closed region bounded by the
planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Ans. 128

e j
14. If A = 2x − 3z i − 2xyj − 4xk and V is the closed region bounded by the planes x = 0,
2

y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4, evaluate zzz e j

∇ × A dV.
LMAns. 8 b j − kgOP
N 3 Q
zzz e
V

e 3 3
j
15. If A = x − yz i − 2 x yj + 2 k evaluate
V
j
∇ ⋅ A dV over the volume of a cube of side b.

LMAns. 1 3 OP
N 3
b
Q
16. Show that the integral

zaa ffe
3, 4

1, 2
j e j
xy 2 + y 3 dx + x 2 y + 3xy 2 dy is independent of the path joining the points (1, 2) and

(3, 4). Hence, evaluate the integral. Ans. 254

17. If F = ∇ φ show that the work done in moving a particle in the force field F from (x1, y1,
z1) to B (x2, y2, z2) is independent of the path joining the two points.
18. If F = (y – 2x)i + (3x + 2y)j, find the circulation of F about a circle C in the xy-plane with
centre at the origin and radius 2, if C is transversed in the positive direction. [Ans. 8π]

z
3 dF
19. If F (2) = 2i – j + 2k, F (3) = 4i – 2j + 3k then evaluate F. dt . [Ans. 10]
dt
2
376 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

2 0 . Prove that F = (4xy – 3x2z2)i + 2x2 j – 2x3 zk is a conservative field.

2 1 . Evaluate z Sz F . n ds where F = xyi – x2 j + (x + z)k, S is the portion of plane 2x + 2y + z

LMAns. 27 OP
= 6 included in the first octant.
N 4Q
2 2 . Find the volume enclosed between the two surfaces S1 : z = 8 – x2 – y2 and S2 : z
= x2 + 3y2. [ Ans. 8S 2 ]

5.19 GREEN’S* THEOREM

If C be a regular closed curve in the xy-plane bounding a region S and P(x, y) and Q (x, y) be
continuously differentiable functions inside and on C then (U.P.T.U., 2007)
I
zz b
C
Pdx  Qdy = g zz FGH
S
wQ wP

wx wy JK
dx dy
Y
y = f2(x)

F
Proof: Let the equation of the curves AEB and AFB d
are y = f1(x) and y = f2 (x) respectively.

zz zz
B
wP b a f wP
f2 x S C
Consider dx dy = dy dx
x a y f a x f wy
A y = f1(x)
S wy 1

z
c E
y f axf
P bx , y g
b 2
= dx
a y f axf 1

=
az b g b g
b
P x, f 2  P x, f1 dx

zb g zb g
a X
O b
a b
=  P x, f 2 dx  P x, f 1 dx Fig. 5.11
b a

=  zb g zb g
BFA
P x, y dx 
AEB
P x, y dx

=  zb g
BFAEB
P x , y dx

Ÿ zz S
wP
wy
dx dy = 
zb gC
P x, y dx ...(i)

Similarly, let the equations of the curve EAF and EBF be x = f1 (y) and x = f2 (y) respectively,

then zz
S
wQ
wx z z b bg g
dx dy = z d f2 y
y c x f1 y
wQ
wx
dx dy
d
c
b g b g
Q f2 , y  Q f1 , y dy

z b g zb g =
d

c
c
Q f 2 , y dy  Q f1 , y dy
d

Ÿ zz
S
wQ
wx z b g
dx dy =
C
Q x, y dy ...(ii)

* George Green (1793–1841), English Mathematician.

VECTOR CALCULUS 377

Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get

I
zb
C
Pdx + Qdy g = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y JK
dx dy

Vector form of Green’s theorem:

z
C
F ⋅ dr = zz e S
j
∇ × F ⋅ kdS

Let F = Pi + Qj, then we have

F ∂Q − ∂P I k
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
= GH ∂x ∂y JK
P Q 0

e∇ × Fj ⋅ k F ∂Q − ∂P I
⇒ = GH ∂x ∂y JK
Thus, z
C
F ⋅ dr = zz e∇ × Fj ⋅ k dS
S

Corollary: Area of the plane region S bounded by closed curve C.

zz a
Let Q = x, P = – y, then

zb xdy − ydx g = S
1 + 1 dxdyf
z
C

= 2 S dx dy = 2 A

Thus, area A =
1
2Cz( xdy − ydx )

Example 1. Verify the Green’s theorem by evaluating ze

C
j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2 xy dy j where

C is the square having the vertices at the points (0, 0), (2, 0) (2, 2) and (0, 2). (U.P.T.U., 2007)

Sol. We have ze
C
j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2 xy dy j
By Green’s theorem, we have

zb
C
Pdx + Qdy g = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy
I
JK ...(A)

Here P = (x3 – xy3), Q = (y3 – 2xy)

∂P ∂Q
∴ = – 3xy2, = – 2y
∂y ∂x
378 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

zz FGH ∂∂Qx − ∂∂Py IJK dx dy = z z

Y

So S
2
x =0 y = 0
2
e–2y + 3xy jdx dy 2

= –2 z z
2

x =0
dx
2

y= 0
ydy + 3 z z
2

x= 0
xdx
2

y= 0
y 2 dy
C B

2 LM y OP
2 2
+3
LM x OP LM y OP
2 2 3 2
= −8 + 16
(0, 2) (2, 2)

MN 2 PQ MN 2 PQ MN 3 PQ
= –2 x 0
0 0 0

⇒ zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy = 8
I
JK ...(i)
O
(0, 0) A
(2, 0)
X

Now, the line integral Fig. 5.12

zb Pdx + Qdy = g ze j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
ze ze
C C

= j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy + j j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
ze ze
OA AB

+ j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy + j j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
BC CO
But along OA, y =0 ⇒ dy = 0 and x = 0 to 2
along AB, x =2 ⇒ dx = 0 and y = 0 to 2
along BC, y =2 ⇒ dy = 0 and x = 2 to 0
along CO, x =0 ⇒ dx = 0 and y = 2 to 0

∴ zb
C
Pdx + Qdy = g z ze
0
2 3
x dx +
2
0
y 3 − 4y dy + j ze
0
2
j
x 3 − 8x dx + y 3 dy z
2
0

Lx O L y 2
O Lx O Ly O 2 0 4 0

= M 4 P + M 4 − 2 y P + M 4 − 4x P + M 4 P
4 4 4
2 2

N Q MN 0 PQ N Q MN PQ 0 2 2

= 4 – 4 + 12 – 4

⇒ zb
C
Pdx + Qdy = 8 g ...(ii)

Thus from eqns. (i) and (ii) relation (A) satisfies. Hence, the Green’s theorem is verified.
Hence proved.

Example 2. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for ze

C
j e j
x 2 − 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy , where C is the

boundary of the region defined by y2 = 8x and x = 2.

Sol. By Green’s theorem
I
z
C
b Pdx + Qdyg = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK
VECTOR CALCULUS 379

i.e., Line Integral (LI) = Double Integral (DI)

Here, P = x2 – 2xy, Q = x2y + 3
∂P∂Q
∂y
= 2 xy = −2x,
∂x
So the R.H.S. of the Green’s theorem is the double integral given by
I
DI = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK
= zz c S
a fh
2 xy − −2 x dx dy

The region S is covered with y varying from –2 2 x of the lower branch of the parabola
to its upper branch 2 2 x while x varies from 0 to 2. Thus

DI = zz 2

x = 0 y= − 8x
8x
b2xy + 2xgdy dx
= z0
2
xy 2 + 2xy 8x
− 8x
dx

z
3
1282
= 8 2 x 2 dx =
50

The L.H.S. of the Green’s theorem result is the line integral

LI = ze
C
j e
x 2 − 2 xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy ⋅ j
Here C consists of the curves OA, ADB. BO. so

LI = zz =
OA + ADB + BO

z z z
C

= + + = LI 1 + LI 2 + LI 3
OA ADB BO
Y x=2
2 B (2, 4)
Along OA: y = –2 2 x , so dy = – dx 2 8x

z
x y =
LI1 = ex 2
j e
− 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z
OA

=
2

0
j
x 2 − 2x –2 2 x dxe O (0, 0)
D (2, 0)
X

F 2I
+ x e−2 2 x j + 3 G − J dx
H xK
2

z FGH 5x + 4 2 ⋅ x − 3 2x IJK dx
1
2 −
=
2 32 2 A (2, –4)
0
Fig. 5.13
380 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

LM 5x 3
2
+ 4 2 x2 − 3 2 ⋅ 2 x
5 OP 2

=
MN 3 5 PQ 0
40 64
= + − 12
3 5
Along ADB :

z
x = 2, dx = 0
LI2 = ex 2
j e
− 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z
ADB

=
4

–4
b 4 y + 3 gd y = 2 4
Along BO : y = 2 2 x , with x : 2 to 0.
2
dy = dx

ze
x
LI3 = j e
x 2 − 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z FH
BO

= 2
0
5x 2 − 4 2 x 2 + 3 2 x
3
−
1
2
IK dx
40 64
= − + − 12
3 5
FG 40 + 64 − 12IJ + a24f +FG − 40 + 64 − 12IJ = 128
LI = LI1 + LI2 + LI3 =
H3 5 K H 3 5 K 5
⇒ Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.

