Concept of Self: VIII

Conditional Positive Regard

Understanding and Enhancing One’s Self Image
-The positive regard received as a result of
Self-Theory acceptable behavior or living up to the
-This theory is regarded as humanistic and is a move expectations and standards of others.
towards recognizing human potential for
psychological growth. -Conditional positive regard is the practice
of valuing an individual only when they
-States that the self is made up of many self- adhere to certain behaviors or beliefs, thus
perceptions, abilities, personality, and characteristics making the provision of approval or
that are organized and consistent with one another. affection contingent on meeting these
specific expectations.
-The proponent of this theory is Carl Rogers, an
american psychologist
Unconditional Positive Regard
Real Self & Ideal Self -The attitude of complete acceptance and
-The Real Self is the image or picture of the self love, whether for yourself or for someone
based on a person’s actual experiences and else.
represents how he/she really or actually sees -When you have unconditional positive
himself/herself. regard for someone, nothing they can do
could give you a reason to stop seeing
-It is what one thinks he/she is in terms of personal them as inherently human and inherently
characteristics and abilities. lovable.
-The Ideal Self is the self based on one’s hopes and
-It does not mean that you accept each
wishes. It reflects how one likes to see himself/
and every action taken by the person, but
herself to be.
that you accept who they are at a level
-It is the self that one believes they want to be, much deeper than surface behavior
strives to be, and believes they should be as a result (Rogers, 1951).
of what they have learned and experienced.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Discrepancy in Self-Concept
-Rogers (1953) states that there is usually a Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a
contradiction or discrepancy between the real self motivational theory in psychology
and the ideal self. This difference may result in comprising a five-tier model of human
discomfort and personality problems which can be
needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels
resolved by paying more attention to one’s actual
within a pyramid.
experiences, working more at positive experiences,
and paying less attention to the expectations of
others.

-It is alright if the ideal self is slightly out of reach, as

it is just enough to stimulate the person to improve
himself/herself. However, if the ideal self is
unrealistically difficult to reach, then it could lead to
feelings of failure

-Failure to achieve the ideal self may lead to a “drop”

in self-concept. The individual might even develop a
negative self-concept.

Positive Regard
-Believed to be important for the development of
one’s self-concept and for successful interpersonal
relationships.

-Includes loves, sympathy, warmth, acceptance, and

respect which people crave from family, friends, and
other significant people.
❏ Physiological needs
- comprised of food, water, shelter, clothing Characteristics of Self-actualized Persons
and sleep. These are the things that we need A. Have reached a high level of moral
for survival. People are concerned to satisfy development and are more concerned with
these needs first than the others. the welfare of loved ones, friends, and
humanity in general than themselves.
❏ Safety and Security Needs - Involves
health and well-being, property, social A. They are open, honest, and have the
stability, and protection from harm among courage to act on their convictions, even if it
others. makes them unpopular. Enjoy privacy and
autonomy, with feelings of care for their close
❏ Love and Belongingness - need for friends.
friendship, intimacy, and a sense of
connection with others A. They have a concrete and realistic view of
life rather than a romanticized view.
❏ Esteem Needs - need for achievement,
competency, approval, recognition, and A. Life is always challenging and fresh to self-
respect from others actualizing individuals. Experience moments
of joy and satisfaction.
❏ Self-actualization Needs - morality,
realization of the purpose of life, meeting The Political Self and Being a Filipino
inner potential. Only a few individuals reach
this level “Filipino” in technical term..
According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Maslow also classified these needs into two Filipino citizens are..
general categories:
-those whose fathers or mothers are citizens
1.Deficiency Needs of the Philippines
-refer to the physiological (sleep, food) and -born before January 17, 1973
psychological (safety, love, esteem) needs. -Filipino mothers
-who elect Philippine citizenship upon
2.Growth Needs are those at the higher reaching the age of majority
levels (desire for truth, beauty, and justice). -those who are naturalized in accordance with
law
Maslow also added other needs:
Filipino Values
Cognitive needs – knowledge and
understanding, curiosity, exploration, need Filipino Hospitality
for meaning and predictability. -a cultural practice passed down from
generation to generation
Aesthetic needs – appreciation and search -the warm and welcoming nature of the
for beauty, balance, form, etc. Filipino people towards their guests