Example 3. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate

boundary of the area enclosed by the x-axis and the upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
ze
C
j e j
2x 2 − y 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy where C is the

(U.P.T.U., 2005)
Sol. By Green’s theorem 2 2

zz F ∂Q − ∂P I dx dy
y= a –x

zb
C
g
Pdx + Qdy =
S
GH ∂x ∂y JK
S

= z z
a

x =− a y = 0
LM ∂ ex + y j − ∂ e2x − y jOPdx dy
a2 −x2

N ∂x ∂y
2

Q
2 2 2

–a O a
Fig. 5.14

zz b2x + 2ygdx dy = LMN2xy + 2y2 OPQ dx. z 2 a 2 −x 2

a a 2 − x2 a
=
−a 0 −a
0

= z
a

−a
2x a − x + e a − x j dx = 0 + 2z e a − x jdx
2 2 2 2
a

0
2 2

[First integral vanishes as function is odd]

LM
= 2 a 2x −
x3 OP a

= 2 a3 −
LM a3 OP = 4 3
N Q N Q
a .
3 0
3 3
382 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Let y = 3 sin θ in first and y = sin φ in second integral.

z z
π π
sin 4 θ cos θ sin 4 φ cos φ
L.H.S. = 4 × 81 2 dθ − 4 2 dφ
0 cos θ 0 cos φ
5 1 5 1
= 4 × 81 2 2 − 4 2 2 = 60 π
2 3 2 3
⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example 5. Find the area of the loop of the folium of Descartes
x3 + y3 = 3axy, a > 0.
Sol. Let y = tx. ...(i) x
∴ 3 3 3
x + t x = 3ax.tx y=
t=1
3at
giving x = ...(ii)
1 + t3

z bx dy − y dxg
O t=0

x+
1
Hence, required area =

y
+
2 C

a
z

=
0
1 x dy − y dx
= x2 ⋅
2 C x2

=
1
2 z FGH IJK
C
x 2d
y
x
Fig. 5.16

=
1 2
2 C z
x dt , as y = tx

=
1
2 ze j
C
9a 2 t 2
1 + t3
2
dt using (ii)

= 3a
2
ze j 1

0
3t 2
1 + t3
2
dt, by summetry

= 3a2 −
LM 1 OP 1
3 2
N 1 + t3 Q 0
=
2
a .

Example 6. Using Green’s theorem, find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded
1 x
by the curves y = x, y = ,y= . (U.P.T.U., 2008)
x 4
Sol. By Green’s theorem the area of the region is given by

A =
1
2 C zb
xdy − ydx g
LM O
=
1
2 z
MMC
N
1
b
C C
z
xdy − ydx g + b xdy − ydxg + bxdy − ydxgP
2
PP
Q
z3
...(i)
VECTOR CALCULUS 383

)
1,1
B( y=1
x
C3
C2
x C1 A (2,1)
=
y 2
y=x
(0,0) 4
X
O

Fig. 5.17

x dx
Now along the curve C1 : y = or dy = and x varies from 0 to 2.

zb
4 4

C1
xdy − ydx g = z FGH
2

0
x
4
x
dx − dx
4
IJ
K = 0 ...(ii)

1 1
along, the curve C2 : y = , dy = − 2 dx and x varies from 2 to 1.

zb
x x

xdy − ydx g = z RST FGH

1

2
x.
1
−x 2
IJ
K
1
dx − dx
x
UV =
W z 1

2
−
2
x
dx

zb
C2

or
xdy − ydx g = − 2 log x
1
2
= – 2[log 1 – log 2] = 2 log 3 ...(iii)
C2
along, the curve C3 : y = x, dy = dx and x varies from 1 to 0.

zb
C3
xdy − ydx g = zb
0

1
xdx − xdx = 0 g ...(iv)

Using (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i), we get the required area
1
A = [0 + 2 log 2 + 0] = log 2.

ze
2
Example 7. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for j e j
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy , where
C
C is the boundary of the region enclosed by y = x2 and y2 = x. Y 2
x=y
Sol. Here P(x, y) = 2xy – x2
2
Q(x, y) = x2 + y2 y=x
A
∂Q ∂P C2 (1, 1)
= 2x, = 2x
∂x ∂y
C1
By Green’s theorem, we have X

zb z z FGH
O

g I
C
Pdx + Qdy =
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK ...(i)
S

Fig. 5.18
384 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

∴ R.H.S. = z zb g
2x − 2x dx dy = 0

ze
S

and L.H.S. = j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j
ze ze
C

= j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy + j j
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy e j ...(ii)
C1 C2

ze
Along C1 : y = x2 i.e., dy = 2xdx and x varies from 0 to 1

C1
j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j = ze
1

0
2x 3 − x 2 + 2x 3 + 2x 5 dx j

ze LMx OP 1

j x 3 x6
1
3 2 5 4
= 4x − x + 2x dx = − + = 1
0
N 3 3 Q 0

dx
Along C2 : y2 = x, 2y dy = dx or dy = and x varies from 1 to 0.
2x1 2

ze
C2
j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j = z LMNe
0

1
2x ⋅ x 1 2
j e
− x 2 dx + x 2 + x . j 2xdx OPQ
1 2

= z FGH
0

1
2x 3 2 − x 2 +
1 32 1 12
2
x + x
2
dx
IJ
K
= z FGH
0

1
5 32
2
1
2
IJ
K
x − x 2 + x1 2 dx

5 Lx O
M P − LMN x3 OPQ + 12 LMN x3 2 OPQ
52 0 3 0 32 0
=
2N5 2Q 1 1 1

1 1
= −1+ − = −1
3 3
Using the above values in (ii), we get
L.H.S. = 1 – 1 = 0
Thus L.H.S. = R.H.S.; Hence, the Green’s theorem is verified.

EXERCISE 5.5

1. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ze C

counter clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1).
j
x 2 y dx + x 2 dy , where C is the boundary described
(U.P.T.U., 2003)
5 LM OP
Ans.
N Q
z {e
12
2. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for xy + y 2 dx + x 2dy , where C is the closed curve ofj }
C
1 LM OP
the region bounded by y = x2 and y = x. Ans. –
20 N Q
VECTOR CALCULUS 385

3. Evaluate z
C
(cos x sin y − xy)dx + sin x ⋅ cos y dy by Green's theorem where C is the circle

x2 + y2 = 1.

zn
[Ans. 0]
4. Evaluate by Green's theorem s
e − x sin y dx + e − x cos y dy , where C is the rectangle with
C

F π, 1 πI F 0, 1 πI .
vertices (0, 0) (π, 0),
H 2 K H 2 K [Ans. 2(e–π–1)]

5. Find the area of the ellipse by applying the Green's theorem that for a closed curve C in
the xy-plane.
[Hint: Parametric eqn. of ellipse x = a cos φ, y = a sin φ and φ vary from φ1 = 0 to φ2 = 2π]
[Ans. π ab]

6. Verify the Green's theorem to evaluate the line integral z (2y 2 dx + 3x dy) , where C is the
C
LMAns. 27 OP
boundary of the closed region bounded by y = x and y = x2 .
N 4Q
7. Find the area bounded by the hypocycloid x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 with a > 0.

O
[Hint: x = a cos3 φ, y = a sin3 φ, φ varies from φ1 = 0 to φ1 = π/2 A]

LMAns. 3πa OP 2

N 8 Q
8. Verify Green's theorem z
C
( 3x + 4 y ) dx + (2 x − 3 y) dy with C; x2 + y2 = 4.

[Ans. Common value: – 8π]

LMAns. 3a OP 2
9. Find the area of the loop of the folium of descartes x3 + y3 = 3axy, a > 0.
N 2Q
[Hint: Put y = tx, t : 0 to ∞]

10. Evaluate the integral z

C
( x 2 − cos hy ) dx + ( y + sin x ) dy, where C: 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ l.

[Ans. π (cos h 1 – 1)]

11. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for

ze
C
j b g
3x 2 − 8 y 2 dx + 4 y − 6xy dy , where C is the

LMAns. 3 OP
region bounded by parabolas y = 2
x and y = x . N 2Q
LM 1
z r dθ = 98π OPQ
π 2 2
12. Find the area of a loop of the four - leafed rose r = 3 sin2θ. Hint : A =
N
ze
0
2
13. Verify the Green’s theorem for j
y 2 dx + x 2 dy , where C is the boundary of the square –
C
1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and –1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
386 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

14. Using Green’s theorem in the plane evaluate z

C
b g e j
2 tan −1 y x dx + log x 2 + y 2 dy , where C

is the boundary of the circle (x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4.

5.20 STOKE’S THEOREM

H
If F is any continuously differentiable vector function and S is a surface enclosed by a curve C,

z zz
then
F ⋅ dr =  .
(∇ × F) ⋅ ndS
C S
where n is the unit normal vector at any point of S. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Proof: Let S is surface such that its projection on the xy, yz and xz planes are regions
bounded by simple closed curves. Let equation of surface f(x, y, z) = 0, can be written as
z = f1 (x, y)
y = f2 (x, z)
x = f3 (y, z)
H
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k

zz z
Then we have to show that
H H
 =
∇ × { F1 i + F2 j + F3 k } ⋅ ndS F ⋅ dr

zz
S C

Considering integral  , we have

∇ × ( F1 i ) ⋅ ndS
S

[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS =
LMRSi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ UV × F iOP ⋅ ndS

NT ∂x ∂y ∂z W Q
...(i) 1

LM ∂F j − ∂F kOP ⋅ ndS
1 1

N ∂z ∂y Q
=
Fig. 5.19

LM ∂F n ⋅ j − ∂F n ⋅ kOP dS
1 1

H
=
N ∂z ∂y Q ...(ii)

r = xi + yj + zk
Also, = xi + yj + f1(x, y)k
H
∂r ∂f
So, = j+ 1k [As z = f(x, y)]
∂y ∂y
H
∂r
But is tangent to the surface S. Hence, it is perpendicular to n .
∂y
∂r ∂f1
So, n ⋅ = n ⋅ j + n ⋅ k = 0
∂y ∂y
VECTOR CALCULUS 387

∂f 1 ∂z
Hence, n ·j = − n ⋅ k = − n ⋅ k
∂y ∂y
Hence, (ii) becomes

[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS = –
LM ∂F ∂z + ∂F OPn ⋅ k dS
1 1

N ∂z ∂y ∂y Q
...(iii)

But on surface S
F1 (x, y, z) = F1 [x, y, f1 (x, y)]

= F(x, y) ...(iv)
∂F1 ∂F1 ∂z ∂F
∴ + ⋅ = ...(v)
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂y
Hence, relation (iii) with the help of relation (v) gives
∂F ∂F
[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS = – ( n ·k) dS = – dx dy
∂y ∂y

zz zz
H
∂F
( ∇ × F1 i) ⋅ n dS = − dx dy ...(vi)
S R ∂y

where R is projection of S on xy-plane.

Now, by Green’s theorem in plane, we have

z zz
H
H ∂F
Fdx = − dx dy,
C1 R ∂y

where C1 is the boundary of R.

As at each point (x, y) of the curve C1 the value of F is same as the value of F1 at each point
(x, y, z) on C and dx is same for both curves. Hence, we have
H
zC1
H
F dx = F1 dx .
zC

z zz
H
∂F
Hence, F1 dx = – dx dy ...(vii)
C R ∂y

From eqns. (vi) and (vii), we have

zz l S
q
∇ × F1 i ⋅ n dS = zC
H
F1 dx ...(viii)

zz l z
Similarly, taking projection on other planes, we have
H
∇ × F2 j ⋅ n dS = q F2 dy . ...(ix)

zz l z
S C
H
∇ × F3 k ⋅ n dS =
S
q F3 dz
C
...(x)
Adding eqns. (viii), (ix), (x), we get

zz S
∇ × { F1 i + F2 j + F3 k } ⋅ n dS = zC
{F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz}

⇒ zC
H
F ⋅ dr = zz S

( ∇ × F) ⋅ ndS .
388 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

5.21 CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION OF STOKE'S THEOREM

H
Let F = F1i + F2 j + F3 k
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3

RS ∂F − ∂F UV i + RS ∂F − ∂F UV j + RS ∂F − ∂F UV k
T ∂y ∂z W T ∂z ∂x W T ∂x ∂y W
3 2 1 3 2 1
=

So the relation

zC
H H
F ⋅ dr = z S
H
curl F ⋅ n dS,

is transformed into the form

z
C
{F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz} = zz LMNFGH
S
∂F3 ∂F2
∂y
−
∂z
dy dz +
∂z
−
IJ
∂F1 ∂F3
∂xKdz dx +
∂x
−
FG
∂F2 ∂F1
H
∂y
dx dy .
IJ
K
FG
H
IJ
K
OP
Q
H
Example 1. Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (x2 + y2) i – 2xy j taken round the rectangle
bounded by x = ± a, y = 0, y = b. (U.P.T.U., 2002)
H
Sol. We have F ⋅ dr = {(x2 + y2) i – 2xy j}· {dx i + dy j}
= (x2 + y2) dx – 2xy dy

z z z z z
Y
H H H H H H H H H H
∴ F ⋅ dr = F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr
C C1 C2 C3 C4 (–a, b) D A (a, b)

zn
= I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 C1

∴ I1 =
C1
s
( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy

zn LM 3 y = b OP
C2 C4

( x + b ) dx − 0s
−a

N∴ dy = 0Q
2 2
=
a

= FG x + b xIJ
−a C B
3

H3 K
2 X¢ (–a, 0) O C3 (a, 0) X
a

F 2 a + 2b aI Fig. 5.20

H3 K
3 2
= –

I2 = z
C2
n(x + y )dx − 2xy dys
2 2

= zn
b
0
( −a)2 + y 2 0 − 2(−a) y dy s LM3 x = − aOP
N∴ dx = 0Q
= 2a z
b
0
y dy
VECTOR CALCULUS 389

Fy I
2a G J
2 0

=
H2K = – ab2

z
b

I3 = ( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
C3

= zC3
x 2 dx
LM 3 y = 0 OP
N∴ dy = 0Q
z FG x IJ
3 a
+a 2a3
=
−a
x 2 dx =
H3K −a
=
3

I4 = zC4
−2ay dy
LM 3 x = 0 OP
N∴ dx = 0Q
z Fy I b

y dy = −2 aG J
b 2
= –2a
0 H2K 0
2
= – ab

∴ z
C
H H
F ⋅ dr = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4

FG 2a 3 IJ 2 3
= –
H3 K
+ 2b 2 a − ab 2 +
3
a − ab 2

= – 4ab2 ...(i)
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
Again, curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 + y2 −2xy 0
= – 4yk
n = k
H
∴ n · curl F = k·(– 4yk) = – 4y

∴ zz S
H
n ⋅ curl F dS =
a b
− 4y dx dy zz −a 0

z FGH IJ b
+a y2
=
−a
−4
2 K 0
dx

= – 2b 2 ( x) −a a
= – 4ab2. ...(ii)
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we verify Stoke’s theorem.
→
Example 2. Verify Stoke's theorem when F = yi + zj + xk and surface S is the part of the
sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above the xy-plane.
Sol. Stoke’s theorem is
H H
F ⋅ dr = z H

(curl F ) ⋅ ndS
C zz S
390 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Here, C is unit circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0

H H
Also, F ⋅ dr = (yi + zj + xk) · (dxi + dyj + dzk)

z z z
= ydx + zdy + xdz

∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr =
Again, on the unit circle C, z
C
ydx + zdy + xdz

=0
C C C

dz = 0
Let x = cos φ, ∴ dx = – sin φ.dφ
sin φ, ∴ dy = cos φ.dφ

z
and y =

∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr = y dx

z
C C
2π
= sin φ ( − sin φ) dφ

z
0
2π
= – sin 2 φ dφ
0
= –π ...(i)
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
H
Again, curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = – i – j – k
y z x
Using spherical polar coordinates
n = sin θ cos φ i + sin θ sin φ j + cos θ k
H
∴ curl F · n = – (sin θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ + cos θ).

Hence, zz H
( curl F) ⋅ n dS = –
π/ 2 2 π
z z
(sin θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ + cos θ) sin θ dθ dφ
θ= 0 φ = 0

z
S
π/2
= – [sin θ sin φ − sin θ cos φ + φ cos θ]20 π sin θ dθ

z
θ= 0
π/2
= – 2π sin θ cos θ dθ

z
0
π/ 2
= –π sin 2θ dθ
0

π
(cos 2θ) π0 /2
=
2
= –π ...(ii)
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we verify Stoke’s theorem.
H
Example 3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = xzi − yj + x2yk, where S is the surface of the
region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, 2x + y + 2z = 8 which is not included in the xz-plane.
(U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Stoke’s theorem states that

z C
F ⋅ dr = zz e
S
j 
∇ × F ⋅ ndS
VECTOR CALCULUS 391

Here C is curve consisting of the straight lines Z

z z
AO, OD and DA.
D (0, 0, 4)
L.H.S. = F ⋅ dr =

z z z
C AO + OD + DA

= + + = LI 1 + LI 2 + LI 3
AO OD DA
H
On the straight line AO : y = 0, z = 0, F = 0, so

LI1 = z
AO
F ⋅ dr = 0 O
B (0, 8, 0)
Y

On the straight line OD : x = 0, y = 0. F = 0, so

LI2 = z
OD
F ⋅ dr = 0
On the straight line DA: x + z = 4 and y = 0, so
X A (4, 0, 0)
Fig. 5.21

F = xzi = x (4 – x) i

LI3 = zDA

32
F ⋅ dr =

32
z
0
4
x( 4 − x) i ⋅ dxi = z
0
4
x( 4 − x) dx =
32
3

LI = 0 + 0 + =
3 3
Here the surface S consists of three surfaces (planes) S1 : OAB, S2 : OBD, S3 : ABD, so that

R.H.S. = zz zz ^
( ∇ × F ) ⋅ n dS =

zz zz zz
S S1 + S2 + S3

= + + = SI 1 + SI 2 + SI 3
S1 S2 S3

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F = = x2i + x(1 – 2y) j
∂x ∂y ∂z
xz −y x2 y

On the surface S1: Plane OAB : z = 0, n = − k , so

(∇ × F ) ⋅ n = x 2 i + x (1 − 2 y ) j ⋅ ( − k ) = 0

SI1 = zz S1
 =0
(∇ × F) ⋅ ndS

On surface S2: Plane OBD : Plane x = 0, n = – i, so

zz
∇×F = 0

SI2 =
 =0
(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S2
On surface S3: Plane ABD : 2x + y + 2z = 8.
∇(2x + y + 2 z)
Unit normal n to the surface S3 =
|∇(2x + y + 2 z)|
392 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

2i + j + 2k 2i + j + 2 k
n = =
4 +1+ 4 3
2 2 1
(∇ × F ) ⋅ n = x + x (1 − 2 y )
3 3
To evaluate the surface integral on the surface S3, project S3 on to say xz-plane i.e., projection
of ABD on xz-plane is AOD
dx dz dx dz
dS = = = 3dx dz
n⋅ j

zz
13

Thus SI3 = 
(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S3

= zz AOD
LM 2 x
N3
2
+
x
3
OP
Q
(1 − 2 y) 3 dx dz

= zz 4
x=0 z=0
4− x
2x2 + x (1 − 2y) dz dx
since the region AOD is covered by varying z from 0 to 4 – x, while x varies from 0 to 4. Using
the equation of the surface S3, 2x + y + 2z = 8, eliminate y, then

SI3 = zz
0 0
4 4 −x
n2x 2
+ x [1 − 2 (8 − 2x − 2z)] dz dx s
= zz
0 0
4 4− x
(6x2 − 15x + 4xz) dz dx