Transcendence needs – A person is Respect for Elders

motivated by values that transcend beyond -Filipinos place a strong cultural value on
the personal self. respect for age and for the elderly. Young
Examples of transcendence needs include people are expected to show respect to the
mystical experiences and certain elderly as well as older members of the family.
experiences with nature, aesthetic Older adults should be addressed in polite
experiences, sexual experiences, service to language, preferably with appropriate titles of
others, the pursuit of science, religious faith, respect.
etc.).
Close Family Ties “Ningas Kugon”
-One worth that Filipinos are known for is the -Ningas kugon is a Tagalog phrase
"close family ties" that outcomes to more distant whose possible English translation is
family structure. It is on the grounds that Filipinos “ignite like a cogon grass.” The word
accept that families ought to be together and help “Ningas” means “ignite” or “set into the
each other out. fire” in English, while the word “kugon” is
-Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their the Tagalog word that refers to Cogon
grass.
families.
-A pattern of behaviors demonstrated by
people who work on a project or
Cheerful Personality
challenge with zest and enthusiasm but
-Our ability to be happy and stay positive no
never get to finish what they started
matter the circumstances
-Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot Pride
-A feeling of pleasure related to self-
Self-sacrifice worth and often derived from personal
-The giving up of what you want so that other achievements or talents, desirable
people can have what they need or want possessions, or membership in an
-Can be seen as an extension of Filipino hospitality ethnic, religious, gender, social, political,
or professional community or
Bayanihan organization, among other associations.
-The Bayanihan spirit shows Filipinos’ concept of
helping one another most especially in times of Crab Mentality
need without expecting anything in return. -An analogy to the selfish and envious
-Filipinos strongly believe in helping their behavior of someone upon other
“kababayans (fellow countrymen)” in any possible people's success.
way they can do to extend a helping hand.It is a -Someone's tendency to pull down
people around them who they consider
beautiful Filipino mentality of helping one another.
are better than them in any aspect
“Bahala Na” Attitude
Filipino Time
-The word bahala is actually a derivative of the
-Being minutes to hours late compared
word Bathala, which refers to the ancient Supreme to the standard time
Being worshiped by Filipinos during the pre- -Attitude in arriving late at commitments
Spanish Period. at commitments, dinner, or parties
-The proper use of this phrase should be in the especially if they are meeting someone
context of leaving things in the hands of the Divine close to them.
Being. Simply put, “Bahala na” can be the
equivalent of the Islamic term Inshallah, which Filipino Markers
means “God willing” or “if Allah wills.”
Proverbs or Salawikain
Colonial Mentality -Sayings that convey lessons and
-The perception of ethnic and cultural inferiority reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs,
and a form of internalized racial oppression and traditions
-It is deemed a direct consequence of the -A short, pithy statement that usually
Philippines’ long history of colonialism offers life advice, wisdom, or a truth.
-Filipino proverbs, or salawikain, echo
-Filipinos favor foreign products more than their
the values of the Philippines.
own
Superstitions
-A widely held but unjustified belief in
supernatural causation that is passed
through generations
-A belief or way of behaving that is based
on fear of the unknown and faith in magic
or luck

Myths and Legends

-Stories aiming to explain the origin of
things, at the same time, teach a valuable
lesson

-Legend
A genre of folklore that is generally a
narrative written to teach life lessons
about historic characters, with some
factual evidence changed.

-Myth
traditional story or legend, generally about
the ancient history of a population of
people.
-A myth includes supernatural events and
characters.

Heroes and Icons

-Heroes
serves as a reminder of true patriotism and
nationalism as they have sacrificed their
lives for the sake of their country’s
freedom and progress.