LM6x z − 15xz + 4xz OP

z 2 4− x
4 2
=
N 2 Q
dx
0

z
0
4 32
= (23x 2 − 4 x 3 − 28 x) dx =
0 3
Thus L.H.S. = L.I. = R.H.S. = S.I.

zz
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example 4. Evaluate  over the surface of intersection of the cylinders x2 + y2

(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S
= a2, x2 + z2 = a2 which is included in the first octant, given that F = 2yzi – (x + 3y – 2) j
+ (x2 + z)k.
Sol. By Stoke’s theorem the given surface integral can be converted to a line integral i.e.,

SI = zz S
 =
( ∇ × F ) ⋅ ndS zC
F ⋅ dr = LI

Here C is the curve consisting of the four curves C1: x2 + z2 = a2, y = 0; C2: x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0,
C3: x = 0, y = a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a: C4: x = 0, z = a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a.
VECTOR CALCULUS 393

2 2 2
x +z =a
C4

C1 C3
Y

2 2 2
x +y =a
X
C2

Fig. 5.22

LI = zC
F ⋅ dr = z
C1 + C2 + C 3 + C 4
= z z z z
C1
+
C2
+
C3
+
C4

= LI1 + LI2 + LI3 + LI4

On the curve C1: y = 0; x2 + z2 = a2

LI1 = zC1
F ⋅ dr = z C1
( x 2 + z) dz

=
z
On the curve C2: z = 0, x2 + y2 = a2
0

a
( a 2 − z 2 ) + z dz = −
2 3 a2
3
a −
2

LI2 = zC2
F ⋅ dr = z C2
− ( x + 3 y − 2) dy

= – ze a

0
a 2 − y 2 + 3 y − 2 dy j
πa 2 3 2
= – − a + 2a
4 2
On the curve C3: x = 0, y = a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a

LI3 = zC3
F ⋅ dr = z a

0
zdz =
a2
2
On C4; x = 0, z = a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a

LI4 = z z F ⋅ dr =
a
0
( 2 − 3 y) dy = −2a +
3a 2
2
FG −2a − a IJ
SI = zz e j S
 = LI =
∇ × F ⋅ ndS
H 3 2K
3 2

F πa − 3a
+ G−
2 2 IJ a2 FG 3 a2 IJ
H 4 2 + 2a +
K 2 H
+ −2 a +
2 K
− a2
SI = ( 3 π + 8 a).
12
394 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Example 5. Evaluate z
S
F ˜ dr by Stoke’s theorem, where F
the boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0) (1, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 0)
y 2 i  x 2 j  ( x  z) k and C is
(U.P.T.U., 2001)

Sol. Since z-coordinates of each vertex of the triangle is zero, therefore, the triangle lies in
the xy-plane and n k

i j k
w w w
curl F = = j  2 ( x  y) k
wx wy wz
y 2 x 2 ( x  z) Y

? curl F ˜ n = j  2 ( x  y ) k ˜ k 2 (x  y) B (1, 1)

The equation of line OB is y = x. x

z zz
y=
By Stoke’s theorem F ˜ dr curl F ˜ n dS S
C S

= zz
0 0
1 x
2 ( x  y ) dy dx O
Fig. 5.23
A (1, 0) X

z LMN OP
z FG x IJ
z
x
1 y2 1 x2 1 2 1
H K
2
=
0
2 xy 
2 Q 0
dx 2
0

2
dx
0
x dx
3
.

Example 6. Apply Stoke’s theorem to prove that

zC
( ydx  zdy  xdz) = 2 2 Sa 2 , where C is the curve given by
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2ay = 0, x + y = 2a and begins of the point (2a, 0, 0).
Sol. The given curve C is
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2ay = 0
x + y = 2a
Ÿ (x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + z2 = b a 2 g2
x + y = 2a
which is the curve of intersection of the sphere
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + z2 = ba 2 g 2

and the plane x + y = 2a .

Clearly, the centre of the sphere is (a, a, 0) and radius
is a 2 .
Also, the plane passes through (a, a, 0).
Hence, the circle C is a great circle.
? Radius of circle C = Radius of sphere = 2a

z z
Fig. 5.24

Now, ( ydx  zdy  xdz) = ( yi  zj  xk ) ˜ ( dxi  dyj  dzk )

C C
VECTOR CALCULUS 395

= zC
H
( yi + zj + xk ) ⋅ dr

= zC
 .
curl ( yi + zj + xk ) ⋅ ndS [Using Stoke’s theorem]

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
But curl (yi + zj + xk) = = – i – j – k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
y z x

Since S is the surface of the plane x + y = 2a bounded by the circle C. Then

n =
b
∇ x + y − 2ag
∇bx + y − 2ag
i+ j
=
2
FG i + j IJ
∴ curl (yi + zj + xk) · n = (– i – j – k) ·
H 2K
1+1
= − =– 2.

z
2
Hence, the given line integral = − 2 dS
S
= – 2 (Area of the circle C).
= – 2π b 2 ag = −2 2πa .
2 2

Example 7. Evaluate ze xy dx + xy 2 dyj taken round the positively oriented square with
vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), (– 1, 0) and (0, – 1) by using Stoke’s theorem and verify the theorem.
Sol. We have

z ( xy dx + xy 2 dy)
Y

B (0, 1)

z
C

= ( xy i + xy 2 j ) ⋅ ( dx i + dy j ) y–x=1 x+y=1
C

= z
C
H
( xy i + xy 2 j ) ⋅ dr
C
X¢ (–1, 0) O
A (1, 0)
X

= zz S

curl ( xy i + xy 2 j) ⋅ ndS x + y = –1 x–y=1

by Stoke’s theorem, where S is the area of the square ABCD. (0, –1) D

i j k Y¢
∂ ∂ ∂
2
Now, curl (xy i + xy j) = Fig. 5.25
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy xy 2 0
= (y2 – x) k
396 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

∴ curl (xy i + xy2j ) · n^ = (y2 – x) k · k

= (y2 – x)

∴ zz 
curl (xy i + xy 2 j) ⋅ ndS = zz ( y 2 − x) dS

zz
S S

= ( y 2 − x) dx dy

zz zz
S

= y 2 dx dy − x dx dy
S S

= 4 zz
0
1 1− x
0
y 2 dx dy − Sx [By symmetry]

= 4 zz 1

0
1− x

0
y 2 dx dy − S ⋅ 0 [3 x = x-coordinate of

the C.G. of ABCD = 0]

= 4 zz 1

0
1− x

0
y 2 dx dy

zH FG IJ 1− x
1 y3
= 4
0 3 K 0
dx

4 1
3 0
1
(1 − x) 3 dx = .
3
Verification of Stoke’s theorem: The given line integral
= z ...(i)

where C is the
= z C
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) ,

boundary of the square ABCD. Now C can be broken up into four parts namely:
(i) the line AB whose equation is x + y = 1,
(ii) the line BC whose equation is y – x = 1,
(iii) the line CD whose equation is x + y = – 1, and
(iv) the line DA whose equation is x – y = 1.
Hence, the given line integral

= z AB
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + z
BC
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + zCD
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + zDA
( xy dx + xy 2 dy)

=
RS
T z
0
1
x (1 − x ) dx + z
0
1
(1 − y ) y 2 dy
UV + RS
W T z 0
−1
x (1 + x) dx + z1
0
(y − 1) y 2 dy UV
W
+ {z −1
0
x ( −x − 1) dx + z
0
1
− y 2 (1 + y) dy + } RST z0
1
x ( x − 1 ) dx + z
−1
0
y 2 ( 1 + y ) dy UV
W
= 2 z
0
1

z −1
x ( x − 1) dx + 2 x (1 + x) dx + 2
0
z 1

0
(1 − y) y 2 dy + 2 z−1
0
y 2 (1 + y) dy
VECTOR CALCULUS 397

F x − x IJ + 2 FG x + x IJ + 2FG y − y IJ + 2FG y + y IJ
= 2 G
2 2 1 3 2 −1 3 4 1 3 4 0

H3 2K H 3 2K H 3 4K H 3 4K
0 0 0 −1

F 1 1I F 1 1I F 1 1I F 1 1I
= 2 H − K + 2 H− + K + 2 H − K + 2 H − K
3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4

F 1 1I
= 4 H − K
3 4

1
= · ...(ii)
3
From eqns. (i) and (ii), it is evident that

z
H H
F ⋅ dr =
C
H
z
curl F ⋅ n dS
C

Hence, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example 8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function

H
F = (x + 2y) dx + (y + 3x) dy
where C is the unit circle in the xy-plane.
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
H
F · dr = (F1 i + F2 j + F3 k) · (dx i + dy j + dz k)
= F1dx + F2dy + F3dz
Here, F1 = x + 2y, F2 = y + 3x, F3 = 0
Unit circle in xy-plane is x2 + y2 = 1
or x = cos φ, dx = – sin φ dφ
y = sin φ, dy = cos φ dφ.

Hence, z
C
H H
z
F ⋅ dr = ( x + 2 y ) dx + ( y + 3 x) dy

= z0
2π
[ −(cos φ + 2 sin φ) sin φ dφ + (sin φ + 3 cos φ) cos φ dφ]

= z0
2π
m− sin φ cos φ − 2 sin 2
r
φ + sin φ cos φ + 3 cos 2 φ dφ

= z0
2π
( 3 cos2 φ − 2 sin 2 φ) dφ

= z0
2π
m(3 cos 2
φ − 2(1 − cos2 φ) dφ r
= z0
2π
m5 cos 2
φ − 2 dφ r
398 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

= z0
2π
LM 5(1 + cos 2φ) − 2OP dφ
N 2 Q
= z0
2π
RS 1 + 5 cos 2φUV dφ
T2 2 W
1L O 2π

2 NM
φ + sin 2 φ P
5
=
2 Q 0

1
= [2π + 0] = π.
2

i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + 2y y + 3x 0

RS ∂ ( y + 3 x) − ∂ (x + 2 y)UV
= i {0} – j {0} + k
T ∂x ∂y W
= k (3 – 2) = k.

Hence, zz H
curl F ⋅ n dS = z ( k ⋅ k ) dS

z
S

= dS

= zz dx dy

= z xdy

= z0
2π
cos2 φ dφ

=
1
2 z0
2π
(1 + cos 2φ) dφ

1 LM
sin 2 φ OP 2π
=
2
φ+
N 2 Q 0

= π.
So Stoke’s theorem is verified.
VECTOR CALCULUS 399

EXERCISE 5.6

1. Evaluate zz eS
j
∇ × A ⋅ ndS where S is the surface of the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 above

the xy-plane and A = (x2 + y – 4) i + 3xyj + (2xz + z2) k. Ans. − 16 π

2. If F = (y2 + z2 + x2) i + (z2 + x2 – y2) j + (x2 + y2 – z2) k evaluate zz e

S
j
∇ × F ⋅ n dS taken over

the surface S = x2 + y2 – 2ax + az = 0, z ≥ 0. Ans. 2πa 3

3. Evaluate zz S
b g
∇ × yi + zj + xk ⋅ n dS over the surface of the paraboloid z = 1 – x2 – y2, z ≥ 0.

Ans. π

4. F = (2x – y) i – yz2j – y2zk, where S upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.

Hint: Here C, x 2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0 Ans. π
5. Using Stoke’s theorem or otherwise, evaluate

zb
C
g
2 x − y dx – yz 2 dy − y 2 z dz .
where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 1, corresponding to the surface of sphere of unit radius.
Ans. π
6. Use the Stoke’s theorem to evaluate

zb
C
g a f b g
x + 2 y dx + x − z dy + y − z dz .

where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0) (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6) oriented
in the anti-clockwise direction. Ans. 15
H
7. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the Function F = x2 i – xy j integrated round the square in the
plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a.
LMAns. Common value –a3 OP
MN 2 PQ
8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (x2 + y – 4)i + 3xy j + (2xz + z2)k over the surface of
hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 above the xy plane. Ans. Common value – 16π

9. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function F = zi + xj + yk, where C is the unit circle in xy

plane bounding the hemisphere z = e1 − x 2

j
− y2 . (U.P.T.U., 2002)

Ans. Common value π

10. Evaluate zC
H
F ⋅ dr by Stoke’s theorem for F = yzi + zxj + xyk and C is the curve of inter-
section of x2 + y2 = 1 and y = z2. Ans. 0
400 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

5.22 GAUSS’S DIVERGENCE THEOREM

If F is a continuously differentiable vector point function in a region V and S is the closed surface

zz zzz
enclosing the region V, then
F ⋅ n dS = diV F dV ...(i)
S V

where n is the unit outward drawn normal vector to the surface S. (U.PT.U., 2006)
H
Proof: Let i, j, k are unit vectors along X, Y, Z axes respectively. Then F = F1i + F2j + F3k,
where F1, F2, F3, and their derivative in any direction are assumed to be uniform, finite and
continuous. Let S is a closed surface which is such that any line parallel to the coordinate axes
cuts S at the most on two points. Let z coordinates of these points be z = F1 (x, y) and z = F2
(x, y), we have assumed that the equations of lower and upper portions S2 and S1 of S are z = F2
(x, y) and z = F1 (x, y) respectively.
The result of Gauss divergence theorem (i) incomponent form is

zzz b
S
g
 =
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ nds z z z FGH
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
+
∂x ∂y
+
∂z
dV
I
JK
Z
...(ii)

Now, consider the integral

zzz
K
r1 dS1
∂F3 n1
I1 = dx dy dz
V ∂z S S1

zz LMNz OP r2 S2
F1 ∂F3 –K
Q
= dz dx dy n2 dS2
R F2 ∂z
where R is projection of S on xy-plane.

zz
Y
O
I1 = F3 bx, y, zg
b g dx dy
F1 x , y
R F bx, yg 2

= zz R
b g b g dx dy
F3 x , y , F1 − F3 x , y , F2
X
R dx dy

zz R
F b x , y , F g dx dy − zz F b x , y , F g dx dy
3 1
R
3 2
Fig. 5.26

For the upper portion S1 of S,

dx dy = k ⋅ n 1 ⋅ dS1
where n 1 is unit normal vector to surface dS1 in outward direction.
For the lower portion S2 of S.
dx dy = – k ⋅ n 1 ⋅ dS2
where n 2 is unit normal vector to surface dS2 in outward direction.
Thus, we have

zz b g
F3 x, y, F1 dx dy = zz S1
F3 k ⋅ n 1 dS1

zz
R

and zzR
F bx, y, F g dx dy
3 2 = –
S2
F3 k ⋅ n 2 dS 2
VECTOR CALCULUS 401

So zz b g
F3 x , y , F1 dx dy − zz b g
F3 x , y , F2 dx dy

zz zz
R R

= b g
F3 k ⋅ n 1 dS1 + b g
F3 k ⋅ n 2 dS2

zz
S1 S2

= b
F3 k . n 1 dS1 + n 2 dS 2 g
= zz c h
S
F3 k ⋅ n dS  = n 1 S1 + n 2 S2
3 nS

Hence, I1 = zzz ∂F3

V ∂z
dx dy dz

= zz c h S1
F3 k ⋅ n dS ...(iii)
Similarly, projecting S on other coordinate planes, we have

zzz V
∂F3
∂y
dx dy dz =
zz c h S
F2 j ⋅ n dS ...(iv)

∂F1
∂x zzz
dx dy dz =
V zz c h S
F1 i ⋅ n dS ...(v)
Adding eqns. (iii), (iv), (v)

zzz RST
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
dx dy dz =
UV
W zz n c hS
c h c hs
F1 i . n + F2 j . n + F3 k . n dS

⇒ zzz RST
V
i
∂
∂x
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z
UV
⋅ {F1i + F2 j + F3k} dx dy dz
W
= zz m r
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ n dS

zzz zz
S
H H
⇒ div F dV = F ⋅ n dS

zz
V S
H
= F ⋅ n dS
S

or zz S
H
F ⋅ n ds = zzz V
H
div F dV .

5.23 CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION OF GAUSS’S THEOREM

H
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
where F1, F2, F3 are functions of x, y, z.
and dS = dS (cos α i + cos β j + cos γ k)
where α, β, γ are direction angles of dS. Hence, dS cos α, dS cos β, dS cos γ are the orthogonal
projections of the elementary area dS on yz-plane, zx-plane and xy-plane respectively. As the
mode of sub-division of surface is arbitrary, we choose a sub-division formed by planes parallel
to yz-plane, zx-plane and xy-plane. Clearly, its projection on coordinate planes will be rectangle
with sides dy and dz on yz-plane, dz and dx on zx-plane, dx and dy on xy-plane.
402 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Hence, projected surface elements are dy dz on yz-plane, dz dx on zx-plane and dx dy on

xy-plane.
∴
H
z
F ⋅ n dS =
S
By Gauss divergence theorem, we have
zz
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy
S
...(i)

In cartesian coordinates,
zz
F ⋅ n dS =
S
H
div F dV. zzz V
...(ii)

dV = dx dy dz.
H H
Also, div F = ∇ · F
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

Hence, z V
H
div F dV = zzz RST V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
dx dy dz
UV
W ...(iii)

Hence cartesian form of Gauss theorem is,

zz mS
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy r
= zzz RST
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
UV
dx dy dz .
W
Example 1. Find S zz
F ⋅ n dS , where F =
surface of the sphere having centre at (3, – 1, 2) and radius 3.
2
b2 x + 3zg i – b xz + yg j + ey
+ 2 z k and S is the
(U.P.T.U., 2000, 2005)
j
Sol. Let V be the volume enclosed by the surface S. Then by Gauss divergence theorem, we
have

zzS
F ⋅ n dS = zzz V
div F dV

= zzz LMN
V
∂
∂x
b
2x + 3z +
∂
∂y
g
− xz − y + b
∂ 2
∂z
y + 2z dVg e jOPQ

But V is the volume of a sphere of radius 3.

= zzz a V
f
2 − 1 + 2 dV = 3 zzz
V
dV = 3V

∴ V =
4
π3 af 3
= 36π.

zz
3
Hence F ⋅ n dS = 3 × 36π = 108π .

zz e
S

Example 2. Evaluate
S
j
y 2 z 2i + z 2x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k ⋅ n dS , where S is the part of the sphere
2 2 2
x + y + z = 1 above the xy-plane and bounded by this plane.
Sol. Let V be the volume enclosed by the surface S. Then by divergence theorem, we have

zz eS
j
y 2 z 2 i + z 2 x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k ⋅ n dS = zzz V
e j
div y 2 z 2 i + z 2 x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k dV

= zzz LMN
V ∂x
e
∂ 2 2
y z +
∂ 2 2
∂y
j
z x +
∂ 2 2
∂z
e j
z y e jOPQ dV
VECTOR CALCULUS 403

= zzz V
2zy 2 dV = 2 zzz V
zy 2 dV

Changing to spherical polar coordinates by putting

x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
dV = r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
π
To cover V, the limits of r will be 0 to 1, those of θ will be 0 to and those of φ will be
2

zzz
0 to 2π.
∴ 2
V
zy 2 dV = 2 z z za
0
2π π 2 1
0 0
fe j
r cosθ r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ

= 2 z z z
2π

0
π2

0
1

0
r 5 sin3 θ cos θ sin 2 φ dr dθ dφ

Lr O
= 2 z z
0
2π π 2
0
3
sin θ cos θ sin 2
φM P
N6Q
6 1
dθ dφ

z z
0

1 2π 1 2π π
= sin 2 φ ⋅ dφ = sin 2 φ dφ = .
12 12 12

zz
0 0

Example 3. Evaluate F ⋅ n dS over the entire surface of the region above the xy-plane
S

bounded by the cone z2 = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4, if F = 4xzi + xyz 2 j + 3zk .