-Famous Filipino icons such as Manny

Pacquiao, Carlos Yulo, and our very own
national hero Jose Rizal, have made the
Filipino name more pronounced worldwide
through their own expertise.
Material Self XI.
Consumers are often viewed as victims of greedy
-The concept of the "material self" refers to the
companies.
identity shaped by one's relationship with
material possessions and the external world.
Companies offer products that people want; which
people are attracted to.
-It encompasses how individuals project
themselves through their belongings, evaluate
Needs
others based on material wealth, and derive
-Essential to our survival and well-being
emotional assurance from their possessions.
- Can cause harm if taken away
-Objective, universal, and central to human welfare
-Such possessions are viewed as extensions of
or suffering
individuals' identities.
vs.
Components of Material Self
Wants
-Superfluous/unnecessary
The Body
-Do not cause harm if taken away;
-The core element/component of the material
subjective.
self.
-One desires but can live without it
-At the rate, most people engage themselves in
social media and with such the physical standard
of what is beautiful or what is acceptable to
Common Strategies in Persuading Someone
one's body is affecting the way a person
perceives his/herself.
1. Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
-Making you agree initially with a smaller request.
The Family
-One of the critical part of material self and it is
-A strategy used to persuade people to agree to a
regarded as the nursery of human nature.
particular action, based on the idea that if a
respondent will comply with an small initial request
-Most of the traits, habits, that we possessed are
then they will be more likely to agree to a later,
acquired through our interaction to our
more significant, request, which they would not
immediate members of our family.
have agreed to had they been asked it outright.
-Theorists pointed out that if one lost a family
2. Door-in-the-face Phenomenon
member, a part of who they are was lost also.
-A persuasive strategy that involves making a
large, unreasonable request first, followed by a
-In fact, this is one of the most precious things
smaller, more acceptable one.
that a person could ever possessed and
appreciate even at the end of his life.
-This technique is called Door-in-the-Face because
it begins with an extreme ask, then backtracks to a
The Money
comparably more "reasonable" ask. In other words,
-Last element/component of the material self.
a door is "shut" in someone's face with the first
-The way we acquire goods is based on how
ask, then metaphorically opened once more in a
much financial freedom that we have.
more friendly manner via the reduced ask.
-We buy material things that reflects about
3. Create Scarcity and Urgency
ourselves yet as we progress in our lives our
-Creating a real need for something, or a time
wants and need also changes.
constraint, makes people want something more
than if it were abundantly available.
-Thus, money has something to do with the
economic decisions and purchasing behaviors of
-Think about the limited-edition products that
people especially nowadays where buying and
brands launch
selling products can be readily advertised and be
– the fact that consumers believe they may miss
easily accessed online.
the opportunity to own something new makes them
rush out to buy them.
Consumerism
is the propensity to consume and keep
consuming. It is the drive to buy and own more
stuff, and to define one's identity through what
they own.
-Defined as an economic and social concept
which refers to the acquisitions and purchases of
products and services.
ROLE OF MATERIALISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SELF

-The more we put too much importance on one

material possession it consequently triggers the
longing or desire for more which at first you do
not totally need at all.

-This particular phenomenon is called “Diderot

Effect”, a famous concept in terms of material
consumptions, whereby a gift or a newly
acquired possession creates discontentment
with existing belongings and place.

-This phenomenon can eventually lead to a

never-ending cycle or pattern of buying things
which is also associated with negative effects
on mental aspect of a person

Positive Psychology shows that we are not

statistically happier than previous generations.

Materialism does not make us happy. Thus, we

should not pursue the wrong source of
happiness.
Sexual Self X. 17th to 18th Century

Historical Perspective of Human Sexuality •Premarital sex considered immoral

•During the 17th century, the acceptance of

In Ancient Greece
women reading historical texts began to take
hold and was justified as women attempted to
• Men assume the dominant role. Greek women had learn about the world. The recording of diaries,
virtually no political rights of any kind and were mainly by aristocratic women, flourished in this
controlled by men at nearly every stage of their specific period.
lives. The most important duties for a city-dwelling
woman were to bear children preferably male and • At the beginning of the 18th century, women's
to run the household. preference for historical reading was evident,
while women wrote a more significant number of
•The male symbol is viewed as the symbol of novels.
fertility. Women were considered as objects to be
Victorian Era (1837-1901)
possessed
•Homosexuality and prostitution were
•Greek women had virtually no political rights of considered to be threats to social order
any kind and were controlled by men at nearly •Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory became famous
every stage of their lives. The most important •It was believed that women should not enjoy
duties for a city-dwelling woman were to bear the sexual intercourse
children preferably male and to run the household. •Ejaculating for more than once a month
weakens the man
The Middle Ages
•The church decreed that all sexual acts that do not Biological Perspective of Human Sexuality
lead to procreation were considered evil
Primary Sex characteristics
•Sexual organs present at birth and directly
•Women were labeled either as a temptress or a
involved in human reproduction
woman of virtue; Women oversaw household
activities such as cooking, brewing, spinning, and Secondary Sex characteristics
weaving, as well as care of livestock. •Sexual organs and traits that develop at
puberty and are indirectly involved in human
•The Middle Ages is often labeled as a patriarchal
society because of the rigid roles that assigned men
to the public sphere, and women to the private.
Males dominated feudal society, which was defined
by the three orders of society (those who pray,
fight, and work).