Sol. If V is the volume enclosed by S, then V is bounded by the surfaces z = 0, z = 4, z2 =
x2 + y2.
By divergence theorem, we have zz S
F ⋅ n dS = zzz V
div F dV

= zzz LMN a f
V
∂
∂x
4xz +
∂
∂y
xyz 2 +
∂
∂z
e j
3z dV = a fOP
Q zzz e V
4z + xz 2 + 3 dV j
= zz z e
4 z
0 − z − z2 − y2
z2 − y2
4 z + xz 2 + 3 dx dy dzj
= 2 zz z a
4 z

0 –z 0
z2 − y2
f
4z + 3 dx dy dz, since z z2 − y2

− z2 − y2
x dx = 0

= 2
zza f
0
4 z

−z
4z + 3 z 2 − y 2 dy dz = 4 zza 4

0 0
z
4z + 3 f z 2 − y 2 dy dz

LM OP
z MN
z

= 4
0
a
4
f4z + 3
y z2 − y2
2
z2
+ sin −1
2
y
z PQ dz
0

= 4 z a fLMN
0
4
4z + 3
z2
2
OP
sin −1 1 dz = 4 ×
Q
π
4 ze0
4
4z 3 + 3z 2 dz j
= π z +z
4 3 4

0
a
= π 256 + 64 = 320π . f
404 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Example 4. By transforming to a triple integral evaluate

I = zz e
S
where S is the closed surface bounded by the planes z = 0, z = b and the cylinder x2 + y2 = a2.
x 3 dy dz + x 2 y dz dx + x 2 z dx dy j (U.P.T.U., 2006)

Sol. By divergence theorem, the required surface integral I is equal to the volume integral

zzz LMN
V ∂x
e j
∂ 3
x +
∂ 2
∂y
x y +
∂ 2
∂z
e j
x z dV e jOPQ
= zz zb a

z =0 y = – a x = –
ea − y
2
j 3x
e je
2

a2 − y2
2
+ x 2 + x 2 dx dy dzj
LM x OP e
z z ze zz
b a a2 − y2 j x 2 dx dy dz = 20 b a 3 a2 − y2 j
= 4×5
N3Q
dy dz
z = 0 y= 0 x = 0 z = 0 y= 0
x= 0

LM a − y zOP
zze z z
3 b

j
3 3

MNe j PQ e j
20 b a 2 20 a 20 a
= a − y 2 2 dy dz = 2 2 2
dy = b a2 − y2 2 dy .
3 z = 0 y= 0 3 y=0 3 y=0
z=0
Put y = a sin t so that dy = a cos t dt.

z z
π π
∴ I=
20
3
b
0
2 a
a 3 cos 3 t a cos t dt = f 20 4
3
a b
0
2 cos 4 t dt =
20 4 3 π 5 4
3
a b = πa b .
4.2 2 4
H
Example 5. Verify divergence theorem for F = (x2 – yz) i + (y2 – zx) j + (z2 – xy) k taken over
the rectangular parallelopiped 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c. [U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2006]
H H
Sol. We have div F = ∇ · F =
∂ 2
∂x
x − yz +
∂ 2
∂y
y − zx +
∂ 2
∂z
z − xy = 2x + 2 y + 2z .e j e j e j
∴ Volume integral =
H
∇ ⋅ F dV = 2 x + y + z dVzzz V zzz bV
g
LM x + yx + zxOP
zz zb zz
a

g
c b a c b 2
x + y + z dx dy dz = 2
N2 Q
= 2 dy dz
z =0 y = 0 x = 0 z= 0 y = 0
x =0

z z LMN OP
z LMMN O b

+ azyP
2
c b a2 c a 2
y
+ ay + az dy dz = 2 y+a
Q PQ
= 2 dz
z = 0 y= 0 2 z =0 2 2
y =0

= 2
z LMN
c

z= 0
a b ab
2
+
2
O
+ abz P dz
2

Q
2

= 2M
L a b z + ab z + ab z OP = [a bc + ab c + abc ] = abc (a + b + c).
2 2 2 c

N2 2 2Q
2 2 2

0
Surface integral: Now we shall calculate
H
F ⋅ n dS zz S
Over the six faces of the rectangular parallelopiped.
Over the face DEFG,
n = i, x = a.
VECTOR CALCULUS 405

Therefore, zz F ⋅ n dS
Z

zz
DEFG

=
c

z = 0 y= 0
b
ea 2
j e
− yz i + y 2 − 2a j + z 2 − ay k ⋅ i dy dz j e j C
B

LMa y − z y OP
zz z 2 b D E

=
c

z = 0 y= 0
b
e a 2 − yz dy dz = j c

z= 0 MN
2
2 PQ
dz
y =0
Y
LM a OP dz = LM a OP
O A

z 2 2 c 2 2
c 2 zb 2 z c b
b− bz − b2 = a 2 bc –
= z= 0 MN 2 PQ MN 4 PQ 0
4 . G F
X
Over the face ABCO, n = – i, x = 0. Therefore

zz zz b
Fig. 5.27
=
ABCO
F ⋅ n dS = g
0 − yz i + y j + z k ⋅ −i dy dz2 2
a f
zz z LMMN y zO
z
b

P
2
c b c b2
c b2c 2
yz dy dz = dz = zdz =
2 PQ
=
z =0 y = 0 z=0 z=0 2 4
y=0

Over the face ABEF, n = j, y = b. Therefore

zz H
F ⋅ n dS =
ABEF
c a
zz
x 2 − bz i + b 2 − zx j + z 2 − bx k ⋅ j dx dz
z =0 x = 0
e j e j e j
= zz c

z = 0 x= 0
a
eb 2
j
− zx dx dz = b 2 ca −
a 2c2
4
.

Over the face OGDC, n = – j, y = 0. Therefore

zz OGDC
H
F ⋅ n dS = z z c
z= 0 x =0
a
zx dx dz =
c 2 a2
4
.

Over the face BCDE, n = k, z = c. Therefore

zz BCDE
H
F ⋅ n dS = zz b

y = 0 x =0
a
ec 2
j
− xy dx dy = c 2 ab −
a 2b 2
4
·

Over the face AFGO, n = – k, z = 0. Therefore

zz AFGO
H
F ⋅ n dS = z z b
y=0 x=0
a
xy dx dy =
a2 b 2
4
·

Adding the six surface integrals, we get

F a bc − c b I F I F I
zz S
H
F ⋅ n dS = GH 2
4
2 2
+
c 2b 2
4 JK GH
+ b 2 ca −
a2 c2 a2 c2
4
+
4
+ c 2 ab −
a 2b 2 a 2b 2
4
+
4 JK GH JK
= abc (a + b + c).
Hence, the theorem is verified.
H
Example 6. If F = 4xzi – y2j + yzk and S is the surface bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x = 1, y = 1, z = 1, evaluate
H
F ⋅ n dS . zz S
406 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem,

zz H
F ⋅ n dS =
S zzzH
∇ ⋅ F dV , where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S
V

= zzz LMN
V
∂
∂x
a f
4xz +
∂
∂y
b gOP
− y2 +
Q
∂
∂z
e j
yz dV = b 4z − 2y + yg dV zzz
V

= zzz b
4z − yg dx dy dz =
V zzz
b 4z − yg dx dy dz
1 1
x =0 y = 0 z= 0
1

= zz
1 1
2z − yz
x =0 y = 0
2
dx dy =
1
z=0 z z
b2 − yg dx dy 1
x=0
1
y= 0

= z LMMN
1
2y −
x =0
y O
P
2 PQ
dx = z M2 − P dx = z dx = .
L 1O 3
2 1

N 2Q 2
y =0
1

0
3
2
1

Example 7. Evaluate z e y z i + z x j + z y k j ⋅ n dS, where S is the part of the sphere

2 2 2 2 2 2
S
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above the xy-plane and bounded by this plane.
H
Sol. We have F = y2z2 i + z2x2 j + z2y2 k
H
div F =
∂ 2 2
∂x
y z +
∂ 2 2
∂y
z x + e
∂ 2 2
∂z
z y j e j e j
= 2zy2
∴ Given integral = zzz V
2 zy 2 dV
where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S, i.e., it is the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above
[By Gauss’s divergence theorem]

the xy-plane.
Z
Y
2 2
z= 1–x –y y= 1–x
2

dx dy dz
dx dy

X¢ O X
Z=0 O
dx dy X

2
y=–1–x

Y Y¢

(i) (ii)
Fig. 5.28
From the above Figure 5.28 (i) and (ii), it is evident that

limits of z are from 0 to 1 − x2 − y2

limits of y are from – 1 − x 2 to 1 − x2

and limits of x are from –1 to + 1.
VECTOR CALCULUS 407

∴ Given integral

= 2 z z 1 1− x 2

x = –1 y = – 1 − x 2 z = 0 z 1 −x 2 − y 2
zy 2 dx dy dz

Fz I
z z 2 1− x 2 − y 2

GH 2 JK
1 1− x 2
= 2 y 2 dx dy
x = –1 y = – 1 − x 2
0

= z z
1
x = –1 y = – 1− x 2
1− x 2
e1 − x 2
j
− y 2 y 2 dx dy

z LMMNe OP dx 1− x 2

1− x j
1 y 3 y5
2
−
PQ
=
x = –1 3 5
– 1− x 2

R| 1 1 − x − 1 1 − x U| dx
z
5 5
= 2
1
S| 3 e j 5 e j V|
2 2 2 2
x =−1
T W
R| b1 − x g e1 − x j U| dx
= 4 z 1
0
S|
T 3 − 5 |W
2 5/2
V
2 5/2

=
8
15 z
1

0
e1 − x j dx
5
2 2

ze
π 5
=
8
15 0
2 1 − sin 2 θ j 2 cos θ dθ [Putting x = sin θ]

z
π
8 2
= cos 2 θ dθ
15 0
8 5π π
= ⋅ = ·
15 32 12
H
z H
Example 8. Evaluate F ⋅ n dS where F = (x + y2) i – 2x j + 2yz k where S is surface bounded
S
by coordinate planes and plane 2x + y + 2z = 6.
Sol. We know from Gauss divergence theorem,

zz
S
H
F ⋅ n dS =
H
V
H
zzz
div F dV

F = (x + y2) i – 2x j + 2yz k
H F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I ⋅ {ex + y j i − 2x j + 2yz k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 2

=
∂
∂x
ex + y j + ∂∂y a–2xf + ∂∂z b2yzg
2

zzz zzz
= 1 + 2y
H H
Let I = F ⋅ n dS = div F dV

zzz b
S V

= 1 + 2 y dV g
zzz b
V

= g
1 + 2 y dx dy dz
408 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

6 − 2x − y
Limit of z is 0 to
2
Limit of y is 0 to 6 – 2x

zzz b
Limit of x is 0 to 3
Hence, I = g
1 + 2 y dx dy dz

= zz b 1 + 2 y g kzpb 0
g dx dy
6 − 2 x − y /2

=
1
2 zz b 1 + 2 ygb 6 − 2x − yg dx dy

=
1
2 zz o 6 − 2x + 11y − 4xy − 2 y 2 dx dy t
=
1
2 z RST 6 y − 2xy +
11 2
2
2
y − 2xy 2 − y 3
3
UV
W
6 − 2x
dx

z LMN b
0

=
1
2
g
6 6 − 2 x − 2 x 6 − 2x + b g 11
2
6 − 2x b g 2
b
− 2 x 6 − 2x g 2
−
2
3
b6 − 2x g OPQ dx
3

=
1
2 z RST −
8 3
3
x + 26x 2 − 84x + 90 dx
UV
W
1 2 LM 26 3 OP 3
=
2 3 N
− x4 +
3
x − 42x 2 + 90x
Q 0
1
= − 54 + 234 − 378 + 270
2
1
= 72 = 36 .
2
Example 9. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for

zz {e
S
j
x 3 − yz dy dz − 2 x 2 y dz dx + z dx dy
over the surface of cube bounded by coordinate planes and the planes x = y = z = a
}
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k.

zz zz zzz
From Gauss divergence theorem, we know
H H
F ⋅ n dS = F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy = div F dV ...(i)
S S V
Here, F1 = x3 – yz, F2 = – 2x2y, F3 = z
H
So, F = (x3 – yz) i – 2x2y j + z k
H F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I ⋅ {ex − yzj i − 2x y j + z k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 3 2

=
∂
∂x
ex − yzj + ∂∂y e– 2x yj + ∂∂z azf
3 2

= 3x2 − 2x2 + 1 = x2 + 1
Hence, zz S
H
F ⋅ n dS = zzz e V
j
x 2 + 1 dV
VECTOR CALCULUS 409

= zzze
a a a
j x 2 + 1 dx dy dz

zze
0 0 0

x + 1j kzp dx dy
a a a
2
= 0

zze
0 0

x + 1j dx dy
a a 2
= a

ze
0 0

a x + 1j myr dx
a a
2
=

ze
0 0

x + 1j dx
a
2 2
= a
0

Ra U
a S + xV
2
3 a

T3 W
=
0

2|R a + a|UV = a + a
a S
3 5
3
=
|T 3 |W 3 ...(ii)

Verification by direct integral: Outward drawn unit vector normal to face OEFG is – i and
dS is dy dz.

z zz b g
If I1 is integral along this face,
H H
I1 = F ⋅ n dS = F ⋅ − i dy dz

zz e j
S S
3
= x − yz dy dz [As x = 0 for this face]

zz
S
a a
= yz dy dz
0 0

z R|S|T U|V|W
a
a z2
= y dy
0 2
0

z LMMN OPPQ 2 a
a2 a a2 y a4
= y dy = =
2 0 2 2 4
0

For face ABCD, its equation is x = a and n dS = i dy dz ,

zz
If I2 is integral along this face
H Z
I2 = F ⋅ i dy dz k

zz e
S

= x 3 − yz dy dz j G F

zze
S

j
a a D C
= a 3 − yz dy dz –i
0 0
a j

z R|S|T U|V dy a –j
a z2
=
0
a3 z − y
|W z
0
a O a E
Y

a U
z RST
A

a a − y V dy
a 2 B
= 3
0 2W X
i –k

Fig. 5.29
410 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

LMa y − a y OP
4
2 2 a

MN 2 2 PQ
=
0
4
a
= a5 −
4
If I3 is integral along face OGDA whose equation is
y = 0
n dS = – j dxdz
Hence, I3 = zzH
F ⋅ − j dx dz b g
zz
S

= – – 2x 2 y dx dz
S
= 0, as y = 0.
If I4 is integral along face BEFC whose equation is
y = a
n dS =

zz
j dx dz
Then I4 = – 2 x 2 y dx dz

zz
S
a a
= – 2a x 2 dx dz

z kp
0 0
a a
= – 2a x 2 z 0
dx

z
0
a
= – 2a 2 x 2 dx
0

2 LM x OP 3 a

= –
2 5
N3Q
= – 2a a .
0
3
If I5 is integral along face OABE whose equation is
z = 0
n dS = – k dx dy
I5 = zzH
F ⋅ – k dx dy b g
zz
S

= – z dx dy = 0 as z = 0.
S
If I6 is integral along face CFGD whose equation is
z = a
n dS = k dx dy

I6 = zz z dx dy = zz a a
a dx dy

z z
S 0 0
a a a
= a y 0
dx = a 2 dx = a 3
0 0
Total surface I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6
VECTOR CALCULUS 411

a4 a4 2
= + a5 – + 0 – a5 + 0 + a3
4 4 3
a5
+ a3 = ...(iii)
3
which is equal to volume integral. Hence Gauss theorem is verified.
Example 10. Evaluate by Gauss divergence theorem

zz {
S
e j
xz 2 dy dz + x 2 y − z 3 dz dx + 2 xy + y 2 z dx dy e j }
where S is surface bounded by z = 0 and z = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 .
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k.
Cartesian form of Gauss divergence theorem is

Here,
zzS
H
F ⋅ n dS = zz
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy =
S
F1 = xz2 ; F2 = x2y – z3, F3 = 2xy + y2z.
zzz V
H
div F dV

H
Hence, F = xz2 i + (x2y – z3) j + (2xy – y2z) k
H F ∂ i + ∂ j + ∂ kI
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK {xz i + (x y – z ) j + (2xy + y z) k} 2 2 3 2

=
∂
∂x
exz j + ∂∂y ex y – z j + ∂∂z e2xy + y zj
2 2 3 2

zz zzz
= z2 + x2 + y2.
H H
Let I = F ⋅ n ds = div F dV

zzz e
S V

= x + y + z 2 dx dy dz
2 2
j
Limit of z is 0 to a2 − x2 − y 2

Limit of y is − a 2 − x 2 to a2 − x2

zzz e
Limit of x is – a to a
I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dx dy dzj
zz LMMNe OP a2 − x 2 − y2
= 2
x +y 2
j z+
z3
3 PQ dx dy
0

LM O
j PP dx dy
3
e
= zz MMMex 2
+ y2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 +
a2 − x 2 − y 2
3
2

PP
N Q
zz |RS a2 − x 2 − y 2 U| dx dy
V|
=
|T
a2 − x 2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 +
3 W
412 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

=
1
3 zz o
a 2 − x 2 − y 2 3x 2 + 3y 2 + a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy t
=
1
3 zz a2 − x2 − y 2 o2x 2
t
+ 2 y 2 + a 2 dx dy

=
1
3 zz a

− a − a2 −x2
a2 −x2
{e2x 2
+ a2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 + 2y 2 }
a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy

=
2
3 zz a
−a 0
a2 − x 2 RSe2x
T
2
+ a2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 + 2 y 2 a 2 − x 2 −y U
VW dx dy
2

Let y = a 2 − x 2 sin θ
dy = a 2 − x 2 cosθ dθ

z z LNMe OP
π
I =
2
3
a

−a 0
2 2x 2 + a 2 jea 2
j e
− x 2 cos 2 θ + 2 a 2 − x 2 j 2

Q
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ dx dθ

LM OP
z MMNe
3 1 3 3
2
PP
a
=
3 −a 2x + a 2
j2
jea 2
−x 2
j 2 2
e
2 2 + 2 a2 − x2 2
2 2 dx
2 3 Q
=
2
3 z LMNe
2x + a je a − x j + 2e a − x j
−a
a π
4
2 πO
16 PQ
2
dx 2 2 2 2 2

=
4 π
×
3 8 z LMN e 0
a O
2 2x + a je a − x j + e a − x j P dx
Q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

=
π
3×2 z
2 e2x a − 2x + a − a x j + a + x − 2 x
0
a 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
dx

=
π
6 ze
0
a
3a 4 − 3x 4 dx j
=
π
2 ze
0
a
j a 4 − x 4 dx

πL x O
a

M P
5
4
a x−
2N 5Q
=
0

π 4 5 2π 5
= × a = a .
2 5 5

z zb
Example 11. Using the divergence theorem, evaluate the surface integral
g
yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dy dx , where S : x2 + y2 + z2 = 4. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
S

Sol. Let F = F1i + F2j + F3k

zz zzz
From Gauss divergence theorem, we have

zzS
F . n dS =
S
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy =
V
div F dV ...(i)
VECTOR CALCULUS 413

Comparing L.H.S. of (i) with given integral, we get

F1 = yz, F2 = zx, F3 = xy
So F = F1i + F2 j + F3k ⇒ F = (yz)i + (zx)j + (xy)k
F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I .{(yz)i + (zx)j + (xy)k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
=
∂
∂x
b yzg +
∂
∂y
a zxf + b xyg = 0
∂
∂z

z zb zzz
Thus

yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dy dx = g 0. dV = 0.
S V

EXERCISE 5.7

1. Use divergence theorem to evaluate

zz
S
H
F ⋅ dS where F = x i + y j + z k and S is the surface
3 3 3

LMAns. 12πa 5 OP
of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.
N 5 Q
2. Use divergence theorem to show that zzS
e j
∇ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dS = 6V Where S is any closed

zz
surface enclosing volume V.