Protestant Reformation of the 16th Century

Movements were initiated against the Catholic

Church.
Three Phases of Romantic Love
•Protestantantism believed that sexuality is a
natural part of life and that priest should be able to 1. Lust Phase - intense craving for sexual contact
marry. The Reformation abolished the celibacy for
priests, monks and nuns and promoted marriage as 2.Attraction Phase - couples are infatuated and
the ideal state for both men and women. pursue a relationship

•Sexual intimacy strengthens the bond between the 3. Attachment Phase - long-term bond between
couple. partners characterized by feelings of security,
comfort, and emotional union.
•Women were instructed and expected to become
devoted mothers, and to rear and raise their
children as proper Christians.
John Lee’s Styles of Love
4. Romantic Love
Components: Intimacy and Passion
1. Eros - sexual and emotional Romantic love bonds people emotionally through
2. Agape - altruistic and selfless love intimacy and physical passion.
3. Stroge - love-related friendship -Partners in this type of relationship have deep
4. Ludus - love is just a game conversations that help them know intimate
5. Mania - obsessive and possessive details about each other.
6. Pragma - practical lovers - enjoy sexual passion and affection.
-couples may be at the point where long-term
Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love commitment or future plans are still undecided.
The three components of love are:
5. Companionate Love
Components: Liking and Intimacy
● Intimacy, which involves feelings of closeness,
Companionate love is an intimate, but non-
connectedness, and bondedness
passionate sort of love.
-includes the intimacy or liking component and
● Passion, which involves feelings and desires that the commitment component of the triangle.
lead to physical attraction, romance, and sexual -stronger than friendship because there is a long-
consummation term commitment, but there is minimal or no
sexual desire.
● Commitment, which involves feelings that lead a -This type of love is often found in marriages
person to remain with someone and move toward where the passion has died, but the couple
shared goals continues to have deep affection or a strong
bond.
Sternberg's 7 Types of Love - may also be viewed as the love between very
The three components of love interact in a systematic close friends and family members.
manner. The presence of one component or a
combination of two or more components creates seven 6. Fatuous Love
kinds of love experiences. Components: Commitment and Passion
In this type of love, commitment and passion are
present while intimacy or liking is absent. Fatuous
1. Friendship
love is typified by a whirlwind courtship in which
Components: Liking
passion motivates a commitment without the
This type of love is when the intimacy or liking stabilizing influence of intimacy.
component is present, but feelings of passion or -Often, witnessing this leaves others confused
commitment in the romantic sense are missing. about how the couple could be so impulsive.
-Friendship love can be the root of other forms of love.
7. Consummate Love
2. Infatuation Components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment
Components: Passion Consummate love is made up of all three
Infatuation is characterized by feelings of lust and components and is the total form of love. It
physical passion without liking and commitment. represents an ideal relationship. Couples who
-There has not been enough time for a deeper sense experience this kind of love have great sex
several years into their relationship. They cannot
of intimacy, romantic love, or consummate love to
imagine themselves with anyone else.
develop.
-These couples also cannot see themselves truly
-These may eventually arise after the infatuation happy without their partners. They manage to
phase. The initial infatuation is often very powerful. overcome differences and face stressors
-type that would most closely align with the idea of together.
love at first sight, as it is characterized by an
immediate and intense attraction to another person.
-type of love includes passion, but it lacks the liking
and commitment components of love.

3. Empty Love
Components: Commitment
Empty love is characterized by commitment without
passion or intimacy. At times, a strong love deteriorates
into empty love. The reverse may occur as well.
Assessing for Self-Improvement XII.
Personality Test
•A personality test is a tool used to assess human
Assessment
personality. Personality testing and assessment
•In education, the term assessment refers to the wide
refer to techniques designed to measure the
variety of methods or tools that educators use to
characteristic patterns of traits that people exhibit
evaluate, measure, and document the academic across various situations.
readiness, learning progress, skill acquisition, or •Can be used to help clarify a clinical diagnosis,
educational needs of students. guide therapeutic interventions, and help predict
how people may respond in different situations
•A process that determines the presence or absence,
the extent or level of a characteristic or behavior in a Types of Personality Test
person. Self-report Inventories
•involve having test-takers read questions and then
•Assessment takes place as early as the beginning of rate how well the question or statement applies to
life in the womb. them
•one of the most common self-report inventories is
Kinds of Assessment the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Achievement Test (MMPI)
•Kind of test that measures what has been learned within a
specific period of time. Projective Test
•is a test given to measure skill or knowledge in a certain •involve presenting the test-taker with a vague
scene, object, or scenario and then asking them to
defined subject. These tests often take place before or
give their interpretation of the test item
after a fair amount of academic teaching.
•one well-known example of a projective test is the
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Types of Achievement Test
Setting Goals for Success XIII
Formal
•given during a set period of time, measuring aspects Importance of Goals
related to societal accomplishments, such as the •A goal is a target objective or objective of a
completion of high school or admission into college motivated and directed change of behavior.
courses •Goals may vary and depend on the values and
•formal tests can also take place in other situations, priorities of the individual.
such as at the doctor's office or on job applications •Goals are important for behaviors to make sense.