3. Apply divergence theorem to evaluate SFn dS , where F = 4x 3 i − x2 yj + x2 zk and S is

the surface of the cylinder x2 + y2 = a2 bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = b.
Ans. 3ba 4 π

4. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate zz b

S
g
x dy dz + y dz dx + z dx dy , where S is the
portion of the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6 which lies in the first octant. (U.P.T.U., 2003)
Ans. 18

zz
5. The vector field F = x i + zj + yzk is defined over the volume of the cuboid given by 0
2

≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c enclosing the surface S. Evaluate the surface integral F ⋅ dS.

S

LM FG b IJ OP
(U.P.T.U., 2001) Ans. abc a +
N H 2 KQ
6. Evaluate
first octant.
zz e
S
j
yzi + zxj + xyk dS where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 in the
(U.P.T.U., 2004) Ans. 0

7. Evaluate zz e
S
j
e x dy dz – ye x dz dx + 3z dx dy , where S is the surface of the cylinder x2 + y2

= c2, 0 ≤ z ≤ h. Ans. 3π hc 2
414 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

8. Evaluate zz S
F ⋅ n ds , where F = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk, and S is the surface of the region

LMAns. 351 OP
bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, y = 3 and x + 2z = 6.
N 2 Q
9. F = 4xi – 2y2j + z2k taken over the region bounded by x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Ans. Common value 8 π

e j
10. F = x 3 − yz i – 2x 2 yj + zk taken over the entire surface of the cube 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a,
LMAns. Common value a + a OP
5
3
0 ≤ z ≤ a.
N 3 Q
11. F = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk and S is the total surface of the rectangular parallelopiped bounded
by the coordinate planes and x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. Ans. Common value 33

12. F = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k taken over the surface of the ellipsoid

x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1. Ans. Common value 0
a 2 b2 c 2
13. F = xi + yj taken over the upper half on the unit sphere
LMAns. Common value 4π OP
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
N 3 Q

14. Prove that zzz zz dV

r 2
=
r. n
r2
ds .

zz
V S

15. Evaluate r. n ds , where S : surface of cube bounded by the planes x = –1, y = –1,
S
z = –1, x = 1, y = 1, z = 1. [Ans. 24]

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Pick the correct answer of the choices given below:
1. If r = xi + yj + zk is position vector, then value of ∇(log r) is

r r
(i) (ii)
r r2
r
(iii) − (iv) None of these [U.P.T.U., 2008]
r3
2. The unit vector normal to the surface x2y + 2xz = 4 at (2, –2, 3) is
1 1
(i) (i – 2j + 2k) (ii) (i – 2j – 2k)
3 3
1
(iii) (i + 2j – 2k) (iv) None of these
3
VECTOR CALCULUS 415

3. If r is a position vector then the value of ∇rn is

(i) nrn–2 r (ii) nrn–2
2
(iii) nr (iv) nrn–3
4. If f(x, y, z) = 3x2y – y3z2, then |∇f| at (1, –2, –1) is
(i) 481 (ii) 381
(iii) 581 (iv) 481

e j
5. If a is a constant vector, then grad r . a is equal to

(i) r (ii) − a
(iii) 0 (iv) a

6. The vector rn r is solenoidal if n equals

(i) 3 (ii) – 3
(iii) 2 (iv) 0

7. If r is a position vector then div r is equal to

(i) 3 (ii) 0
(iii) 5 (iv) –1

8. If r is a position vector then curl r is equal to

(i) – 5 (ii) 0

zz
(iii) 3 (iv) –1

9. If F = ∇φ, ∇2φ = – 4πρ where P is a constant, then the value of F. n dS is:

S
(i) 4π (ii) – 4πρ

zzz
(iii) – 4πρV (iv) V

10. If n is the unit outward drawn normal to any closed surface S, the value of div F dV
V
is
(i) V (ii) S
(iii) 0 (iv) 2S

zz
11. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F = xi + 2yj + 3zk then the value
of the integral F. n dS is
S
(i) 3V (ii) 6V

zz
(iii) 2V (iv) 6S

12. The integral r 5 n dS is equal

zzz
S

(i) 0 (ii) 5r 3 . r dV
V
416 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

(iii) zzz V
5r −3 . r dV (iv) None of these

zzz
13. A vector F is always normal to a given closed surface S in closing V the value of the
integral curl F dV is :
V
(i) 0 (ii) 0
(iii) V (iv) S
B. Fill in the blanks:

1. If f = (bxy – z3)i + (b – 2)x2 j + (1 – b)xz2 k has its curl identically equal to zero then
b = ..........
FG 1IJ
2. ∇ 2
H rK = ..........

3. div grad f = ..........

4. curl grad f = ..........
5. grad r = ..........
1
6. grad = ..........
r
7. If A = 3x yz2 i + 2x y3 j – x2 yz k and f = 3x2 – yz then A . ∇f = ..........

8. If r = r, then ∇f(r) × r = ..........

9. If r = r, then
∇f r af
= ..........
∇r
10. The directional derivative of φ = xy + yz + zx in the direction of the vector i + 2j + k

zb
at (1, 2, 0) is = ..........

11. The value of g

xdy − ydx around the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is ..........

12. If ∇2φ = 0, ∇2ψ = 0, then z z FGH φ

∂ψ
∂n
−ψ
∂φ
∂n
IJ
K
dS = ..........

zz
S

13. F . n dS is called the .......... dF over S.

14. If S is a closed surface, then zz r . n dS = ..........

zzz zz
S

15. ∇. F dV = A dS , then A is equal to ..........

V S

C. Indicate True or False for the following statements:

1. (i) If v is a solenoidal vector then div v = 0.

VECTOR CALCULUS 417

(ii) div v represents the rate of loss of fluid per unit volume.
(iii) If f is irrotational then curl f ≠ 0.
(iv) The gradient of scalar field f(x, y, z) at any point P represents vector normal to the
surface f = const.
2. (i) The gradient of a scalar is a scalar.
(ii) Curl of a vector is a scalar.
(iii) Divergence of a vector is a scalar.
(iv) ∇f is a vector along the tangent to the surface f = 0.
3. (i) The directional derivative of f along a is f. a .
(ii) The divergence of a constant vector is zero vector.
(iii) The family of surfaces f(x, y, z) = c are called level surfaces.

(iv) If a and b are irrotational then div ea × bj = 0.

4. (i) Any integral which is evaluated along a curve is called surface integral.
(ii) Green’s theorem in a plane is a special case of stoke theorem.
(iii) If the surface S has a unique normal at each of its points and the direction of this
normal depends continuously on the points of S, then the surface is called smooth
surface.

(iv) The integral z F . dr is called circulation.

z ze z
S

5. (i) The formula j

curl F . n ds = F . dr is governed by Stoke’s theorem.
S C

(ii) If the initial and terminal points of a curve coincide, the curve is called closed

zzz
curve.

(iii) If n is the unit outward drawn normal to any closed surface S, then ∇. n dv ≠ S .

zb
V

(iv) The integral

1
2
g
xdy − ydx represents the area.
C
D. Match the Following:

e
1. (i) ∇. ∇ × a j (a) dφ
(ii) curl (φ grad φ) (b) 0

e j
(iii) div a × r (c) 0

(iv) ∇φ . d r (d) r curl a

2. (i) ∇2 r2 (a) a . (∇f)

(ii) df/ds (b) grad f ± grad g
418 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

e j F aI
(iii) a . ∇ f (c) ∇f . GH a JK
(iv) ∇(f ± g) (d) 6
3. (i) grad of φ along n (a) a (acceleration)

d2r ∂φ
(ii) (b) n
dt 2 ∂n
(iii) curl v (c) curl f = 0

(iv) irrotational (d) 2 ω

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Pick the correct answer:

1. (ii) 2. (ii) 3. (i) 4. (iv)
5. (iv) 6. (ii) 7. (i) 8. (ii)
9. (iii) 10. (ii) 11. (ii) 12. (ii)
13. (i)
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. 4 2. 0 3. ∇2 f 4. 0

r r
5. 6. 7. –15 8. 0
r r3
10
9. f ′(r) 10. 11. 2π 12. 0
3
13. flux 14. 3V 15. F . n

C. True or False:
1. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) F
2. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F
3. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
4. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
5. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T
C. Match the following:
1. (i) ® (b) (ii) ® (c) (iii) ® (d) (iv) ® (a)
2. (i) ® (d) (ii) ® (c) (iii) ® (a) (iv) ® (b)
3. (i) ® (b) (ii) ® (a) (iii) ® (d) (iv) ® (c)

GGG