Informal Importance of Goal Setting

•the purpose of an informal test is to gain information •Setting goal directs the individual’s behavior.
on the individual, not necessarily to compare their •Goals can determine the individual’s progress
results to that of another, although comparisons are towards accomplishing it.
often made. •Goals serve as guide to discipline behavior.
•admittance into a prestigious art school is one •Goals keep the individual busy.
example •Goals motivate the individual.
•quick personality tests that claim to reveal what
Self-Efficacy
television character someone is most like include a
•Proposed by Albert Bandura
fair amount of data but are not backed by scientific
•The person’s belief about his capacity to exercise
evidence
some measure of control over his behavior and over
events that take place around him.
Mental Ability Test •For example, if you believe that you have the skills
•It measures one’s level of mental ability; tests which necessary to do well in school and believe you can
check the mental capacity of the candidate to think use those skills to excel, then you have high
critically and logically academic self-efficacy.
•To measure one’s intelligence quotient (IQ) • “Self-belief”

Aptitude Test
•Aptitude tests assume that individuals have inherent
strengths and weaknesses and have a natural
inclination toward success or failure in specific areas
based on their innate characteristics.
•This test measures the inclination of individuals
towards certain specific areas. It determines what
particular field or work an individual would most
possibly successful at.
Mastery Experiences
•Most effective way to create a strong sense of
efficacy
•Experiences one gains when they take on a new
challenge and are successful at doing so
•Mastery experiences are situations where you
successfully complete a challenging task or
overcome a difficulty. They provide you with
concrete evidence of your abilities and skills, and
they reinforce your self-efficacy beliefs.

Vicarious Experiences
•Influenced by observing social models. It
stipulates that individuals' beliefs about their
abilities to pursue desired life goals can be
influenced by the experiences, and observations
of, significant others (e.g., family, peers).
•When one has positive role models in their life
(especially those who display a healthy level of
self-efficacy) - one is more likely to absorb at
least a few of those positive beliefs about the

Verbal/Social Persuasion
Goal Setting Theory
• “a way of strengthening people’s beliefs that
they have what it takes to succeed”
•Proposed by Edwin Locke
•can provide a temporary boost in perceived
ability •Locke proposed five basic principles of goal-
•receiving positive verbal feedback while setting:
undertaking a complex task persuades a person to
believe that they have the skills and capabilities to •Clarity - A clear, measurable goal is more
succeed achievable than one that is poorly defined. In
other words, be specific!
Types of Mindset •Challenge - The goal must have a decent level
of difficulty in order to motivate you to strive
Fixed and Growth Mindset toward the goal.
•Proposed by Carol Dweck
•Fixed Mindset - believes that their character, •Commitment - Put deliberate effort into
creativity, and intelligence are innate. meeting this goal. Share your goal with someone
else in order to increase your accountability to
•Growth Mindset - does not bank on given
meet that goal.
qualities for them to be successful but instead
they want to be challenged. People who believed
•Feedback - Set up a method to receive
that success is based on hard work, learning,
training, and perseverance. information on your progress toward a goal.

Goal-Orientation Theory •Task Complexity - If a goal is especially

•Goal setting is a key motivational process (Locke complex, make sure you give yourself enough
& Latham, 1984). Goals are the outcome that a time to overcome the learning curve involved in
person is trying to accomplish. People engage in completing the task.
activities that are believed to lead to goal
attainment.

Two types of goal orientation:

•Performance Goal - concerned with impressing
people
•Learning Goal - concerned with learning
something from the experience